Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yazarlar
- Kulakaç, Nurşen(10)
- Çelik, Orkun(8)
- Ashyralyyev, Charyyar(7)
- Keyifli, Nazlı(7)
- Ashyralyev, A.(6)
- Kayikcioglu, Temel(6)
- Menevseoglu, Ahmed(6)
- Araz, Onur(5)
- Ashyralyyev, C.(5)
- Demirbağ, Orkun(5)
- Koç, Pinar(5)
- Turan, Ibrahim(5)
- Ünlü, Ramazan(5)
- Ürkek, Bayram(5)
- Akar, Zeynep(4)
- Akyol, Hikmet(4)
- Akyol, Mehmet(4)
- Aydınçakır, Emre(4)
- Bilgilioglu, Burhan Baha(4)
- Demir Doğan, Melike(4)
- Demir, Selim(4)
- Kankal, Murat(4)
- Kurnaz, Muammer(4)
- Melek, Mesut(4)
- Pala, Fahrettin(4)
- Sancar Özkök, Canan(4)
- Taş, Ahmet(4)
- Ulutaşdemir, Nilgün(4)
- Uzun, Sevda(4)
- Acet, Tuba(3)
- Akay, K.U.(3)
- Aydin Sayilan, Aylin(3)
- Aydın Sayılan, Aylin(3)
- Barut, Abdulkadir(3)
- Basoglu, Mustafa Engin(3)
- Cakalli, H.(3)
- Canak, I.(3)
- Cengiz, Ekrem(3)
- Cengiz, Emre(3)
- Cengiz, Sevil(3)
Yayınlar
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2021The measurement of employee welfare and its effects on the output level
Kocağ, Esra Karapinar
Welfare, in general, refers to both economic and social prosperity of individuals. From an economic point of view, individuals are very important actors of the labour market in the production process. This chapter focuses on employees and attempts to offer a valuable insight into the concept of welfare, its measurement, and its potential impact on the national product. Measuring welfare is not straightforward due to its multidimensional concept. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a way of measurement of employee welfare through an index that combines selected welfare components of employees. In the process of building that index, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. Preserving variability and reducing dimensionality, this method is a very functional tool to represent multidimensional variables such as welfare in this case. Eurostat data for the period of 2008-2018 were utilized to explain the impact of employee welfare on the GDP per capita for 32 European countries. Findings revealed that employee welfare is a significant indicator of the national product.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Wear, Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Behavior of Polyurethane and Polyvinylpyrrolidone Blends as Coating for Corrosion Protection of AISI 316L Stainless Steel
Taşdemir, Muharrem; Şenaslan, Fatih; Çelik, Ayhan
Polyurethanes (PUs) are used across a widely from biomaterials to industrial applications due to their versatile properties. Polyurethane is blended with other polymers to improve their physical and thermal properties. In this study, different concentrations of polyurethane and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blends were applied to AISI 316L stainless steel using the dip coating method as protection against wear and corrosion. The effects of different concentrations of blends on the mechanical, corrosion and tribocorrosion properties of the AISI 316L stainless steel were investigated. The phase structure of polymer coatings were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion and tribocorrosion tests of the polymer coated samples were carried out in 3.5% NaCl solutions. The surface roughness and nanohardness of the polymeric coated samples were also measured. It was found that surface roughness and friction coefficient increased with raised concentration of PVP, while wear and corrosion resistance decreased with the increased of PVP concentration in the coating. As the penetration depth of the PU coated sample increased, the nanohardness and elasticity modulus decreased. Coatings containing PVP up to 25% protected the substrate surface under tribocorrosion conditions in NaCl solutions.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2021Cultural Heritage Tourism
Ödemış, Murat; Düzgün, Ertuğrul
- MakaleYalnız künye2021The First Measurement for Mass Attenuation Coefficients, Effective Atomic Numbers, and Electron Densities of Y123 and Y358 High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) for the Energies from 46.6 to 1332 keV
Düzgün, İbrahim
Y123 and Y358 high-temperature superconductor phases have experimental mass attenuation coefficients (MAC) determined at 46.5, 81, 122, 302, 356, 383, 662, 1173, and 1332 keV photon energies. The experimental values have been compared with theoretical values acquired employing the XCOM software and database. It has been observed that the theoretical and the empirical results were in perfect agreement. Also, it has been seen that the comparison of the MACs for all specimens examined with the corresponding photon energies complies with the exponential absorption law. The effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and electron densities (Nel) of Y123 and Y358 superconducting phases in different energy ranges have determined experimentally and theoretically. The Y358 superconductor specimen is a relatively better absorber than the Y123 between 40 and 100 keV.
- Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2021COVID-19 vaccine and immune response
Hintistan, Sevilay; Demirağ, Hatice
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; βCoV), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes severe lower respiratory tract infections and acute respiratory failure syndrome (ARDS). Deaths due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic for more than a year are still seen worldwide. Therefore, vaccine trials have gained importance. The discovery of the genome and protein structure of SARS-CoV-2 in a short time allowed the development of nucleic acid-based vaccines (mRNA and DNA vaccines), vector vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, protein-based vaccines, virus-like particle vaccines, and live attenuated virus vaccines. Many companies, universities, and institutes around the world continue to develop effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, the structural features, classification, genome, and intracellular entry of SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses, stimulation of the immune system and immunity, COVID-19 vaccine types, and the latest status of clinical trials of these vaccines have been reviewed.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.7 CSK modulation under blue shift effect of optical receiver filters
Küçük, Mehmet Ali; Türk, Kadir
In recent years, the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in lighting, which has higher energy efficiency and longer-lasting environmentally friendly lighting compared to conventional lighting devices, has accelerated the development of a promising new technology for short-range wireless optical transmission called visible light communication (VLC). Besides other applications, VLC switches the LEDs at very high speeds to simultaneously realize indoor lighting and data transmission. But the intensity and color of the lighting may vary because of data transmission. Color shift keying (CSK) modulation defined in the IEEE 802.15.7 VLC standard guarantees constant light intensity and color. The CSK receiver uses a band-pass optical filter to separate the light channels. However, the transition band of optical filters shifts towards the blue wavelength depending on the incidence angle of the light which is called the blue shift effect. In this paper, the performance of the CSK receiver is investigated for the first time under the blue shift effect in the case of single and multiple transmitter LED cells. The numerical results show that the blue shift effect significantly decreases system performance. To eliminate the distorting effect, various methods and an adaptive equalizer-based CSK receiver are proposed. The proposed structures provide notable improvement.
- MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2021Automatic extraction of trees by using multiple return properties of the lidar point cloud
Ozdemir, Samed; Akbulut, Zeynep; Karsli, Fevzi; Acar, Hayrettin
Airborne laser scanning has been a valuable tool for forestry applications since it began to be used commercially. Thanks to the high 3D resolution provided by the Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point cloud, it has provided great convenience in complex 3D modeling processes needed for forestry applications such as forest inventory, forest management, determination of carbon stocks and the characterization of biodiversity. LiDAR data provides a new dimension in forestry applications with its high 3D resolution and multiple return characteristics. The extraction of woodland areas from the LiDAR point cloud has great importance for automating the determination of tree heights, species and stand frequency which will be used for generating canopy height models (CHM). In this study, woodland areas in the urban scene were automatically extracted by using the multiple return properties of the LiDAR point cloud. The proposed approach consists of three major steps namely pre-processing, parameter calculation and k-d tree search for trees which were implemented in MATLAB. In the first step, multiple return points have been identified from the LiDAR point cloud, which will be then used to determine possible tree locations. Then, by using Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) algorithm, neighborhood relations among the multi return points which were extracted from the initial point cloud data, were formed and a rule-based filter was applied by taking advantage of neighborhood relations. In addition, the initial point cloud was filtered with the Cloth Simulation Filtering (CSF) algorithm to separate ground and non-ground points where non-ground points used to extract trees. In the second step, non-vegetation points were removed by applying a threshold based on the change of curvature and planarity parameters, which are derived from the filtered non–ground point cloud. In the last step, in order to extract trees, a k-d tree structure was created from the filtered non-ground points to find nearest neighbors of each multi return point within a given diameter in the k-d tree structure. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the approach, the extracted boundaries were compared with the manually digitized woodland boundaries from the true orthophoto of the study area using correctness, completeness and quality metrics.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021The Effect of Grain Growth Temperature on the Trapped Magnetic Field of Y358 Superconductors
Başoğlu, M.
In this study, three different Y358 samples were produced by the melt-powder-melt-growth (MPMG) method at different maximum grain growth temperatures of 1030 °C, 1040 °C, and 1050 °C. The differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), magnetic levitation force, trapped magnetic field values and magnetization measurements were performed. According to the results, the highest magnetic levitation force, the highest critical current density and the highest trapped magnetic field values were obtained from the sample produced at the temperature of 1050 °C.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021The effect of complementary and integrative medicine on symptom management and quality of life in Turkish oncology patients: a cross-sectional study
Demir Doğan, Melike; Savuci, Yıldız; Aydın Sayılan, Aylin
Aim: This study was conducted to determine the perceived effect of complementary and integrative medicine CIM) methods used by oncology patients on their symptom management and quality of life patients attending a Turkish oncology setting. Methods: 145 oncology Turkish oncology patients were surveyed between July 2018 and August 2018. Data were collected on personal and demographic information, the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, The Nightingale Symptom Assessment Scale. Complementary and integrative medicine use was determined by the Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Scale. Results: Age had a positive significant correlation with CIM use, particularly manipulative and herbal approaches. Educational status had a negative significant correlation with CIM use and cognitive-behavioral therapy subscale. A positive significant correlation was determined between the duration of cancer diagnosis and the cognitive-behavioral therapies subscale. A positive significant correlation was determined between cognitive-behavioral therapies subscale and social well-being state. Conclusion: CIM approaches are commonly used by Turksih oncology patients.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2021Is brexit a transaction cost problem?
Cicen, Yildirim Beyazit
This study analyzes the Brexit transaction cost concept. After the introduction, the transaction cost economics is explained in the first section. This section explains transaction cost progress with the contribution of Coase and Williamson. In the same section, the importance of transaction costs is also explained. This explains from which channels the transaction costs affect the economy. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economy is another subtitle in the same section. The relationship between governance and transaction costs is explained in section two. The third section explains the definition of political transaction costs, their importance and economic impacts. Brexit and political transaction costs are discussed in the last section. With Brexit, Britain is moving toward a new governance structure. The political transaction costs are expected to rise due to Britain's necessity to re-contract with the EU and other countries after Brexit. This rise in costs would impact the growth of Britain and the efficiency of the Brexit preference.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Optimization of three-element tuned mass damper for single degree of freedom structures under ground acceleration; [Yer ivmesi etkisi altındaki tek serbestlik dereceli yapılar için üç elemanlı ayarlı kütle sönümleyicinin optimizasyonu]
Araz, Onur
Passive control devices have been used for a long time to reduce unwanted vibrations. The most commonly used of these devices are tuned mass dampers. The optimum parameters of the three-element tuned mass damper for damped main structures due to ground acceleration are investigated in this paper. Unlike the traditional tuned mass damper, the three-element tuned mass damper contains two spring elements and one of them is connected in series with the damping element. The optimum parameters are obtained by simulated annealing algorithm. Numerical results show that the three-element tuned mass damper is very effective in reducing dynamic vibrations of the damped structures.
- Kitap BölümüAçık Erişim2021Energy Policy Recommendations for ASEAN Countries: Empirical Evidence from the Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis
Adali, Zafer; Korkmaz, Özge; Çelik, Orkun
In social sciences, especially in the economic literature, energy has been one of the most important topics. Energy seems to be dominant on the political and economic agendas because of nearly all economic activities linked to energy. Hence, all economies have endeavored to detect and implement policies to increase their efficiency and mitigate energy’s detrimental effects on the earth. This study’s principal mission is to check the connection between economic growth, non-renewable and renewable energy consumption in ASEAN-5 countries over 1990–2014 to recommend energy-saving policies. Within this view, bootstrap panel Granger causality test is applied. The model results indicate that economic growth causes renewable energy consumption in the Philippines and economic growth induces non-renewable energy consumption in Indonesia and Malaysia. A unidirectional causality relationship operating from renewable energy consumption to economic growth is approved for Brunei Darussalam. Finally, a unidirectional causality relationship working from renewable energy consumption to Brunei Darussalam’s economic growth is confirmed.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021The effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep in patients
Aydın Sayılan, Aylin; Kulakaç, Nurşen; Sayılan, Samet
Background: Intensive care is a noisy environment for patients and one that affects pain, anxiety levels, and sleep quality. Aims and objectives: To determine the relationship between noise levels and pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients in intensive care units. Design: A descriptive and observational study design was used. Methods: This study was conducted between June and December 2018 in a public hospital and included 111 patients admitted to surgical critical care for at least 24 hours. Three Benetech Gm1351 manual sound level metres were used to measure noise. A Patient Information Form, a pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) were used for data collection. Results: The mean age of the patients was 57.29 years. The mean noise level detected in the intensive care unit was 66.52 dB (dB). Patients' mean pain VAS score was 3.79 ± 1.72, the mean State Anxiety Inventory score was 39.74 ± 2.98, and the mean total RCSQ score was 25.10 ± 13.17. Our findings show that patients in the intensive care unit are exposed to high noise levels and that, while this has no effect on pain, it significantly impacts anxiety and quality of sleep. Conclusions: Noise levels in intensive care units significantly exceed recommended thresholds, and this adversely affects patients' anxiety levels and sleep quality. It is important for suitably restful conditions to be provided for patients, to be aware of the potential for anxiety, and for these factors to be borne in mind when planning nursing interventions. Relevance to clinical practice: Further studies on the effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients admitted to intensive care units are needed.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021The effect of COVID-19 anxiety levels of healthcare professionals on the quality of working life and related factors
Aydın, Aykut; Kulakaç, Nurşen; Aydın Sayılan, Aylin
Aim: This study aims to determine the effect of COVID-19 anxiety levels of healthcare professionals on their working life quality. Method: The sample of the descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study consisted of healthcare professionals working in two university hospitals in western Turkey between May and July 2021. We used the “Personal Information Form, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and Working Life Quality Scale” as data collection tools. We used numbers and percentage calculations, arithmetic mean, median (25th–75th percentile), Mann–Whitney U test, Spearmen correlation analysis and Linear Regression analysis to analyse the data. Results: The mean score on the Quality of Life Scale of healthcare professionals was 3.74 ± 0.28, and the mean score on the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) was 9.66 ± 6.06 (min. 0; max. 20). We found a negative and weakly significant relationship between the mean score of the CAS of healthcare professionals and the mean score of the employee quality of life scale. According to the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, we found the factors significantly affecting the anxiety states of healthcare professionals related to the Coronavirus are the quality of working life, age, sex and the state of caring for a patient with COVID-19. Conclusion: As a conclusion of this study, it was determined that healthcare professionals experienced anxiety, and anxiety decreased as ages, working years and the number of children they have increased. In addition, it was determined that as the anxiety of healthcare professionals increased, the quality of working life decreased.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Performance of AC overlays using geogrids on PCC contraction joints
Çelik, Muhammet; Seferoğlu, Mehmet Tevfik; Akpınar, Muhammet Vefa
It is widely known that vertical displacements and strains occur on the joints and these cause defects on the asphalt concrete (AC) overlays on existing Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavements. Various approaches were introduced to minimize these defects. In this study, the effect of joint support formed using the geogrid material with grout mortar on the vertical displacement of PCC and the strain at the bottom of the AC layer. Produced layers were exposed to 1,186,000 Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) in an APT (Accelerated Pavement Test) facility and the results were monitored. According to the obtained results, the use of AC overlay reduces vertical displacement in the PCC by 75%. When geogrid reinforced AC overlay was used, an additional reduction in displacement by 41.2% was achieved. Geogrid reinforcement reduced strain values formed at the bottom of the AC layer from 29.5% to 92.5%. The use of geogrid at joints instead of increasing the thickness of the AC layer from 50 to 80 mm resulted a more significant reduction in both strain and displacement. Besides, the usage of a geogrid interlayer instead of increasing the thickness of the AC layer also provided a significant cost reduction of 57.9% in overall cost.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021Extraction of Metals from Scrap Marble Cutting Segments in Nitric Acid Solutions
Celep, Oktay; Orak, Mürsel; Yazici, Ersin Y.; Deveci, Hacı
Extraction of cobalt, copper, and silver from scrap saw-blade segments using nitric acid solutions (0.1–0.4 M, 20–60°C) were investigated using response surface methodology. Extraction of cobalt and iron was more extensive than copper and silver, i.e., 35.7–96.2% Co and 72.6–100% Fe versus 8.50–35.4% Cu and 8.11–22.5% Ag. Statistical analysis of the experimental data has shown that increasing the acid concentration or temperature enhances the rate and extent of leaching of metals. Under suitable conditions, almost complete leaching of cobalt (99.9%), as well as high extractions of copper (95.9%) and silver (94.9%), were achieved. The activation energy, calculated to be 40.3 kJ/mol, indicates that nitric acid leaching of these metals occurs as a chemically controlled reaction. These findings have demonstrated that nitric acid as an effective oxidant/leaching agent could be suitably used for the extraction of cobalt, copper, and silver from scrap segments.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021N epeta meyeri essential oil ameliorates fungal infection and the antioxidant response in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) infections by gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)
Karakuş, Sinem; Atici, Ökkeş; Köse, Cafer; Aydin, İhsan
The essential oil (EO) obtained from Nepeta meyeri Benth. used to struggle allelopathically with gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Pers.), which causes significant damage to vineyards (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Karaerik). The EO from N. meyeri was determined to contain 4aα, 7α, 7aα-nepetalactone (71.68%) at the highest rate when analyzed with GC/MS. Then, the doses (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 µL/leaf) of 1 ppm EO solution were applied to the leaves together with the fungus inoculation (EO + F), as well as 1 day (EO + F1D) and 2 days (EO + F2D) before inoculation. The fungus application alone was evaluated as a control. Seven days after the inoculations, fungus development, lipid peroxidation level (as malondialdehyde), the contents of reactive oxygen species (ROS), photosynthetic pigments and soluble proteins, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) were determined in the leaves. Findings revealed that EO + F1D among the applications and 1.0 µL/leaf among the EO doses significantly prevented fungus development on the leaf, compared to the control. Moreover, the same applications decreased ROS levels, such as H2O2 and O2·− and lipid peroxidation, while they increased antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as chlorophyll and soluble protein contents. Therefore, it can be suggested that the EO from N. meyeri has a potentially powerful usage as biofungicide in the allelopathic struggle against the infection of B. cinerea in vineyards.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021The impact of export dynamics on trade balance in emerging and developed countries: An evaluation with middle income trap perspective
Akbas, Yusuf Ekrem; Sancar, Canan
In this study, it was analyzed whether the export dynamics affected net exports in fourteen emerging countries and eight developed countries between the years of 1995–2019. Export sophistication, export product diversification, export market diversification, export product concentration, export market concentration, and real effective exchange rate were used as the proxy of export dynamics. Panel data methods that take into account cross-section dependency and structural breaks were used for the analysis. As a result of the study, in developed countries, it was concluded that export sophistication, export product concentration, and export market diversification positively affected the net export, and the real effective exchange rate negatively affected the net export. For the emerging countries, it was concluded that export market concentration and real exchange rate negatively affected the net exports. Also, in emerging countries, it was found that export sophistication and export product diversification do not have any impact on net exports since export sophistication and export product diversification are not an adequately high level compared to developed countries for increasing the net export. The fact that in these countries the proportion of high-tech product exports are low in total exports and the product range in exports are not wide cause these indexes to be low. This situation poses a significant risk in terms of falling into the middle-income trap.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Satellite-derived shallow wetland bathymetry using different classification algorithms and datasets
Dervisoglu, Adalet; Yagmur, Nur; Bilgilioglu, Burhan Baha
Remote sensing (RS) effectively identifies, analyzes, and monitors wetlands. In addition to these two-dimensional studies, RS is used with several techniques in determining shallow water depths. The primary purpose of this study is to obtain shallow wetland bathymetry utilizing spectral reflections obtained at different water depths by field study and satellite images. Machine learning (ML) algorithms, which are widely used in remote sensing, are used in this study. Four algorithms were selected as random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), Neural Networks (NN), and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC). Since machine learning algorithms use training samples/datasets, the classification accuracy is directly related to selecting these data. The effect of pixel counts on classification was investigated by using two different training data set also. Duden (Kulu) Lake, which is a shallow wetland, was chosen as the study area. The Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Technique (ISODATA) classification algorithm divided into as many clusters as possible was applied on Sentinel-2 multispectral images. All classes were rede-fined using measured spectral signatures and were created a bathymetric map. This map was used as reference data in creating training sets and the accuracy assessment of ML algorithms. When the water surface areas obtained from algorithms were compared with the bathymetric map and Normalized Difference Water Index, the best result was obtained with RF. According to the accuracy assessment results, it was seen that the number of training data affects the accuracy, and the best results were obtained with SVM and RF algorithms with training data containing more pixels (overall accuracy 93.87% and 92.64, kappa 0.89 and 0.87, respectively).
- MakaleYalnız künye2021High-resolution total field magnetic anomaly maps of Lake İznik (NW Turkey): assessment of faults which play important roles in tectonics of the lake
Aktaş, Gülten; Hisarli, Z. Mümtaz; Demirel, A. Sinan
In total, 380 km of marine magnetic data were processed and interpreted to reveal the main tectonic elements that control the formation of the lake. Lake İznik, which is an approximately rectangular-shaped active tectonic basin with 32 km length and 12 km width, is located between two segments of the North Anatolian Fault in the northeast Marmara region, Turkey. The purpose of this study is to identify the tectonic elements that played a role in the formation of Lake İznik with the help of new magnetic data and to reveal the tectonic evolution of the region by using other previously collected geophysical data. The Euler deconvolution, tilt angle, analytic signal and source edge detection methods were applied to the total field magnetic data for Lake İznik and its surroundings to determine the boundaries and depths to the source of magnetism. From the structural map obtained as a result of the review of this data, linearity in the magnetic data was detected along the NW–SE direction in the north of Lake İznik, N–S direction in the west and east, and E–W direction in the south. These lineaments were correlated with a limited amount of seismic data obtained from previous studies and were associated with faults. This linearity in NW–SE direction in the north was evaluated as the continuation of the Orhangazi fault and it is thought to play a significant role in the tectonic evolution of Lake İznik. When the results obtained from this study and the paleomagnetic results for the Eocene volcanic rocks in the study area are evaluated together, Lake İznik was connected with Gemlik Bay and the Marmara Sea during the Eocene–Pleistocene and Orhangazi Fault disconnected Lake İznik from Gemlik Bay in the Pleistocene–Holocene. It was deduced that the lake basin is a pull-apart basin developed up to the present day.