Gümüşhane ÜniversitesiGümüşhane ÜniversitesiAçık Erişim Arşivi · RDL Open

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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2009
    U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages, geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of the late cretaceous I-type Sariosman pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey

    Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Chen, Bin; Aslan, Zafer; Siebel, Wolfgang; Şen, Cüneyt

    The petrogenesis and U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages of the Late Cretaceous Sariosman pluton in the Eastern Pontides is investigated by means of whole-rock Sr-Nd isotope data with field, petrographic and whole-rock geochemical studies. The bulk of the I-type Sariosman pluton consists of biotite-hornblende monzogranite, with minor quantities of porphyritic hornblende-biotite monzogranite. The biotite-hornblende monzogranite contains a number of mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) of quartz monzodiorite composition. U-Pb zircon sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe dating (SHRIMP) dates the magma emplacement age of the biotite-hornblende monzogranite at 82.7±1.5 Ma. The rocks of the pluton show high-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous to slightly peraluminous characteristics, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE) relative to high field strength elements (HFSE), thus displaying features of arc-related granitoids. Chondrite-normalised rare earth-element (REE) patterns have concave upward shapes (Lacn/Lucn= 10.1-17.4) with pronounced negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu*= 0.61-0.80). Initial εNd values vary between -3.0 and -4.1 and initial 87Sr/86Sr values between 0.7062 and 0.707. The MMEs are characterised by higher Mg-numbers (27-29) and lower values of both SiO2 (56-58 wt%) and aluminium saturation index (0.9-1.0), compared to the monzogranites. Fractionation of plagioclase, hornblende and Fe-Ti oxides played an important role in the evolution of the Sariosman pluton. The crystallisation temperatures of the melts ranged from 700 to 800 °C and a relatively shallow intrusion depth (~2 to 7 km) is estimated from the Al-in-hornblende geobarometry. The geochemical and isotopic compositions of the Sariosman pluton suggest an origin through dehydration melting of mafic lower crustal source rocks.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Thermal buckling load optimization of angle-ply laminated cylindrical shells

    Topal, U.; Uzman, Ü.

    In this study, thermal buckling load optimization of symmetrically laminated cylindrical shells subjected to uniformly distributed temperature load is investigated. The objective function is to maximize the critical temperature capacity of laminated shells and the fibre orientation is considered as design variable. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to study thermal buckling response of the laminates. The modified feasible direction method is used as optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on FORTRAN is used for the optimization of shells. Finally, the effects of number of layers, length-to-radius ratio and boundary conditions on the optimum results are investigated.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    C2/c pyroxene phenocrysts from three potassic series in the Neogene alkaline volcanics, NE Turkey: Their crystal chemistry with petrogenetic significance as an indicator of P -T conditions

    Aydin, Faruk; Thompson, Richard M.; Karsli, Orhan; Uchida, Hinako; Burt, Jason B.; Downs, Robert T.

    Chemical and structural data are reported for C2/c pyroxene phenocrysts collected from three potassic series (Group A: basanite-tephrite, Group B: tephrite-phonolitic tephrite, Group C: alkaline basalt-trachybasalt) of the Neogene alkaline volcanics (NAVs) in northeastern Turkey, in order to investigate the evolution of the magmatic plumbing system and the location of magma chamber(s) with crystallization conditions. The rock series hosting the clinopyroxene phenocrysts show generally porphyritic texture and have a variable phenocryst-rich nature (20-58%), with phenocryst assemblages characterized by cpx ± ol ± plag ± foid ± amp ± bio. The clinopyroxene phenocrysts can be chemically classified as Ti- and Fe3-rich Al-diopsides for Groups A and B (ABcpxs) and Ti- and Fe3-poor Al-diopsides for Group C (Ccpxs). They have poorly variable composition, clustering in the diopside field. Structurally, the diopside groups have nearly similar a (ranging from 9.73 to 9.75 Å), Vcell (437.2-440.9 Å3), and hbetai angle values (106.01°-106.23°), but some differences in polyhedral parameters and geometries of the AB-cpxs and C-cpxs have been observed. For example, the AB-cpxs are characterized by. larger c (5.27-5.30 vs. 5.25-5.28 Å), VT (2.27-2.30 vs. 2.23-2.28 Å3), and VM2 (25.53-25.72 vs. 25.41-25.59 Å3) values and smaller b (8.87-8.88 vs. 8.88-8.91 Å) and VM1(11.49-1.63 vs. 11.64-11.83 Å3) values with respect to the C-cpxs. In addition, the AB-cpxs show higher values of VM2/VM1 (2.20-2.23) due to large VM2 and small VM1 compared to the VM2/ VM1 ratios of the C-cpxs (<2.19). Such differences in the crystal structure of the AB-cpxs and C-cpxs from the NAVs are partly related to different crystallization pressures, but mostly related to variation in melt composition and, possibly, the influence of other crystallizing mineral phases. In particular, R(M2-O1) and R(M1-O2) (i.e. bond lengths) differences in the clinopyroxenes of different groups support the presence of evolved host rocks with different alkaline character (i.e. silicaundersaturated Groups A-B and silica-saturated Group C). Based on the cpx-geothermobarometry, the crystallization pressures for the C-cpxs are lower than 4.5 kbars, but the AB-cpxs have relatively high-pressure values (5.6- 10.6 kbars), suggesting that the AB-cpxs crystallized in higher pressure environments. The relatively higher crystallization temperatures of the AB-cpxs also indicate higher cooling rates. The P-T estimates suggest that the source regions of the clinopyroxene phenocrysts from the NAVs were crustal magma chambers in a closed plumbing system at a moderate- to low-pressure regime.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    The effect of average daily gain and age at first calving on reproductive and milk production traits of brown swiss and holstein friesian cattle

    Bayram, B.; Yanar, M.; Akbulut, O.

    The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of average daily gain and age at first calving on the reproductive and milk production traits of Brown Swiss (BS) a.d Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle. For this purpose, daily gains and ages at first calving were divided into two groups which were below the average called as the "slow" or "early" groups and above the average named as "moderate" or "late" groups respectively. BS heifers in the moderate group reached the first insemination age and first calving age 103.7 and 101.7 days earlier (P>0.01) than these in the slow group respectively. The corresponding values for HF heifers were 37.8 and 29.5 days respectively and were not significant. While the average daily gain had negative effects on reproduction traits following the first calving, the daily gain of BS had no effect on the milk production traits in all parities. HF heifers in the moderate group had higher (P>0.05) actual (585 kg) and 305 days milk yield (324 kg) in the second parity. Early calving in both breeds resulted in a significant (P>0.05) reduction in the actual and 305-days milk yield in the first parity. Early calving caused a significant decrease (P>0.05) in the actual milk yield, 305-days milk yield, actual milk fat and 305-days milk fat yield of BS cows in the first parity. Either early or late calving in BS didn't affect on milk traits in second and third parities. The early calving in HF lowered significantly (P>0.05) the actual and 305-days milk yield in first lactation. However, late calving in HF resulted in lower actual milk yield, 305-days milk yield, actual milk fat yield and 305-days milk fat yield in third parity.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Yields and qualities of some red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes in crop improvement systems as livestock feed

    Tavlas, Ayten; Yolcu, Halil; Tan, Mustafa

    The objective of this study was to compare twenty-five genotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in terms of yield (in 2000 - 2004) and quality performance (in 2000 - 2001) for animal feeding. The genotypes were evaluated for dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV), total digestible nutrients (TDN), net energy-lactation (NEl), net energy-maintenance (NEm) and net energy-gain (NEg) content. There were significant differences in DMY (P < 0.01), CP, ADF, NDF, DDM, DMI, RFV (P < 0.05), TDN, NEl, NEm and NEg (P < 0.01) amongst the genotypes. The Rajah cultivar had the highest DMY (13629 kg ha-1) amongst the genotypes according to five year results. While the highest CP (15.94%), NDF (50.59%), DDM (68.68%), TDN (66.50%), NEl (0.70 Mcal/1b), NEm (0.76 Mcal/1b) and NEg (0.44 Mcal/1b) were determined in the L-818 line, the lowest ADF (25.96%) was also found in the L-818 line. The highest DMI (3.16%) was observed in the Hamua cultivar. The highest RFV was determined in the Tohum Islah ecotype (156), the Hamua (155), the Orbit (154) cultivars and the L-812 (154) line. Our results showed that there were large variations in terms of yield and quality performances amongst the red clover genotypes for animal feeding. The Rajah, L-832 (selected from wild forms) and Pawera had the highest yields amongst the genotypes. The L-818, L-812 lines (selected from wild forms), Tohum Islah ecotype, Lucrun and Redwent cultivars were superior in terms of forage quality properties (low in ADF and NDF and high CP, DDM, DMI, RFV, TDN, NEl, NEm, NEg) than the other red clover genotypes.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Effects of various ages of weaning on growth performance of morkaraman lambs

    Aksakal, Vecihi; Emsen, Ebru; Ozdemir, Memis; Macit, Muhlis

    This study was conducted on 46 Redkaraman lambs born at the Ataturk University, Agricultural Faculty Sheep Research Farm. The lambs were weaned at different ages such as 45, 60 and 75 days. After weaning, the lambs were sent to the pasture and fed on concentrate including 15.3% crude protein in a ratio of 1.5% of live body weight for the first 6 weeks thereafter, amount of feed was increased to 2% of the live body weight in addition to pasture at the evenings. Live body weights and daily weight gaing of lambs were determined from 45 days to end of the grazing period within 14 days intervals. Live weights at 45 days for the lambs weaned at 45, 60 and 75 days were 12.20, 11.58 and 12.47 kg and at 60 days were 14.38, 14.79 and 15.40 kg and 75 days were 15.30, 16.06 and 17.28 kg. Live weights at the end of the grazing period were 34.86, 35.11 and 38.93 kg for the lambs weaned at 45, 60 and 75 days of age, respectively. The differences among the group were found significant (p<0.05) for live weights at the end of the grazing period. Daily weight gains of lambs in the groups were found as 144.5, 145.7 and 164.0 g for the end of the grazing period; 137.3, 142.6 and 160.5g for the 46 days of age and 136.5, 135.5 and 157.0 g for 61 days of age. The differences among the group were found significant (p<0.05). The results of this research indicated that there were significant (p<0.05) differences for the live weights at the end of the grazing period in Redkaraman lambs weaned at various ages, also there were significant (p<0.05) differences for daily weight gains at the end of the grazing period, 46 and 61 days of age.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Multiobjective optimization of laminated composite cylindrical shells for maximum frequency and buckling load

    Topal, Umut

    This paper deals with multiobjective optimization of laminated cylindrical shells to maximize a weighted sum of the frequency and buckling load under external load. The layer fibre orientation is used as the design variable and the multiobjective optimization is formulated as the weighted combinations of the frequency and buckling under external load. The first order shear deformation theory is used for the finite element formulation of the laminated shells. Five shell configurations with eight layers are considered as candidate designs. The modified feasible direction method (MFD) is used as optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on FORTRAN is used for the optimization of the laminated shells. Finally, the effect of different weighting ratios, shell aspect ratio, shell thickness-to-radius ratios and boundary conditions on the optimal designs is investigated and the results are compared.

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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2009
    Membrane thermal stability at different developmental stages of spring wheat genotypes and their diallel cross populations; [Yazlık buǧday genotipleri ve diallel melez populasyonlarının farklı gelisme dönemlerinde yüksek sıcaklık membran kararlılıǧı]

    Yildirim, Mehmet; Bahar, Bilge; Koç, Müjde; Barutçular, Celalettin

    Membrane thermal stability (MTS) can be a significant selection criterion for heat stress tolerance. MTS is determined by measuring of electirical conductivity of aquause phase in which leaf tissue exposure to high temperature. This research was conducted to investigate the membrane stability assay measured by two different methods, namely MTS and relative injury (RI). The second objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different growth stages of four spring wheat parents and their six half F2 diallel cross progenies grown in the field on membrane stability. Measurements were taken at different growth stages (seedling, stem elongation and early milk). The MTS and RI assays gave similar results at the three different growth stages. However, growth stages significantly affected the MTS and RI values of genotypes. Membrane stability parameters of genotypes decreased during the later developmental stages. Specific combining ability effects were superior to general combining ability effect for all measurements, indicating that membrane thermal stability was mediated mainly by non-additive gene actions. Membrane stability of flag leaf at the early milk stage was significantly correlated with grain yield. The parent of Genç 99 and 84ÇZT04 had low yield potential, whereas Chil's and Seri 82 had high yield potential. Grain yield, spike yield and kernel weight of F2 population were found higher than their parents. These results suggest that genetic variation among genotypes for membrane stability can be utilized in wheat breeding in heat-stressed environments.

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Frequency optimization of laminated skew plates

    Topal, U.; Uzman, Ü.

    In this study, the frequency optimization of laminated skew plates is investigated. The objective function is to maximize the fundamental frequency of the laminated skew plates and the fiber orientation is considered as design variable. The mathematical formulation is based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) for the frequency analysis of the laminated skew plates. The modified feasible direction (MFD) method is combined with the finite element solution of laminated skew plates for optimal designs. Therefore, a program based on FORTRAN is used. Finally, the effect of skew angles, boundary conditions, aspect ratios and functionally graded materials on the optimal results is investigated and the results are compared.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Chemical contents of red clover genotypes on crop improvement systems as livestock feed

    Yolcu, Halil; Tavlas, Ayten; Tan, Mustafa; Gunes, Adem

    A field experiment was conducted in 2000-2001 at the Research Station of East Anatolia Agricultural Research Institute in Pasinler of Erzurum province in Turkey. In this study, 25 red clovers (Trifolium pratense L.) genotypes were evaluated in terms of chemical contents for animal feeding in the 2 years results. The red clover genotypes were sown in the spring of 2000. The experiment was designed a randomized complete block with replicated 4 times. The genotypes were harvested in 50% flowering once in 2000 and 3 times in 2001. There were significant differences in N (p<0.05), Mg (p<0.05), Zn (p<0.05), Fe (p<0.05), Mn (p<0.01) and Cu (p<0.01) contents but no in Na content among the red clover genotypes. According to 2 years results, especially L-818 line and Xiashao cultivar in N; L-1881 and L-812 line in Mg; Redwent cultivar, L-77, L-l 922 lines and Lucrun cultivars in Zn; L-77 line, Redwent cultivar, L-812, L-1922 lines and Lucrun cultivar in Fe; L-79 line, Redwent cultivar and L-77 line in Mn; L-79 line, Redwent cultivar and L-77 line in Cu had higher chemical contents than the others for animal feeding. The genotypes rich in terms of chemical content can be successfully used to meet the requirement the forage quality of animal and to gain new quality red clover genotypes for animal nutrition.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization and seeding patterns on chemical composition of Lucerne and smooth brome grass intercropping system

    Yolcu, Halil; Serin, Yunus

    Intercropping has been used widely in forage plant production all around the world. In intercropping systems, forage plants need different requirements are grown together. Requirement of fertilization and seeding pattern of intercropping differ from mono cropping. The research goals were to evaluate the effects of various seeding patterns and fertilization on the crude protein and chemical content of lucerne-smooth brome grass mixture under field conditions in 2002-2003. Lucerne and smooth bromegrass mixtures were established with different seeding patterns (mixed, alternative and cross-seeding), N fertilizer rates (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and P fertilizer rates (0, 40, 80 and 120 P2O5 ha-1). The results of this study indicated that different seeding patterns, N and P fertilization affected chemical contents of alfalfa and smooth brome grass mixture in the intercropping system. Depending on different seeding patterns, N, Ca, K and Mg content varied significantly, but no P content in the intercropping system. Nitrogen application increased N content and P application likewise increased P content. While P application increased N content, N application had no effect on the P content of the intercropping. Calcium and K did not vary significantly depending on N and P fertilization; yet, a relationship between P application and Mg content was determined.

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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2009
    Homotopy perturbation method for solving human T-Cell lymphotropic virus I(HTLV-I) infection of CD4+ T-Cells model

    Merdan, Mehmet

    In this article, homotopy perturbation method is implemented to give approximate and analytical solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equation systems such as human T-cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV-I) infection of CD4+ T-cells model. The proposed scheme is based on homotopy perturbation method (HPM), Laplace transform and Padé approximants. The results to get the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is applied Padé approximants. Our proposed approach showed results to analytical solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equation systems. Some plots arepresented to show the reliability and simplicity of the methods.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2009
    Water quality modeling and dissolved oxygen balance in streams: A point source Streeter-Phelps application in the case of the Harsit stream

    Nas, S. Serkan; Nas, Evin

    The Harsit Stream flowing into the Black Sea is an important watershed in the northeastern part of Turkey. The monthly averages of dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen were obtained for the water samples taken from the Tekke, Akcakale and Haciemin sites of the Harsit Stream. Water quality parameters were analyzed and evaluated according to the WHO standards and the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation. Initially, the variations in the dissolved oxygen profile were determined from dissolved oxygen, temperature and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand measurements by using the point source Streeter-Phelps equation. Critical dissolved oxygen deficit values were calculated for the monthly average from January-December 2005, which are below the limit value (4 mg L-1) excluding April (7.26 mg L-1) and May (5.98 mg L-1) in the Harsit Stream, resulting in it having second class water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH and biochemical oxygen demand. It is also seen that the minimum dissolved oxygen limit value (8 mg L-1), which is a desired quantity for drinking water, is under the limit value for all months in the case of the water mixture. In particular, during the summer months, the consumption speed of oxygen is greater than the production speed of oxygen with increasing temperature and decreasing discharge, and negative values (anoxia) of dissolved oxygen sag are seen. These situations call for significant precautions and treatment criteria.

    • SDG 6 · Temiz Su ve Sanitasyon
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Morphologic, yield and quality parameters of some annual forages as sole crops and intercropping mixtures in dry conditions for livestock

    Yolcu, Halil; Polat, Muazzez; Aksakal, Vecihi

    Sole annual legumes, cereals and intercropping mixture of annual legumes and cereals are intensively cultivated in the world for forage production. An experiment was carried out to compare morphological, yield and quality parameters of sole Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.), sole oat (Avena sativa L.), sole rye (Secale cereale L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + oat (Avena sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + rye (Secale cereale L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping mixture in Kelkit Aydin Doǧan Vocational Training School at Gümüşhane University of Turkey in dry and manure conditions during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 years. Sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping mixture had the highest stem density. The highest cereal flag leaf lengths were in wheat in intercropping mixture, sole oat and oat in intercropping mixture. Rye in intercropping mixture and sole rye had the highest cereal length. The highest legume ratio was found in Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture. Sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping mixture had the highest fresh and hay yield. The highest crude protein yield was obtained in Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture. Sole Hungarian vetch and Hungarian vetch + barley intercropping mixture had the highest crude protein content. The lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were gained in sole Hungarian vetch. Farmers in terms of yield may choose cultivation of sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping mixture. Also in terms of quality, they may choose cultivation of sole Hungarian vetch and Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture in dry and manure conditions.

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  • MakaleAçık Erişim2009
    Two-and-three-dimensional crustal thickness of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey)

    Maden, Nafiz; Gelişli, Kenan; Eyüboǧlu, Yener; Bektaş, Osman

    The Eastern Pontide orogenic belt is divided into three subzones (northern, southern and axial zones) based on present lithologies and facies associations. NE-SW-, NW-SE- and E-W-trending fault systems, which play an important role in palaeotectonics and neotectonics of the Eastern Pontides separate these zones. Three different methods were used to estimate the Moho depth from observed gravity value, namely (i) empirical relationship between Moho depth and Bouguer anomaly; (ii) spectral analysis of the radial wave number and; (iii) by the gravity inversion method. Power spectrum, a statistical approach, is a widely used technique to determine the depth of geological sources successfully. The empirical linear relations between the Bouguer anomalies and seismically determined crustal thicknesses have been used to compute depths to the Conrad and Moho discontinuities, which are consistent with the average depths obtained from the power spectrum method. The crustal structure was also determined from the inversion of a Bouguer anomaly profile along longitude 39°. Gravity inversion results are consistent with those obtained from the empirical relations and power spectrum methods. We calculated the maximum crustal thickness of 43.8 km in the studied region by using the gravity inversion method, which also showed that crustal thickness increases from north to south.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for the birth weight of calves of Holstein Friesian cattle reared organically

    Aksakal, Vecihi; Bayram, Bahri

    The aim of this study, was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for birth weight and to determine the survival rate of calves of Holstein Friesian cattle reared organically. Aborting rate, still born rate and the calving difficulty rate were 4.6, 3.9 and 9.1 %, respectively. The average birth weight was 42.76±0.229 kg in present study. This value was quite higher than the birth weight in Holstein Friesian calves that breed conventionally in Turkey's conditions. The effect of calving season (p<0.01) and farming system (p<0.05) on birth weight were significant. Male calves had 2.69 kg higher birth weight than females and this difference was found significant (p<0.01). The mean birth weight of single calves was 6.26 kg (17%) higher than that of twin calves. The effect of the years on birth weight was not significant, because caring, feeding and the other breeding methods were made according to the conditions of the regulations. As the birth parity was increased, the birth weight decreased (p<0.05). Heritability and repeatability estimates belong to birth weight were found as 0.232±0.110 and0.206±0.073, respectively.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    K/Ar ages and geochemistry of the post-collisional volcanic rocks in the Mica (Erzurum) area, eastern Turkey

    Kaygusuz, Abdullah

    The Neogene Ilica volcanics in eastern Anatolia are of sub-alkaline affinity and present features of post-collisional volcanism. The lava flows in the Ilica area reveal K/Ar ages ranging from 13.9 ± 0.5 to 4.4 ± 0.3 Ma, corresponding to the Miocene- and Pliocene age. The volcanic rocks are composed of calc-alkaline basaltic trachyandesitic-, trachyandesitic-, andesitic- and minor dacitic lavas associated with pyroclastics, with the andesitic lavas being volumetrically the most abundant. Some special textures, such as the dissolution/melting and poikilitic type, and the normal, reverse, and oscillatory zoning in the plagioclase- and pyroxene phenocrysts are attributable to disequilibrium crystallization related to magma mixing. The rocks are characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), with pronounced depletion of high field strength elements (HFSE). They show depletion in Nb and Ta, indicating the role of crustal contamination. The rocks also have moderately fractionated rare earth elements (REE) patterns with (La/Lu)N ratios of 10-19 for andesitic- and dacitic rocks, and 7-10 for basaltic trachyandesitic- and trachyandesitic rocks. Basaltic trachyandesites show slightly positive Eu anomalies, whereas the deepening of Eu through gradual increase from trachyandesite to dacite, indicating a genetic link between the basaltic trachyandesite and the dacites. The main solidification processes consist of magma mixing and fractional crystallization with minor amounts of crustal contamination which were operative during the solidification of the volcanic rocks. All evidences support the theory that Ilica volcanic rocks were derived from partial melting of lower continental crust, having undergone interaction with subcontinental lithospheric mantle in a post-collisional geodynamic setting.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Effects of various ages of weaning on growth characteristics, survival rate and some body measurements of Awassi lambs

    Aksakal, Vecihi; Macit, Muhlis; Esenbuga, Nurinisa

    This study aimed to investigate the effect of various ag es (45, 60 and 7 5 days) of weaning on growth, survival rate and some body characteristics in Awassi lambs. Following weaning, the lambs were separated from their dams and taken to the pasture and were fed with concentrate including 15.3% crude protein in the evenings in addition to the pasture. The live weights and daily weight gains of the lambs were determined by weighing at 14 days intervals starting from day 45 till the end of pasture. Five females from each group were used in the determination of body measurements. In the study, in the lambs weaned at the age of 45 (group I), 60 (group JT) and 75 (group III) days old; birth weight and live weights on days 45, 60, 75, 120 and 210 (end of pasture) were calculated on average as 4.58,11.58, 13.95, 15.95, 21.54 and 34.44 kg, respectively and in the significance checks performed, it was identified that there was no significant (p<0.05) difference between the groups except for the day 210 live weight. There was not any difference observed between the groups in terms of Daily Live Weight Gain (DLWG). It was identified that the effect of the age of dam on live weight in lambs was insignificant in all periods that the effect of type of birth was very significant (p<0.05) except for the day 120 live weight and that the effect of sex was significant (p<0.05) in birth, day 60, 75 and 210 weights and very significant (p<0.01) in day 120 live weight. On looking at the survival rate characteristics, it was observed that this was lower in the group weaned at 45 days old on days 120 and 210 at a statistically significant (p<0.05) level compared to the other two groups. Furthermore, it was identified that singletons exhibited a higher survival rate at a statistically very significant (p<0.01) level compared to twins. The effect of weaning at various ages on the body measurements was found to be insignificant except for the chest width measured on day 210. Consequently, it may be said that taking into consideration the live weight gains and survival rate characteristics of Awassi lambs, the most suitable weaning age may be arranged as 60 days old.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Evaluation of annual legumes and barley as sole crops and intercrop in spring frost conditions for animal feeding II. Mineral composition

    Yolcu, Halil; Gunes, Adem; Turan, Metin

    Sole grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), sole common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), sole barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common vetch + barley intercrop, common vetch (I) and barley (I) in terms of mineral contents were assessed in the present study for animal feeding. Common vetch + barley intercrops were separated as common vetch (called as common vetch I) and barley (called as barley I). The experiment was designed in a factorial arrangement of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and carried out at the research station at Kelkit Aydin Dogan Vocational Training School, Gumushane University, in 2006 and 2007. All the plants had important potential in terms macro and micro mineral contents in animal feeding. There were significant differences between years in Mg, Ca, P, Mn, Fe and Cu contents. According to the results, sole grass pea, sole common vetch and common vetch (I) in Mg, sole grass pea, common vetch (I) and sole common vetch in Ca, common vetch (I), sole grass pea and sole common vetch in Mn and sole barley and sole grass pea in Cu were rich for animal feeding. If farmers want rich forage in terms of Mg, Ca and Mn, they should select sole grass pea and sole common vetch cultivation. If farmers want rich forage in terms of Cu, they should choose sole grass pea and sole barley cultivation.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2009
    Stochastic finite element analysis of structural systems with partially restrained connections subjected to seismic loads

    Çavdar, Özlem; Bayraktar, Alemdar; Çavdar, Ahmet; Kartal, Murat Emre

    The present paper investigates the stochastic seismic responses of steel structure systems with Partially Restrained (PR) connections by using Perturbation based Stochastic Finite Element (PSFEM) method. A stiffness matrix formulation of steel systems with PR connections and PSFEM and MCS formulations of structural systems are given. Based on the formulations, a computer program in FORTRAN language has been developed, and stochastic seismic analyses of steel frame and bridge systems have been performed for different types of connections. The connection parameters, material and geometrical properties are assumed to be random variables in the analyses. The Kocaeli earthquake occurred in 1999 is considered as a ground motion. The connection parameters, material and geometrical properties are considered to be random variables. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed SFEM algorithm are validated by comparison with results of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method.

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