Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yazarlar
- Günaydin, Murat(6)
- Ak, Muammer(5)
- Akinoglu, Bulent G.(5)
- Akpinar, Muhammet Vefa(5)
- Genç, Ali Fuat(5)
- Kahraman, Yakup(5)
- Takaoğlu, Zeynep Başkan(5)
- Acet, Tuba(4)
- Aliyazicioglu, Yuksel(4)
- Altunişik, Ahmet Can(4)
- Ashyralyyev, Charyyar(4)
- Bölükbaş, Mehmet(4)
- Dağ, Serhat(4)
- Demir, Selim(4)
- Kaygusuz, Abdullah(4)
- Kayikçioglu, Temel(4)
- Okur, Fatih Yesevi(4)
- Ozden, Talat(4)
- Topal, Mehmet Hanefi(4)
- Turan, Ibrahim(4)
- Adanur, Süleyman(3)
- Akdu, Uğur(3)
- Aksakal, Vecihi(3)
- Aktaş, Ibrahim(3)
- Arslan, Mehmet(3)
- Ashyralyev, A.(3)
- Aslan, Emre Ş(3)
- Aydin, Orhan(3)
- Duran, Celal(3)
- Düzgün, Azer Özad(3)
- Gul, Fatih(3)
- Güllüpunar, Hasan(3)
- Karahasan, Olguhan Şevket(3)
- Kaya, Yusuf(3)
- Lukashov, A.(3)
- Nizetic, S(3)
- Orhan, Halit(3)
- Ozcan, Kadriye(3)
- Paksoy, Zahid(3)
- Papadopoulos, A(3)
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Investigation of Antibacterial Susceptibility of Ag-Doped Oxide Coatings onto AZ91 Magnesium Alloy by Microarc Oxidation Method
Sukuroglu, Ebru Emine
This study is focused on enhancing surface characteristics of AZ91 alloy with the microarc oxidation (MAO) method and bringing in antibacterial susceptibility to it. It is aimed to bring in antibacterial effect of silver (Ag) to AZ91 magnesium base materials covered with the MAO method. The structural and chemical compositions of the coating were analysed by using XRD, SEM, and EDS. In order to analyse antibacterial susceptibilities and bacteria adhesions, bacteria are marked using crystal violet in antibacterial efficacy tests. Susceptibility of coatings to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus-ATCC 29213) bacteria having high adhesion is analysed. In the study, it is concluded that the silver-containing coatings have a lot poor bacterial susceptibility than silver-free coatings, and noncoated samples have very strong bacterial susceptibilities. When the antimicrobial activity of the samples coated on silver-containing electrolyte is evaluated (zone diameter ∼40 mm), it is found as sensitive. Antimicrobial activity of samples coated in silver-free electrolyte is found as medium-sensitive (zone diameter ∼15 mm), and uncoated samples are observed to form any zones against bacterial infection.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Textural, rheological and pasting properties of dough enriched with einkorn, cranberry bean and potato flours, using simplex lattice mixture design
Yuksel, F.; Campanella, O.H.
The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the addition of einkorn, cranberry bean and potato flours on the pasting characteristics of the mixture as well as the rheological properties of the dough formed. An experimental design using a simplex lattice mixture design was employed. The pasting parameters of the samples increased with the addition of cranberry bean and einkorn flours due to their high protein content. The water absorption capacities of the doughs were significantly affected by the polar nature (e.g. potato flour) and protein content (e.g. cranberry bean) of the flours. The creep-recovery properties of the doughs were analysed using the Burger model. Results showed that doughs enriched with potato flour exhibited weak elastic properties and behaved as a highly viscous material. Textural profile analysis of the doughs showed that their structure became firmer with addition of einkorn, cranberry bean and potato flours. The determination coefficient for the samples was higher than 0.70 in the simplex lattice mixture design.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Single production of the excited electrons in the future FCC-based lepton-hadron colliders
Caliskan, A.; Kara, S.O.
We study the composite electron production at the FCC-based three electron-proton colliders with the center-of-mass energies of 3.46, 10 and 31.6 TeV. For the signal process of ep → e→ X eγX, the production cross-sections and decay widths of the excited electrons have been calculated. The differences of some kinematical quantities of the final state particles between the signal and background have been analyzed. For this purpose, transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of electron and photon have been obtained and the kinematical cuts for discovery of the excited electrons have been assigned. We have finally determined the mass limits of excited electrons for observation and discovery by applying these cuts. It is shown that the mass limit for discovery obtained from the collider with √s = 31.6 TeV (called PWFA-LC-FCC) is 22.3 TeV for the integrated luminosity Lint = 10fb-1.
- BildiriAçık Erişim2018Determining photovoltaic module performance and comparisons
Karaveli, Abdullah Bugrahan; Ozden, Talat; Akinoglu, Bulent G.
Knowing electricity production potential of a photovoltaic (PV) system prior to installation is very beneficial for the investor to see the feasibility of the investment. There are three procedures that can be followed to calculate the potential electricity production of any system under different conditions. These are installation of sample systems and gathering data over time, the use of some databases/software programs to reach the performances and developing new model/methodology to make these estimations. It is obvious that installation of PV systems everywhere is neither technically nor economically conceivable. On the other hand, global software programs may not reflect local conditions to calculations. Consequently, there is a need to develop methodology that is able to derive location specific equations and coefficients and make accurate estimations. Its accuracy can be controlled by validating the results for some locations with the measured values from already installed PV power plants (PV PP). So, in this study we initially develop a methodology to calculate efficiency and electricity production performance of some modules for Ankara and compare the results with the measured values owing to the system installed on the roof of the Middle East Technical University Solar Energy Research Center (METU GUNAM) in Ankara/Turkey. The methodology initially calculates solar irradiation falling on the modules that is the input. Then the performance of the module is calculated by using developed methodology. There are also some online software programs to calculate the performances, such as EU PVGIS and PV WATTS. We analyzed and used these software programs and compare their results with the results of newly developed methodology. As proven through mean-bias error (MBE), root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) statistical comparison methods, the methodology of this study has given the most accurate results.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Earthquake hazard potential in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey: seismotectonic b and Dc-values and precursory quiescence Z-value
Öztürk, S.
The Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey is one of the most seismically and tectonically active regions due to the frequent occurrence of earthquakes. Thus, the main goal of this study is to analyze the regional and temporal characteristics of seismicity in the Eastern Anatolia in terms of the seismotectonic b-value, fractal dimension Dc-value, precursory seismic quiescence Z-value, and their interrelationships. This study also seeks to obtain a reliable empirical relation between b and Dc-values and to evaluate the temporal changes of these parameters as they relate to the earthquake potential of the region. A more up-to-date relation of Dc = 2:55–0:39*b is found with a very strong negative correlation coefficient (r =–0.95) by using the orthogonal regression method. The b-values less than 1.0 and the Dc-values greater than 2.2 are observed in the Northeast Anatolian Fault Zone, Aşkale, Erzurum, Iğdır and Çaldıran Faults, Doğubeyazıt Fault Zone, around the Genç Fault, the western part of the Bitlis-Zagros Thrust Zone, Pülümür and Karakoçan Faults, and the Sancak- Uzunpınar Fault Zone. In addition, the regions having small b-values and large Z-values are calculated around the Genç, Pülümür and Karakoçan Faults as well as the Sancak-Uzunpınar Fault Zone. Remarkably, the combinations of these seismotectonic parameters could reveal the earthquake hazard potential in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey, thus creating an increased interest in these anomaly regions.
- BildiriAçık Erişim2018Impacts of a photovoltaic power plant for possible heat island effect
Demirezen, Emre; Ozden, Talat; Akinoglu, Bulent G.
Today, solar energy conversion technologies take a significant place within the efforts of obtaining renewable and sustainable energy around the world, and show a rapid progress. One of the most common technologies is photovoltaic power plants (PVPP) which are built using PV modules that provide electricity directly from sunlight. These plants are qualified as one of the pioneering applications among clean energy production methods. However, as the modules cover large areas and as they are produced by mostly dark-colored solar cells, an environmental debate has already been opened via some recent studies in the literature: Do they alter the solar reflectivity (albedo) of the region's surface where they are installed, and in turn affect the typical microclimate characteristics of that region such as the local air temperatures, humidity, pressure and wind speed? Considering also the additional heat that the modules radiate while producing electricity, the main probable result should be expected as Heat Island Effect (HIE). HIE has been particularly discussed for about last 10 years. Basically, this effect defines the day-night and inter-seasonal variations of local temperatures due to artificial changes on the natural land surface. Accordingly, when an urbanized area is compared with the neighboring rural areas, the difference is specifically named as Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. In the present work, we are conducting a field research with in-situ measurements taken by the two weather monitoring stations inside and outside a PVPP in the district Tavsanli (Kutahya, Turkey). We also provide the meteorological data of Tavsanli station from Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS), which is the nearest weather monitoring station to the PVPP under inspection. These stations have been collecting the data of air temperature, relative humidity, average wind speed and atmospheric pressure every 10 minutes since October 2017. We used two statistical methods to compare and interpret the first 8-month data of all the three stations. We considered the statistical significance tests for both the first 8 months as a whole and dividing it into two 4 months before and after the PVPP becomes operational. We found that the measurements of the three stations differ significantly for most of the weather parameters. We also carried out pairwise tests and showed that each pair has significant differences for most parameters.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Combination of discontinuity characteristics and GIS for regional assessment of natural rock slopes in a mountainous area (NE Turkey)
Bostanci, Hasan Tahsin; Alemdag, Selcuk; Gurocak, Zulfu; Gokceoglu, Candan
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have a very large spectrum of users. As in many engineering applications, GIS are frequently used in geotechnical projects, especially in producing various thematic and zoning maps such as various susceptibility and hazard maps. Instability maps for large areas with similar characteristic can be produced in a practical way by evaluating the results obtained by the data collected from field and laboratory studies. In order to introduce a methodology for producing rock slope instability maps for a large area, discontinuity controlled slope failures in the Köse Granitoid Complex (NE Turkey) were selected. To determine the types of failure such as planar, wedge, and toppling, and possible instable slope orientations kinematic analyses were carried out in the limited areas. The relationships between orientations of natural slopes and discontinuities obtained from kinematic analyses were evaluated with GIS software. Finally, discontinuity controlled instability maps were produced for the study area. Resulting maps show that the most common type of failure is wedge type. Additionally, the distributions of unstable areas along road networks were determined. Various land use types such as agriculture, grassland, settlement, and forest were also classified in order to predict the possible effects of slope instabilities. The methodology introduced in this study indicates highly promising results for the assessment of rock slope instability in large areas.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Type, quantity, and re-use of residues in the forest products industry in Trabzon, Turkey
Top, Yener; Adanur, Hakan; Oz, Mehmet
It is necessary to know the type and quantity of wastes to select the proper applications and waste management strategies. This study investigates the type, quantity, and utilisation methods of wastes generated by micro-sized enterprises that produce timber and furniture, which are two major sub-sectors of the forest products industry in Trabzon. A total of 885 enterprises of manufacturing timber and furniture in Trabzon were identified by reviewing the records from the professional chambers of commerce. The stratified sampling method was used to compare the sub-sectors, and the sample size was determined as 120. Among these, 70 furniture- and 50 timber-producing enterprises were interviewed. The chi-square test was used to determine whether the applications of timber and furniture enterprises are dependent on each other. In general, there are no differences in waste utilisation applications and education level between the sub-sectors. The percentage of the owners/managers that received any vocational training is 77.5% in two sub-sectors. In general, engineered wood wastes are used as fuel. The majority of the owners/managers in the timber industry believe that their waste has an economic value compared to those in the furniture sector. The total amount of wood waste generated by sectors was 528 tons in a month.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Tracing provenance and chemical weathering changes in Ankara Stream sediments, central Turkey: Geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–O isotopic evidence
Saydam Eker, Çiğdem; Sipahi, Ferkan; Gümüş, Mustafa Kemal; Özkan, Özay
This study aims to analyze the changes in sediment provenance through the geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–O isotopic composition of the Ankara Stream bed and overbank sediments (ASBS and ASOS) and to examine the weathering and sediment transport processes in response to step climate variability. Major, trace, and rare earth elements, as well as Sr–Nd–Pb–O isotopic composition, exhibit generally similar variations for the investigated samples. These sediments have relatively high εNd(0) values and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Similar Pb isotopic ratios also characterize these sediments but have slightly different δ18O isotope values with relatively higher δ18O isotope values in the ASBS and lower δ18O isotope values in the ASOS samples. Chemical indices indicate low–moderate chemical weathering in the step-dominated climate. The low average Zr/Sc and Zr/Nb ratios indicate that such geochemical change was dominated by the composition of the source rocks but not sedimentary recycling with zircon enrichment, reflecting first-cycle deposit. Low radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios and negative εNd(0) values indicate that the investigated sediments are relatively derived from young magmatic provinces, which are intermediate sources. Finally, the findings show that the geochemical compositions of the ASBS and ASOS were dominated by the composition of the source materials that originate from Galatia province and Late Cretaceous- Early Tertiary volcanic rocks in central Anatolia. Reasonable semiarid to arid climatic conditions are observed in the region. Active tectonism, increased erosion, and the investigated sediments are also transported rapidly to the stream channel without chemical alteration, and the sediments are the first-cycle products.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Lipophilization of chitin as novel polymeric stabilizer for improved oil-in-water emulsions
İlyasoğlu, Huri; Anankanbil, Sampson; Nadzieja, Marcin; Guo, Zheng
To develop novel polymeric emulsifiers/stabilizers for improved functionalities, an array of chitin fatty acid esters (chitin octanoate, laurate, palmitate, and stearate) were synthesized using a trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA)/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) catalytic system. The synthesized products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); successful lipophilization of chitin was confirmed by analysis results of FTIR, NMR, and DSC, with the degree of substitution (DS) of the products that ranged from 0.89 to 1.05. Ten percent fish oil-in-water emulsions were prepared using the synthesized chitin fatty acid esters, and characteristic properties (droplet size, zeta potential, and creaming stability) were determined. It turned out that chitin octanoate and chitin laurate were capable to solely enable homogeneous nanoemulsion (200–240 nm, polydispersity index 0.22–0.26), with excellent stability (no creaming after 14-day storage), which may find great potential applications in food, biomedical, and cosmetics sectors.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Constructal Placement of Discrete Heat Sources with Different Lengths in Vertical Ducts under Natural and Mixed Convection
Sarper, Bugra; Saglam, Mehmet; Aydin, Orhan
In this study, convective heat transfer in a discretely heated parallel-plate vertical channel which simulates an IC package is investigated experimentally and numerically. Both natural and mixed convection cases are considered. The primary focus of the study is on determining optimum relative lengths of the heat sources in order to reduce the hot spot temperature and to maximize heat transfer from the sources to air. Various values of the length ratio and the modified Grashof number (for the natural convection case)/the Richardson number (for the mixed convection case) are examined. Conductive and radiative heat transfer is included in the analysis while air is used as the working fluid. Surface temperatures of the heat sources and the channel walls are measured in the experimental study. The numerical studies are performed using a commercial CFD code, ANSYS FLUENT. The variations of surface temperature, hot spot temperature, Nusselt number, and global conductance of the system are obtained for varying values of the working parameters. From the experimental studies, it is showed that the use of identical heat sources reduces the overall cooling performance both in natural and mixed convection. However, relatively decreasing heat sources lengths provides better cooling performance.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Analytical solution to continuous contact problem for a functionally graded layer loaded through two dissimilar rigid punches
Polat, Alper; Kaya, Yusuf; Özşahin, Talat Şükrü
A continuous contact problem of functionally graded layer resting on an elastic semi-infinite plane, which is loaded with through two different blocks is addressed in this study. The elasticity theory and integral transformation techniques are used in solution of the problem. The problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations, and solved numerically by the aid of appropriate Gauss–Chebyshev integration formula. It is assumed that the elastic semi-infinite homogeneous plane is isotropic and all surfaces are frictionless and continuous. The shear modulus and the mass density of the FG layer vary exponentially along the thickness direction.
- Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2018A Review Study on the Using of Diethyl Ether in Diesel Engines: Effects on Fuel Properties and Engine Performance
Sezer, İsmet
This study was compiled from the results of various researches performed on using diethyl ether as a fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. Three different techniques are used the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions is improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time consuming. The second technique is the using various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The final technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engines are oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to reduce is the use of various alternative fuels i. e. natural gas, biogas, biodiesel or using the additives with alternative fuels or conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together to practice applications. Especially, this study focus on the use diethyl ether in diesel engines as fuel or fuel additive in various diesel engine fuels. This review study investigates the effects of diethyl ether addition on the fuel properties and performance characteristics.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Effect of amino acid substitution in New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase on carbapenem susceptibility
Düzgün, Azer Özad
The aim of this work was investigation of clinically important amino acid substitutions of NDM-1 variants. A blaNDM-1 gene was cloned into expression vector pET100/D-TOPO. The sequence of NDM-1 variants with substituted amino acids was determined by ClustalW program. A pET100/D-TOPO + blaNDM-1 was used to generate the alanine mutations at different positions, such as NDM-2 (P28A), NDM-3 (D95A), NDM-4 (M154A), NDM-5 (V88A), NDM-7 (D130A), and NDM-9 (E152A). The mutant variants were transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. Changes in the activities of alanine mutation variants were determined by E-test. All samples had 32 μg/ml MIC values against ampicillin. The 28th amino acid mutation sample had the highest MIC value against ceftazidime, whereas decreased MIC value for piperacillin. It was observed that the resistance to imipenem was increased in mutant variants D95A, M154A, D130A, and E152A, comparing with P28A and V88A. It was found that NDM-1 has 0.64 μg/ml and the 130th amino acid mutation sample has 0.75 μg/ml meropenem MIC value.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018ANALYZING THE DYNAMICS OF EBOLA TRANSMISSION WITH RANDOM EFFECTS
Merdan, Mehmet; Bekiryazici, Zafer; Kesemen, Tulay; Khaniyev, Tahir
In this study, a deterministic mathematical model of Ebola transmission is analyzed under random ef-fects. A recent compartmental model of Berge et al. incorporates both direct and indirect transmission in the model. We assume the parameters of this model are normally distributed random variables to investigate the random behavior of disease transmission. Random differential transformation method is used to obtain the ap-proximate expectation of disease recovery. Furthermore, the approximation for expected recovery is modified by using Laplace-Padé method. Comparison of results indicate that the Laplace-Padé modification provides a better approximation. We also interpret the long term random behavior of the disease dynamics using simulation results.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Primula vulgaris extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human cervix cancer cells
Demir, Selim; Turan, Ibrahim; Aliyazicioglu, Rezzan; Yaman, Serap Ozer; Aliyazicioglu, Yuksel
Primula vulgaris belongs to the genus Primula, members of which are frequently used in folk medicine. Various studies have investigated the cytotoxic effect of different Primula species, but there have been limited studies on the cytotoxic effect of P. vulgaris. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects, and possible mechanisms involved, of P. vulgaris flower extract on human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. The cytotoxic effect of the extract on HeLa cells was revealed using the MTT assay. Mechanisms involved in the extract's cytotoxic effect were then investigated in terms of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the cell cycle, using fluorometric methods. P. vulgaris flower extract exhibited selective cytotoxic effects against HeLa cells by arresting their cell cycle at the S phase, and inducing the number of apoptotic cells compared to normal fibroblast cells by reducing mitochondrial membrane potential in a concentration-dependent manner. This is the first study to reveal the antiproliferative effect of P. vulgaris flower extract. Further studies are now needed to identify the cytotoxic molecules in the extract and their mechanisms.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018In vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the five different solvent extracts of Centaurea pulcherrima var. Freynii from Turkey
Ozcan, Kadriye; Acet, Tuba
Various extracts of Centaurea pulcherrima var. freynii were investigated for total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant properties of plant extracts were evaluated by free radical scavenging assays (DPPH and ABTS). Antimicrobial activities were examined using disc diffusion methods. According to the results of antioxidant capacity assays, the plant showed moderately antioxidant activity in test methods. It was found that ethyl acetate extract showed the most effective activity including total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Relationship between the geological environment and element accumulation capacity of Helichrysum arenarium
Vural, Alaaddin
This study was carried out to determine the effect of geological environment on the biogeochemical properties of Helichrysum arenarium. Plant samples from Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; Eocene andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; and Upper Eocene granitic rocks were collected. Roots, stems, and flowers of the plant were analyzed to determine their major and trace elements, such as Ca, Mg, Al, Na, K, Fe, Mn, U, Sr, P, La, Cr, Ba, Ti, B, W, Hg, Cs, Hf, Rb, Zr, and Ce. This study is one of the few studies in which the element content of H. arenarium is studied in detail and the element accumulation capacities are examined according to the types of rocks the plants grow. Result showed that the plants exhibited different element accumulation capacities according to the lithological environments where they grew. The element concentrations in the root, stem, and flower of the plant were predominantly high in Eocene andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. High values were also observed in plants grown on the Upper Eocene granitic rock. Some elements were also high in plants grown in the Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. Therefore, the high element contents of plant are related to the element contents of the rocks where the plants grew. Furthermore, the alteration and tectonic influences on the plants are also influential.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018A new species of the genus microliobunum from Turkey (Opiliones, Sclerosomatidae)
Kurt, Kemal
A new harvestman species, Microliobunum erseni sp. nov., is described and illustrated with photographs of both sexes from Kilis Province, Turkey. It is the second species in this genus, which is otherwise known only from Lebanon.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Comparative analysis of mathematical knowledge in physics textbooks
Takaoğlu, Zeynep Başkan
When different disciplines that physics lesson is related are examined, it is seen that mathematics becomes prominent as one of the most used fields. Physics textbooks are the most significant resources to clarify this relationship. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to analyze the involvement of mathematical knowledge in physics textbooks used during 2011-2012 and 2016-2017 academic year in Turkey and to evaluate them according to mathematics subject distribution. In line with this aim, 9 th , 10 th , 11 th , and 12 th -grade textbooks used in physics lessons during 2011-2012 and 2016-2017 academic years are examined through document analysis method. According to the research results, it is found that mathematical knowledge is mostly located in Force and Movement chapters in both physics textbooks belonging to two different years. The involvement of mathematical knowledge in the chapters can result from the fact that Force and Movement chapters are the most suitable chapters for daily practices of mathematics. Besides, it occurs that the most used mathematical knowledge is the category of numbers and operations. This is because of the fact that basic level knowledge is used more because all mathematical knowledge is based on numbers and four operations. In this respect, that mathematical knowledge involved in physics textbooks is very excessive stands as the most significant evidence for that there is a strong connection between physics and mathematics.