Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Yiğitler (tekman/erzurum) yöresindeki jeotermal ve soğuk su kaynaklarının hidrokimyasal özellikleri
Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Vural, Alaaddin; Kaygusuz, Kamil; Sen, Ahmet Dundar; Çavuş, Dilek
Bu çalışma, Erzurum-Tekman Yiğitler köyü civarındaki jeotermal, soğuk ve yüzey sularının hidrokimyasal özelliklerini, kökenini ve kullanım olanaklarını belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. İnceleme alanında jeotermal sistemin ana hazne kayacını peridotit ve gabro türü kayaçlardan oluşan Şahvelet Ofiyolitleri ile Kösehasan Formasyonu içindeki kireçtaşları, örtü kayacını ise masif yapıdaki Bingöldağı volkanitleri oluşturmaktadır. İncelenen jeotermal suların sıcaklık değerleri 43-49 °C, pH değerleri 7.03-8.33 ve EC değerleri 950-1550 µS/cm arasında değişmektedir. Analizler sonucunda, jeotermal, yeraltı ve yüzey sularının Ca-Mg-HCO₃ fasiyesinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Piper, Schoeller ve Gibbs diyagramları ile yapılan sınıflandırmalar, aynı kaynaktan beslenen tek bir hidrokimyasal sistemin varlığına işaret etmektedir. (Ca+Mg)-(HCO₃+SO₄) diyagramı, Ca/Mg, HCO₃/SiO₂ ve Ca+Mg/HCO₃ oranları, CAI-I ve CAI-II indeksleri, kaya-su etkileşimine bağlı olarak su kimyasının genelde karbonat daha az oranda da silikat ayrışma süreçlerinden etkilendiğine işaret etmektedir. Hazne kaya sıcaklıkları silis jeotermometreleri ile 52-93°C, entalpi-silis karışım modeli ile 127-141°C hesaplanmıştır. Bu durum, akışkanın sığ seviyelerde %28-46 oranında soğuk yeraltı suları ile karıştığını göstermektedir. İçme suyu standartları açısından; soğuk kaynak suları uygun, yüzey suları ise sulama için elverişli bulunmuştur. Jeotermal sular; yüksek Ca, Fe, Mn, As ve NH4 derişimleri nedeniyle içme amaçlı kullanılamazken, kimyasal değerleri bakımından kaplıca kullanım potansiyeline sahiptir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Natural (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) and artificial (137Cs) radioactivity assessment of Kırkpavli and Hazine Cave ore deposits, Gümüşhane (Türkiye): Radiological risk and material utilization perspective
Vural, Alaaddin; Kaya, Ali
Environmental radioactivity is a critical factor for both ecological and human health risk assessment, particularly in mining regions with ongoing or historical settlement activities. This study evaluates natural and artificial radionuclide concentrations in soils from the Kırkpavli (KP) and Hazine Cave (HM) mining areas in Gümüşhane, northeastern Türkiye. Gamma spectrometry analyses were performed to measure 232Th, 226Ra, 40K, and 137Cs, and radiological risk indicators—including absorbed dose rates, annual effective dose, radium equivalent activity, hazard indices (Hex and Hin), Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ECLR), Activity Utilization Index (AUI), radon-related alpha index, and natural radioactivity-driven heat production (RHP)—were assessed. Results: showed spatial variability linked to lithology, with the HM site exhibiting elevated radionuclide levels in basalt-dominated units, while KP soils showed moderate values in sedimentary formations. Most radiological parameters remained below international safety limits; however, specific sampling points, particularly HM-2, exceeded thresholds, indicating potential health risks if the soils are used for local settlement, building materials, or domestic purposes. RHP analysis further identified areas of intense hydrothermal alteration correlating with higher natural radioactivity. Comparisons with international soils and rocks confirmed that the activity concentrations at both sites are comparable to or exceed global averages. These findings highlight the necessity of ongoing monitoring of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) in inhabited mining regions and provide essential data for ensuring environmental safety, sustainable land and material use, and public health protection.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf-O isotope signatures of Middle Eocene high-K plutons from the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, NE Turkey: implications for parental magma sources and magmatic processes
Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Aydınçakır, Emre; Yücel, Cem; Vural, Alaaddin; Saydam Eker, Çiğdem; Cicerali, Derya
The Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (EPOB) in northeastern Turkey is a well-preserved continental magmatic arc in the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt and contains many Eocene I-type high-K plutons. Employing LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology, the crystallization ages of the investigated Yaylalıköy and Taşbaşı plutons were established to be Lutetian (Middle Eocene), ranging from 47 Ma to 46 Ma. These plutons exhibit a compositional spectrum ranging from diorite to granodiorite, characterized by I-type, metaluminous, and high-K geochemical signatures. Notably, they are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), displaying pronounced negative Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.58–0.96). Isotopic signatures reveal homogeneous and moderately low initial 87 Sr/86 Sr(i) ratios (0.704643–0.705034) and positive εNd(i) values (0.24 to 1.67) for the investigated plutons. These isotopic signatures are consistent with mantle origin, as evidenced by their position within the mantle array on isotope ratio diagrams. Lead isotope compositions exhibit limited variations, with initial ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb(i) (18.55–18.64), 207 Pb/204 Pb(i) (15.61–15.64), and 208 Pb/204 Pb(i) (38.46–38.75). Zircon εHf(i) values are positive (2.32–6.20), plotting between the depleted mantle and chondritic evolution lines. Additionally, these rocks display low zircon δ18 O values (+4.54 to + 6.53‰), comparable to mantle composition. The petrographic characteristics of the investigated plutons suggest that fractional crystallization with minimal assimilation and/or magma mixing played a dominant role during their solidification. The integration of geochemical and isotopic data, alongside regional geological constraints, advocates for enriched lithospheric mantle as the source for the parental magmas of the studied plutons. These magmas subsequently underwent differentiation within a deep-seated magma chamber, followed by emplacement into the crust.
- MakaleYalnız künye2025Origin and tectonic setting of the carbonate-hosted Kopuz Fe skarn Deposit, Sakarya Zone, NE Türkiye
Sipahi, Ferkan; Akpınar, İbrahim; Gücer, Mehmet Ali; Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Vural, Alaaddin; Saydam Eker, Çiğdem
The Kopuz Fe skarn deposit in the eastern Sakarya Zone is genetically associated with the 44–45 Ma Kopuz granitoid. The Fe ores are hosted within the contact zone between this granitoid and Jurassic Lower Cretaceous limestone. The deposit is characterized by both endo- and exoskarn zones, which exhibit a diverse range of minerals including clinopyroxene, plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, garnet, epidote, phlogopite, magnetite, hematite, pyrite, quartz, calcite, actinolite, limonite, and goethite. Magnetite and hematite, accompanied by small amounts of pyrite, are primarily ore minerals. Pyroxene types observed in the mineralization include diopsidic hedenbergite in the endoskarn zone and diopside in the exoskarn zone. Plagioclase in the endoskarn zone vary from oligoclase to Labrador in composition, which transition towards Na-rich plagioclase and orthoclase in the ore-bearing exoskarn zone. Amphiboles, primarily calcic in nature, are classified as Mg-hornblende and actinolite, with low F and Cl contents, indicating minimal F enrichment during Fe-skarn formation. Garnet is characterized by andradite in the exoskarn zone close to the endoskarn and grossular-andradite in the distal exoskarn zone. The increase of Ad/Gr ratios in zoned garnet indicate an increasing ƒO2 value outward from it. Considering that rare pyrite occur together with magnetite and hematite, we suggest that the deposit formed under conditions of low ƒS2 and high ƒO2 conditions. The homogenization temperature and salinity of the fluid inclusions in quartz from the exoskarn zone vary from 224 °C to 349 °C and 4.18 % (wt% NaCl equiv.), respectively. The oxygen isotope composition (5.10 ‰ to 7.86 ‰) of the fluids in equilibrium with magnetite and quartz minerals in the exoskarn zone supports a magmatic fluid origin. The oxygen isotopic signatures of epidote and amphibole further indicate a minor interaction with an additional source, likely meteoric waters. The sulfur isotope composition of pyrite (2.3 ‰) is consistent with a magmatic sulfur source. In summary, the middle Eocene-aged Kopuz Fe skarn deposit occurred a shallow depth within a magmatic arc, where oxidized conditions predominated.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024U–Pb zircon dating, Sr-Nd whole-rock and Lu-Hf zircon isotope analyses of the Eocene Arslandede pluton, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle source and magma evolution
Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Aydınçakır, Emre; Yücel, Cem; Vural, Alaaddin; Siebel, Wolfgang; Jeong, Youn-Joong
The Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (EPOB) hosts numerous plutonic bodies with different dimensions, compositions and ages ranging from Paleozoic to Late Eocene in NE Turkey. U-Pb zircon dating suggests that the Arslandede pluton crystallized at 44.50 ± 0.29 Ma, corresponding to the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) period. Rocks of this pluton have monzonitic character, with compositions ranging from monzodiorite to granite (SiO2 = 49˗71 wt%). The studied monzonitic rocks have I-type, metaluminous and shoshonitic character and are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs). The rare earth elements (REEs) have concave up shape (LaN/YbN = 6.64–11.57) and show negative to slightly positive Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.37–1.24). 87Sr/86Sr(i) values of 0.704801–0.705102 and εNd(i) values of 1.01–1.34 correspond to the mantle series on isotope ratio diagrams. Positive εHf(i) values (5.01–14.91) plot between the depleted mantle and the chondritic evolution lines. The petrological features of the rocks from the Arslandede pluton show that fractional crystallization with low rates of assimilation and/or magma mixing were effective during crystallization. All data show that the magma source of the pluton derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle and emplaced into the crust after differentiation in a deep seated magma chamber contaminated by relatively small proportions of crustal rocks.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2022Geochemical investigation of the potability of surface water in Çit River and related creeks in Avliyana Basin (Gümüşhane, NE Türkiye)
Saka, Fatih; Soylak, Mustafa; Bulut, Volkan Numan; Vural, Alaaddin; Gundogdu, Ali
In the study, physico-chemical parameters of Çit Stream and related creeks in Avliyana Basin (Gümüşhane, NE Turkey) were determined. In terms of physical parameters, it is seen that the Büyük Çit Stream has drinking water quality. According to piper diagram, all of the samples except one have fallen into region of class of CaCO3 and MgCO3 waters. The different one is the mixed water class. It has been determined that the metal content that may pose a risk to water is below the permissible limits. It has been seen that there may be only one point of risk for lead. As a result, physico-chemical aspect of water quality of Çit River and related creeks in Avliyana Basin has been seen to be suitable for drinking water standards.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2022Heavy Metal Pollution from Listvenitization: In Case of Alakeçi (Bayramiç-Çanakkale/West Türkiye)
Vural, Alaaddin
This study aimed to investigate the risk of element/heavy metal pollution caused by listvenitization. In this context, the heavy metal pollution risk of listvenite-derived soils in the region where listvenitized ultrabasic rocks are present as a result of hydrothermal alterations in the vicinity of Alakeçi (Bayramiç Çanakkale/Western Türkiye) was investigated with pollution index, geoaccumulation index and integrated pollution risk parameters. For this purpose, Cu, Zn, Pb element concentrations of 350 soil samples collected from the field were determined, and Pollution Index (PI) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) parameters for each element and Integrated Pollution Index (IPI) parameters for each sampling point were calculated. In addition, distribution maps of PI, Igeo and IPI parameters were plotted. When the site is considered in terms of IPI parameter, it has been determined that the site has medium and high pollution risk. When the field is considered in terms of PI and Igeo parameters, a remarkable level of pollution has been detected in the field, especially by Ni, Co and As elements. When the distribution maps of the PI, Igeo and IPI parameters are examined, it has been determined that the pollution risk is higher than the other areas, especially in the areas where hydrothermal alteration is intense and in the tectonic line areas. Although listvenitizations and listvenite zones are important target areas especially for epithermal gold mineralizations, this study has shown that listvenitization areas are also areas at risk of heavy metal pollution. Therefore, listvenitization zones are areas that should be investigated in terms of heavy metal pollution risk as well as epithermal gold mineralization potentials.
- MakaleYalnız künye2022Eocene magmatism and associated Fe-Cu mineralization in northeastern Turkey: a case study of the Karadağ skarn
Sipahi, Ferkan; Saydam Eker, Çiğdem; Akpınar, İbrahim; Gücer, Mehmet Ali; Vural, Alaaddin; Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Aydurmuş, Tanju
The metallogenic belt containing numerous skarn mineralized systems starting from Eastern Europe continues through Turkey and Iran. The study area in the Eastern Pontides is within this metallogenic belt. The 44.39 ± 0.53 Ma Karadağ Intrusion sourced skarn mineralization is located along the granitoid-to-limestone contact. The Karadağ Intrusion is an arc-like pluton with medium–high K calc-alkaline and peraluminous–metaluminous affinity. The Karadağ Fe–Cu skarn mineralization (Gümüşhane, Turkey), an exoskarn, is hosted by Late Cretaceous limestone and consists of early garnet, clinopyroxene, and orthoclase with late epidote and chlorite. Primary ore minerals are magnetite and haematite, accompanied by minor amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite. Pyroxene comprises mostly diopside and less hedenbergitic diopside and johannsenite. Wollastonite is very rare. Garnet is andradite and grossular–andradite. Thus, all these results imply that the Karadağ Fe–Cu skarn mineralization formed under relatively oxidized and Fe-rich conditions. The homogenization temperatures of the fluid inclusions vary from 189°C to 405°C for quartz and 186°C to 430°C for calcite. The salinity contents in the fluid inclusions are within 0.2–9 wt% NaCl equivalent for quartz and 0.4–14.8 wt% NaCl equivalent for calcite. First melting temperatures between −36.5 and −47.4°C were attained with the presence of NaCl–FeCl2± CaCl2 in the initial phase of fluid inclusions. The first melting in the later stage of fluid inclusions is between −3.8 and −17.2°C, thereby, supporting the existence of NaHCO3-Na2CO3-KCl-type salt composition. The δ18O values of minerals are 1.7–10.3‰ for garnet, 11.1–14.6‰ for quartz, 6.4 to 6.8‰ for epidote, and 2.8–3.8‰ for magnetite in the Karadağ skarn mineralization. The δ18O value of epidote indicates magmatic fluid, whereas those of garnet, magnetite, and quartz suggest magmatic fluids together with less meteoric effect. The δ18O values in limestone (18.7 to 22.3‰), marble (8.7‰), and calcite (10.5 to 12.2‰) were depleted relative to typical δ18O contents of marine carbonates (20 to 30‰). Moreover, the C isotope values of calcite (−5.4 to −1.4‰), marble (−2.1‰), and limestone (1.0 to 1.2‰) reflect those of metamorphic rocks and skarns (−4.0 to 3‰ and −18 to 2‰). Mineral paragenesis, fluid inclusion, and stable isotopic signatures are consistent with ore mineralization caused by the interaction of magmatic fluids with carbonate host rocks. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn mineralization, associated with Karadağ postcollisional magmatism, is an example of skarn mineralized system in the Eastern Pontides.
- MakaleYalnız künye2022Assessment of excavability classification in a Limestone Quarry: A case study from Bayburt, Turkey
Külekçi, Gökhan; Vural, Alaaddin; Aliyazicioğlu, Şener
Excavability is a measure of material which can be excavated with classical excavation equipment. Studies to decide the rock excavability characteristics contribute to the suitability of engineering projects. In this study, a limestone quarry (in Bayburt, Turkey) was analysed with excavability classification systems and appropriate systems were determined. To accomplish this aim, point load index and Schmidt hardness tests were practiced and changed to uniaxial compressive strength tests. After that, findings were categorized with classification systems in excavation and matched against practices from field. In this study, rock mass was addressed as “pre-explosion”, “hard ripping” and “hammer and blasting” in accordance with distinctive classification systems. All determined as rock mass should be blasted for loosening then dug with hydraulic breakers. This practice is totally compatible with in-site excavations fulfilled. According to study results, the most suitable parameters to decide surface excavational classification are load strength index, geological strength index and the degree of rock mass weathering
- MakaleAçık Erişim2022Phytoremediation ability of Helichrysum arenarium plant for Au and Ag: case study at Demirören village (Gümüşhane, Turkey)
Vural, Alaaddin; Safari, Semaneh
It was investigated ability of Helichrysum arenarium plant, in phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytoremediation in this study. Soil and plant samples were collected from the Demirören alteration site which has the potential of gold mineralization and analyzed for gold and silver. When the results of the analysis were evaluated, it was determined that the gold and silver contents in the soil did not show compatibility with the gold and silver contents of the plants grown at the same point. It was concluded that the high gold and silver concentrations in the plants are related to the hydrothermal alteration and weathering at the point where the plants grow. For investigation of phytoremediation ability of the plant, translocation factor (TF), bio-concentration factor (BCF), and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) were calculated. The values of TF, BAF, and BCF for Ag are equal 0.33, 0.043, and 0.13 and for Au are equal 2.04, 0.59, and 0.29, respectively. So, obtained data show that Helichrysum arenarium is not appropriate for phytoextraction and phytostabilization of gold and silver in this case, but H. arenarium can be used in phyto-mining and for biogeochemical exploration of gold. Considering that the gold and silver concentrations in the developed soil in the study area are low concentrations, it is predicted that a similar study will yield satisfactory-interesting results when it is made in plants grown on the gold mineralization/enrichment areas.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021Mineralogical and Chemical Characteristics of Clay Areas, Gümüşhane Region (NE Turkey), and Their Detection Using the Crósta Technique with Landsat 7 and 8 Images
Vural, Alaaddin; Akpinar, İbrahim; Sipahi, Ferkan
The clay areas in Gümüşhane (NE Turkey) were examined in mineralogical and geochemical terms, and by remote sensing methods. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and chemical analysis were completed on samples from 11 selected clay areas in the region. Within the scope of remote sensing, Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images of the region were processed with the Crósta technique to assess the clay areas. The Kale and Tamzı clays are contained within a Late Cretaceous turbiditic series. The clays in Canca, Refene and Çamlıca occur in intensively hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks of the Eocene Alibaba Formation. The other clay areas are in the Liassic Şenköy Formation consisting of a volcano-sedimentary series. The clays in the Şenköy Formation are generally below the coal levels. While mainly illite and lesser kaolinite were determined in Dörtkonak, Alemdar, Yukarı Kov and Çamlıca, the clays in Tahnis and Kabantaşı are smectite. Tekke, Canca and Refene clays are kaolinite with smaller amounts of illite, whereas Kale and Tamzı clays are mainly chlorite with lower content of illite–smectite interlayers. Illites in Dörtkonak, Alemdar, Yukarı Kov and Çamlıca are poor in iron and magnesium and formed by hydrothermal alteration of feldspars in the host rocks. Findings of the remote sensing studies using Landsat 7 and 8 datasets were compatible with the results obtained from field observations and general geological studies, and so it is concluded that the Crósta technique provided good results for exploration of clay occurrences and their determination in the region.
- MakaleYalnız künye2021Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic importance of Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey
Vural, Alaaddin; Kaygusuz, Abdullah
Eastern Pontides are hosted to many granitoids with different composition, size and age ranges from Paleozoic to Cenozoic. Of these granitoids, especially those of the Cenozoic age are commonly observed in the southern part of the Eastern Pontides, and rarely in the northern part. This paper focuses on the Eocene aged Avliyana Granitoid, located south of the Eastern Pontides, intruding into Late Cretaceous and Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Avliyana Granitoid is mainly diorite and tonalite and composed of plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, hornblende, biotite, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. It shows granular, locally poikilitic and micrographic texture. The Avliyana Granitoid has I-type, medium to high-K calc-alkaline, and metaluminous character, and has a narrow SiO2 contents (57–64 wt.%). The rocks are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile element (LILEs), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). Chondrite-normalized REE distributions are concave shaped (LaN/LuN = 5.87–11.92) and show negative Eu anomaly (Eu / Eu * = 0.55–0.81). Geochemical results show that plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, and Fe-Ti oxide fractionation are effective in the development of the rocks. The εNd(i) values of the rocks are between – 1.0 and – 0.1, 87Sr/86Sr(i) values are between 0.70531 and 0.70563, and the model ages (TDM) are between 0.79 and 0.93. U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages of the Avliyana Granitoid rocks range from 45.60 ± 0.55 to 44.75 ± 0.36 Ma. In calculations made from zircon and apatite, the crystallization temperatures vary between 714 and 867 °C. The data revealed that the parental magma of the Avliyana Granitoid was derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle, and fractional crystallization and lesser assimilation played a role in the evolution of the rocks.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020Cevherleşme Sahasında Gelişmiş Topraklardaki Ağır Metal Kirliliği
Çiçek, Bilal; Vural, Alaaddin
Cevherleşme sahalarında gelişmiş topraklardaki ağır metal kirliğinin araştırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilen buçalışmada Gümüşhane, Torul ilçesi sınırları içinde bulunan Gümüştuğ köyünün hemen yakınında bulunanantimonit cevherleşme sahasında gelişmiş toprakların ağır metal içeriklerinin araştırılması amacıyla toprakörnekleri alınmış ve belli başlı ağır metallerin topraktaki konsantrasyonlarını tespit etmek amacıyla analizedilmiştir. Topraktaki kirlilik derecesi yaygın olarak kullanılan jeobirikim indeksi (Igeo) ve kirlilik indeksi (PI)parametreleri hesap edilerek incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, cevherleşme sahasındakitopraklarda özellikle antimon ve bakır açısından yüksek jeobirikim ve kirlilik indeksi değerleri tespit edilmiştir.Dolayısıyla çalışma sahasında üst kabuk ortalama değerlerine göre antimon ve bakır açısından kirlilik riski/ağırzenginleşmenin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sahadaki antimon ve bakır kirliliği/zenginleşmesinin bölgede gelişmişalterasyon ve cevherleşmeyle ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Yapılan çalışma göstermiştir ki cevherleşmesahaları, alanda herhangi bir madencilik faaliyeti yapılmamış olsa bile ağır metal kirliği riski barındıransahalardır. Dolayısıyla cevherleşme sahalarında ve/veya cevherleşme için potansiyel olan alterasyon sahalarındaağır metal kirliliği/çevresel amaçlı jeokimya çalışmaların yapılmasının önemli olduğu görülmektedir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Investigation of the relationship between rare earth elements, trace elements, and major oxides in soil geochemistry
Vural, Alaaddin
Investigation on the behavior of elements in the soil is important both in exploration and environmental geochemistry studies. Rare earth elements (REEs) are the most useful among all trace elements. REE studies have shown that they have important applications in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic petrology. This work aims to investigate the relationship of these elements with one another and the behavior of the major oxides and trace elements with REEs. Soil samples were obtained from the alteration site possibly related to mineralization and were analyzed for major oxides, trace elements, and REEs. The relationships between the major oxide–trace element/heavy metal and REE were investigated by statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, and principle component analysis. According to the correlation coefficient matrix, light REEs (LREEs) showed weak to moderate negative correlation with MgO and MnO and moderately positive correlation with SiO2 and K2O. No association was detected between the heavy REEs (HREEs) and the main oxides, but a strong positive correlation with LREEs was observed. For the trace elements, LREE showed a weak positive correlation with Ba and Sn and moderate to strong positive correlation with As, Hf, Nb, Rb, Ta, Th, U, W, and Zr. They also displayed weak to moderate correlation with Sc, Co, Zn, Ni, and V. HREE showed weak to moderate positive correlation with Ni, Cs, Ga, Hf, Th, Zr, As, and LREE. Although REEs exhibited no direct correlation with Au and Ag, they showed a good correlation with some trace elements that are related to hydrothermally altered products. This study showed that REEs can also be used in exploration and environmental geochemistry studies by exploiting the relationship between REEs and other trace/heavy metal elements.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Soil geochemistry study of the listvenite area of ayvacik (Çanakkale, Turkey)
Vural, Alaaddin; Aydal, Doğan
Objective of this study is to use soil geochemistry surveys using statistical methods for the exploration of possibly gold mineralization related to Alakeçi listvenite area (Bayramiç, Çanakkale, Turkey). In the scope of soil geochemistry, about 350 soil samples were analyzed and evaluated for nine elements including gold. Element concentrations for Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Mo, Ni, Co and Au (all element except Au in ppm, Au in ppb) were 10-265, 10-90, 15-545, 5-800, 2-60, 4-8, 10-6300, 15-1255 and 40-300 respectively. The gold concentrations were comparatively detected in low value than important ore deposit and exhibited no correlation with other elements (except Mo). However, positive correlation was observed between Cu and Zn; Sb and As; Mo with As and Sb; Au and Mo; Ni and Co. In literature, Cu, Zn, As, Sb and Mo were widely used as pathfinder elements for exploration of gold mineralization. So, these elements were accepted as pathfinders in this study and their distribution maps were prepared. The element distribution maps for pathfinder elements and gold displayed remarkable zoning in the central to southeast site of the area connected with tectonic lines and lithological borders. So, in conclusion, this part in the area needs to be investigated in detailed with geophysics and drilling methods for blind gold mineralization.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Effect of antimonite mineralization area on heavy metal contents and geochemical fractions of agricultural soils in Gümüşhane Province, Turkey
Sungur, Ali; Vural, Alaaddin; Gundogdu, Ali; Soylak, Mustafa
In this study, the possible impacts of an antimonite mineralization area on agricultural lands with regard to heavy metal concentrations were examined. In this scope, surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were taken from a total of 27 locations including eleven from the Avliyana antimonite mineralization area (Torul, Gümüşhane-NW Turkey) and its surroundings, eleven from agricultural areas and five from the control area. Wet digestion method was used with aqua regia procedure for determining the total heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) concentrations of the soil samples. The geochemical fractions of heavy metals in soil samples were determined by way of a sequential extraction procedure. The total heavy metal contents of the soils were determined as: Ni > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for control soils, Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd for agricultural soils and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd for mining area soils. It was determined that especially the values of Zn (57.6 ± 6.2 μg/g) and Cu (52.4 ± 5.8 μg/g) were high at the mineralization area due to hydrothermal alterations that are effective in the formation of mineralization. It was put forth as a result of sequential extraction that the heavy metals examined excluding Pb were observed dominantly in the residual fraction for all data set. On the other hand, it was determined that the non-residual mobile fractions reached from 11% Cr to 78% Pb in control soils, from 20% Cd to 88% Pb in agricultural soils and from 24% Cd to 87% Pb in mineralization area soils. Contamination signals due to mineralization area were monitored by way of the metal content in mobile fractions. Even though the metal concentrations determined in short term are not alarming for agricultural production, signals were observed especially for Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn elements to be more mobile in mineralization area soils in the long term due to the impact of environmental factors thereby being carried over to and accumulating in agricultural soils. In conclusion, while it is expected that the metal inputs due to mineralization areas may increase in the future, it is suggested to include plant analyses in future studies for determining the impact of the amount of bioavailable metal.
- MakaleYalnız künye2019Zenginleştirilmiş Jeoturizm Güzergahlarına Dair Farkındalık Oluşturulması: Eski Gümüşhane-Dörtkonak Güzergahı
Vural, Alaaddin
Yaşamın her alanında olduğu gibi sürdürülebilir turizmde de en önemli olgulardan birisi farkındalık oluşturabilmektir. Her anlamdaelimizin altında birçok değere sahibiz. Bu değerler kalkınmaya katkı verecek; hatta sosyal, kültürel ve çevresel anlamda dakalkınmamızda, gelişmemizde katkı verecek büyük bir potansiyeli içermesine rağmen öncelikli olarak kendimiz bu değerlerin farkındaolmadığımız gibi farkında olsak bile farkındalık oluşturamadığımız için heba ediyoruz. Bunda en önemli faktörlerden birisi de bahsekonu değerlerimizi doğal çevresinden soyutlayarak ele alıyor olmamızdır. Ülkemizin coğrafik konumu ve jeolojik süreçlerdeki yeridikkate alındığında gerek bilimsel gerekse kültürel değere sahip doğal varlıklar bağlamında birçok zenginliğimiz bulunmaktadır. Budeğerlerin; sürdürülebilir turizm bağlamında ve jeoturizm ilkelerini de dikkate alarak oluşturulacak zenginleştirilmiş jeoturizmgüzergâhlarının (jeoturizm rotalarının) belirlenerek farkındalık oluşturulması hem yerel ölçekte hem de bölgesel ölçek sürdürülebilirturizme dayalı kalkınma ve hatta sürdürülebilir çevre bilincinin oluşturulmasında önemli bir yeri olacaktır. Bu bakış açısı altında,Gümüşhane-Eski Gümüşhane-Dörkonak güzergâhı zenginleştirilmiş jeoturizm rotası olarak ele alınmıştır. Bahse konu güzergâh;doğal, kültürel ve jeolojik unsurları ile bir arada toplum dikkatine sunularak farkındalık oluşturması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmakapsamında günübirlik olarak yerel halkın keyifle gideceği bir güzergâh tanıtılmış olup, ayrıca ulusal, uluslararası ölçekte de güzergâhıngünübirlik zenginleştirilmiş jeoturizm güzergâhı olarak kazandırılabileceği ve şehir turizmine katkı verirken bir yandan da çevre bilincinoluşumuna katkı vereceği düşünülmektedir
- MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2019Evaluation of soil geochemistry data of Canca Area (Gümüşhane, Turkey) by means of Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Kriging methods-preliminary findings
Vural, Alaaddin
The purpose of this study is to assess soil geochemical data of the Canca alteration area (Gümüşhane-Turkey) using statistical methods and investigate potential gold mineralizations of the area. With this purpose, 288 soil samples were collected and analyzed for gold and associated pathfinder elements. The concentrations ranged (Au and Hg: in μg/kg, others in mg/kg) between 0,68-19,20; 0,02-28,97; 2-314; 7-857; 2,1-394; 4-199,5; 0,59-49,29; 5-89; 0,04-37; 0,52-16,30; 1,25-91,9 for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Sb, Bi, Mo, Sn and Hg respectively. According to Sperman’s rho correlation coefficients, although not very strong, correlation was observed between Cu and Au; Zn and Cu; Sb and Pb and As; Mo and Pb and As and Sb; Sn and As; Sb and Mo. The threshold values of the elements were obtained by median+2 the median absolute deviation. The prediction maps of the elements were formed by using the Inverse Distance Weighting and Kriging methods. According to prediction maps; especially in the western part of the study area and also related to tectonic lines, elemental enrichments, (gold and silver) were determined. Therefore, it is suggested to give importance to the west of the area in exploration drilling, geophysics, etc. Since the element prediction maps produced by the Inverse Distance Weighting method has higher resolution in anomaly contrast, it is suggested that maps produced with this method can preferably be used to give an idea at first sight in soil geochemistry studies.
- MakaleYalnız künye2018Relationship between the geological environment and element accumulation capacity of Helichrysum arenarium
Vural, Alaaddin
This study was carried out to determine the effect of geological environment on the biogeochemical properties of Helichrysum arenarium. Plant samples from Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; Eocene andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; and Upper Eocene granitic rocks were collected. Roots, stems, and flowers of the plant were analyzed to determine their major and trace elements, such as Ca, Mg, Al, Na, K, Fe, Mn, U, Sr, P, La, Cr, Ba, Ti, B, W, Hg, Cs, Hf, Rb, Zr, and Ce. This study is one of the few studies in which the element content of H. arenarium is studied in detail and the element accumulation capacities are examined according to the types of rocks the plants grow. Result showed that the plants exhibited different element accumulation capacities according to the lithological environments where they grew. The element concentrations in the root, stem, and flower of the plant were predominantly high in Eocene andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. High values were also observed in plants grown on the Upper Eocene granitic rock. Some elements were also high in plants grown in the Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. Therefore, the high element contents of plant are related to the element contents of the rocks where the plants grew. Furthermore, the alteration and tectonic influences on the plants are also influential.
- Proje2017Granitoidlere (Gümüşhane, Kd Türkiye) Bağlı Gelişen Skarn Cevherleşmelerinin Jeolojisi, Jeokimyası Ve Jeokronolojisinin Araştırılması
Saydam Eker, Çiğdem; Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Vural, Alaaddin; Sipahi, Ferkan
Kopuz Fe ve Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmeleri Gümüşhane'nin (KD Türkiye) kuzeybatısında bulunmaktadır. Kopuz ve Karadağ (Torul, Gümüşhane) çevresinde granitoyid, tortul ve volkanik kayaçlar yer almaktadır. Kopuz Granitoyidi 79.9 My, Karadağ Granitoyidi 44 My yaşlı olarak belirlenmiştir. Kopuz?da kireçtaşı ile volkanitlere 79.9 My yaşlı granitoyidin sokulumu ile dokanak metamorfizması ve skarn zonu gelişmiştir. Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesine sebep olan granitoyid yüksek K?lu kalk-alkali karakterde ve metalimünyum özellikte olup yay granitlerine benzerlik göstermektedir. Granodiyoritten kireçtaşına doğru endo- ve ekzoskarn zonları gelişmiştir. Skarn zonunda piroksen, granat, biyotit-flogopit, amfibol, epidot, kuvars, kalsit ve aktinolit mineralleri oluşmuştur. Skarn zonunda piroksen türü diyopsitik hedenberjit ve diyopsit, granat türü andradit ile grossular andradittir. Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesinde cevher minerallerinin parajenezi manyetit, pirit ve hematit şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Karadağ?da 44 My yaşlı granitoyidlerin Geç Kretase yaşlı kireçtaşı ve volkanitlere sokulumu sonucu skarn cevherleşmesi oluşmuştur. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesine sebep olan granitoyid yüksek-orta K?lu kalk-alkali karakterde olup kuvars monzonit, granodiyorit ve kuvars porfirler peralimünyum; diyoritler metalimünyum özellikte ve genelikle yay granitlerine benzerlik göstermektedir. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesinin ekzoskarn zonundaki skarn mineralleri piroksen, granat, epidot, kuvars ve kalsittir. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesinde piroksenler diyopsit olup çok az hedenberjit, vollastonit veya johansinit bileşiminde, granatlar ise andradit ile grossular andradittir. Cevher minerallerinin parajenezi manyetit, pirit, hematit ve kalkopiritten oluşmaktadır. Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesindeki granitoyidlerdeki apatit ve zirkon termometre hesaplamalarında yerleşim sıcaklığı 758-907 ºC arasındadır. Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesinin ekzoskarn zonunda andradit-diyopsit çiftinin mineral kimyasından 344-434 oC arasında sıcaklık değerleri belirlenmiştir. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesi çevresindeki granitoyidlerde apatit ve zirkon termometresi yerleşim sıcaklığı 668-1021 ºC arasında hesaplanmıştır. Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesinde ekzoskarn zonunda andradit-hedenberjitik diyopsit ve grossular andradit-diyopsit çiftinin mineral kimyasından 412- 503 oC arasında sıcaklık değerleri belirlenmiştir. Kopuz Fe ve Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmelerinde ekzoskarn zonu kuvars ve kalsit mineralleri sıvı kapanımları birincil ve Tip I kapanımlardır. Kopuz?da homojenleşme sıcaklığı 224-349 °C ve tuzluluk % 4.18 (NaCl eşdeğeri tuzluluk); Karadağ?da ise sırasıyla 175-430 oC ve % 0.2-14.8 (NaCl eşdeğeri tuzluluk) arasında belirlenmiştir. Sıvı kapanım verileri skarn kökeni desteklemekle birlikte nispeten farklı iki sıvının izotermal karışımı ile soğumanın mineral çökeliminde etkili olduğunu belirtmektedir. Kopuz Fe ve Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmelerinde piritin manyetit ve hematitle birlikte az miktarda olması, Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesindeki piritin S-izotop değerinin dar bir aralıkta değişmesi ve magmatik kaynağı göstermesi her iki cevherleşmeyi oluşturan sıvıların başlangıçta kükürt içeriğini desteklemekte olup düşük ?S ve yüksek ?O2 ortam şartlarında oluştuğunu belirtmektedir. Kopuz Fe skarn cevherleşmesinde skarn mineralleri olarak diyopsitik hedenberjit ve diyopsit, andradit ve grossular andradit, epidot, bol manyetit, hematit ve çok az piritin olması; Karadağ Fe-Cu skarn cevherleşmesinde ise diyopsit, andradit ve grossular andradit, epidotun, manyetit ve hematitce zengin, çok az kalkopirit ve piritin varlığı; sıcaklıkların 200-500oC arasında olması; her iki cevherleşmeyi oluşturduğu düşünülen sıvıların tuzluluğunun magmatik sıvıları belirtmesi; oksijen ve karbon izotop verilerinin magmatik kökeni desteklemesi, cevherleşmelerin magmatik yayda, başlangıçta kükürtlü daha sonra oksitli şartların egemen olduğu sığ sokulum oluşumunu işaret etmektedir.