Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Machine learning-based multi-class classification of rock mass permeability using integrated geotechnical and geophysical parameters
Sari, Mahmut; Alemdag, Selcuk; Melek, Mesut; Seren, Aysel
In engineering applications, machine learning (ML) provides a promising approach when direct characterization of subsurface properties is challenging, time-consuming, and costly. This study developed a multi-class ML framework for classifying rock mass permeability based on Lugeon values using 86 observations from drilling and geophysical investigations at the Kırklartepe dam site in Bayburt, Türkiye. Seven predictors were considered: depth, Rock Quality Designation (RQD), joint frequency, Schmidt hammer hardness, P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, and electrical resistivity. The observations were assigned to four permeability classes: very low, low, moderate, and high. Six classifiers were evaluated: Polynomial Kernel Support Vector Machine (P-SVM), Linear Discriminant Analysis, k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), AdaBoostM2, Bagged Trees, and Radial Basis Function SVM. Sequential Forward Feature Selection and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation were used for feature selection and model evaluation, respectively. Robustness was further assessed using bootstrap confidence intervals, class-imbalance treatments, feature-selection stability, and learning curves. Among the baseline models, P-SVM using all seven predictors achieved the highest accuracy (79.07%), with a macro-F1 of 0.774 and the lowest Golden Distance (GD = 0.4372). When balanced class-wise performance was prioritized, k-NN with in-fold SMOTE achieved the lowest overall GD (0.4126) and a macro-F1 of 0.777. S-wave velocity and electrical resistivity were the most influential predictors. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively integrates geotechnical and geophysical data for rock mass permeability classification, providing a robust, data-driven decision-support approach that supports subsurface characterization and complements conventional permeability assessment in engineering applications.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Geçmişten Günümüze Gümüşhane’de Madencilik
Sukuroglu, Ebru Emine; Dağ, Serhat; Alemdag, Selcuk; Saylan, Kemal; Nazir, Bayram; Ozer, Ismail; Kurucu, Muhammet; Sipahi, Ferkan; Atalan, Öznur; Zeybek, Halil
Türkiye, madenler bakımından oldukça çeşitli ve zengin bir ülkedir. Ülkede yer alan bazı madenlerin dünya çapında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu bilinmektedir. Türkiye'nin Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde bulunan Gümüşhane ili de madenler bakımından zengin bir çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Öyle ki, Gümüşhane’de var olan bu çeşitlilik ilk medeniyetlerin bölgeye hâkim olması ile önemli hâle gelmiş, şehirde bulunan madenlerin dışında şehrin İpek Yolu güzergâhında yer alması da bu bölgenin önemini daha da arttırmıştır. Hiç şüphesiz bu önem, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Trabzon’un fethi ile bölgeyi topraklarına katması ile devam etmiştir. Bu dönem ile birlikte şehirde madencilik faaliyetleri artmaya başlamış ve bu yönde yapılan çalışmalar ülkeye maddi anlamda katkı sağlamıştır. Bu açıdan Osmanlı Devleti, 16., 17. ve 18. yüzyıllarda bünyesinde barındırdığı başta gümüş ve altın madenleri olmak üzere diğer madenlerin varlığı nedeniyle ticari olarak canlı bir özellik gösteren Gümüşhane’ye büyük önem vermiştir. Böylece 17. yüzyılda adeta altın çağını yaşayan maden ocakları, 18. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar faaliyetlerini devam ettirmiştir. Bu yüzyıldan sonra da madenlerde yapılan üretim zamanla azalarak bölgedeki maden işletmelerinde çalışan işçiler madenleri terk etmeye başlamıştır. 19. yüzyılın ortalarına gelindiğinde maden ocaklarının işletilmesinde büyük oranda çözülme ortaya çıkmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışma; Gümüşhane şehrinin tarihî çağlar, Osmanlı Dönemi ve Cumhuriyetten günümüze kadar olan maden çalışmalarını ele alarak şehir ekonomisine birinci derecede yön veren madenlerin şehir açısından önemini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada alan ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalardan ve arşiv vesikalarından istifade edilmiştir.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Taş Ocağında Patlatmalı Kazı Kaynaklı Zemin Titreşimleri, Hava Şoku ve Şev Duraylılığının İncelenmesi: Örnek Bir Uygulama
Alemdag, Selcuk; Çavuşoğlu, İbrahim
Bu çalışma kapsamında, Trabzon ili Araklı ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren bir taşocağında gerçekleştirilen patlatmalı kazıların çevresel etkileri, kazı sonrası ve sismik yük etkisindeki duraylılığı ve buna ek olarak özellikle en yakın yerleşim yerinde oluşturabileceği titreşim ve hava şoku değerlendirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları sürecinde, Instantel Micromate marka sismograf ile beş farklı patlatma sırasında ölçümler alınmış ve veriler analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, 2022 yılında yenilenen “Çevresel Gürültü Kontrol Yönetmeliği” (ÇGKY) kapsamında maden ve taş ocakları için belirlenen yeni sınır değerlerle karşılaştırılmış; ayrıca eski Türk standardı, USBM RI 8507 (USA) ve DIN 4150-3 (Alman) standartlarıyla karşılaştırmalı analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan değerlendirmeler sonucunda, ölçülen yer sarsıntısı ve hava şoku düzeylerinin her bir patlatma için ilgili yönetmelik sınırlarının altında kaldığı, arazide yapılan gözlemler sonucunda da en yakın yerleşim alanlarındaki yapılarda yapısal hasara yol açmayacağı belirlenmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı analizler ise yeni Türk standardı ile DIN 4150-3 ve USBM standartlarının daha koruyucu yaklaşımlar sunduğunu göstermiştir. Taş ocağı işletmesi için tasarlanan şev geometrisi kazı sonrası mevcut durumda ve sismik yük etkisinde duraylılık değerlendirmesi yapılmış ve güvenlik sayısının SRF>1.5 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Böylece duraylılık değerlendirmesinde elde edilen güvenlik sayısı ve deformasyonlar, işletme sınırlarında yapılacak patlatmalı kazı işleminden etkilenmeyeceği öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışma, taşocaklarında gerçekleştirilen patlatmalı kazıların çevresel etkilerinin yasal sınırlar çerçevesinde sistematik ve karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmesi ve ocak duraylılığına yönelik örnek bir uygulama sunmakta olup, benzer projeler için “Çevresel Etki Değerlendirme” (ÇED) süreçlerinde kaynak olarak değerlendirilebilir.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Re-evaluation of excavation class limits for underground excavations based on new data
Gurocak, Zulfu; Kaya, Ayberk; Kanik, Mustafa; Alemdag, Selcuk
Many researchers have proposed empirical excavatability classifications to easily and quickly assess rock masses. These classifications mostly apply to surface excavations, while those for underground excavations are limited. Updating the classifications proposed for underground excavations based on new data is important in terms of eliminating the deficiencies in this regard. This study determined the engineering properties (RMR, Q, GSI), rock material strengths, and in-situ excavation classes of 16 underground rock masses. The new data were compared with excavation classifications from various researchers and empirical classes. The study found that empirical classifications for surface conditions are not applicable for underground. Excavation is more challenging in underground conditions due to stress from overburden. While excavation classes align for good to very good rock masses in both conditions, there is no perfect match for medium, weak, and very weak rock masses for underground. The study suggests that for underground excavation classes (blasting, hammer&blasting, hammer, and digging), both RMR89 and Q values should be used together to differentiate between classes. When using GSI for classification, the Is(50) value of the rock material should also be considered. The σcm parameter is the most critical in evaluating rock mass excavatability.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Bir jeomorfosit olarak Aktepe Traverten Köprüsü’nün oluşumu ve jeoturizm potansiyeli
Yürüdür, Eren; Zeybek, Halil İbrahim; Aylar, Faruk; Alemdag, Selcuk; Bayram, İsmail; Altun, Musa
Bu çalışmada, Giresun ili Alucra ilçesi Aktepe köyüne bağlı Belençayırı mahallesi sınırları içerisindeki traverten köprüsü incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, Aktepe Traverten köprüsünün oluşumu, jeomorfolojik özellikleri ve jeoturizm potansiyelini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışma arazi ölçüm, gözlem ve laboratuvar analizlerine dayanmaktadır. Traverten köprüsü, Alucra Çayı’nın yan kollarından Hayran Deresi vadisi üzerinde oluşmuştur. Traverten köprüsünün oluşumunda sahanın tektonik, litolojik ve jeomorfolojik gelişiminin önemli etkisi vardır. Çalışma sahasında farklı dönemlere ait kayaç toplulukları bulunmaktadır. Ancak traverten köprüsünün oluşumunda Jura-Alt Kretase yaşlı volkanikler ile kireçtaşının önemli etkisi vardır. Bu yapı içerisinde vadisini açan Hayran deresi, ilerleyen süreçte morfolojik taban düzeyini belirlemiştir. Bu duruma bağlı olarak üstteki kireçtaşı tabakasından yağışlar sonucu sızan sular vadiye doğru akmış ve yamaç kaynaklarının oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu kaynaklardan çıkan ve kalsiyum bikorbonat bakımından zengin bu sulardaki karbondioksit yüzeye çıktıktan sonra ortam şartlarına bağlı olarak sudan ayrılmış ve kalsiyum karbonat birikerek Aktepe travertenlerini oluşturmuştur. Süreç içerisinde traverten kütlesi vadinin tamamını batı yönünde ilerleyerek kapatmış ve traverten köprüsünü oluşturmuştur. Laboratuvar analizleri sonucunda yüzeyden alınan travertenin %59.31 CaCO3 ve %40.69 kil içerirken, köprü altında oluşan sarkıtın %95.96 CaCO3 ve %04.04 kil içerdiği tespit edilmiştir. Jeoturizm potansiyelini belirlemek amacıyla GAM Modeli ve Sayısallaştırılmış SWOT analizi uygulanmıştır. Bu analizler sonucunda sahanın yüksek jeoturizm potansiyeline sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2022GIS-based determination of potential instabilities and source rock areas on the Torul-Kürtün (Gümüşhane) motorway, rockfall, and protection structure analyses
Alemdag, Selcuk; Bostanci, Hasan Tahsin; Gacener, Elif
The Torul-Kürtün-Tirebolu motorway, one of the alternative routes for access between the Eastern Anatolia Region and the Black Sea Region, has an important traffic potential in this respect. However, rockfall events that occur frequently in almost every season especially in the part of the route between Torul and Kürtün may occasionally cause loss of life and property and lead to disruption in transportation in a much more common way. Departing from this point, the parts of the motorway that pose a greater threat in terms of slope instability and rockfall potential were selected as the study area. Instability maps produced by the kinematic analysis results showed that the probability of toppling type failure in the study area was quite higher, while the general results were as follows: the probability of toppling type failure was found in 204 different locations and approximately 97,900 m2 of area. Taking account of geographic information system (GIS)–based final instability maps, profile lines were determined for potential rockfalls in the instability-intense source rock areas. The profile lines which were determined were analyzed two-dimensionally in the RocFall 7.0 computer program. The rockfall analyses revealed that the rolling rock blocks in the section SP7 shall remain on the surface of the slope, while the rock blocks in other sections shall reach the road route. The application of barrier types determined by barrier sensitivity analysis on profile lines will minimize or completely prevent potential hazards.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2022Determination of rock quality designation (RQD) in metamorphic rocks: a case study (Bayburt-Kırklartepe Dam)
Alemdag, Selcuk; Sari, Mahmut; Seren, Aysel
The role and importance of rock mass classification systems from past to present in engineering designs are indisputable. Therefore, the correct estimation of the parameters that make up these systems is essential in terms of reliability, time, and economy. One of the crucial parameters commonly used in rock mass classification is the rock quality designation (RQD). This study aimed to indirectly estimate the RQD value determined from the core samples obtained from the exploration drillings. In this context, P wave velocity (Vp) was obtained by seismic refraction tomography (SRT) from the geophysical measurements applied in the metamorphic rock mass, and the discontinuity frequency parameter was obtained from the line survey studies carried out on the rock mass. What determined RQD values with the help of simple regression analyzes and empirical equations with high estimation capacity using Vp and discontinuity frequency parameters were obtained without drilling in the rock mass. Accordingly, the performance indexes of the equations produced by different researchers and the equations produced in this study were evaluated in determining the RQD parameter. In the generated equations, the highest coefficient of determination value depending on joint frequency and Vp wave velocity with RQD was calculated as R2 = 0.89 and R2 = 0.82, respectively. When the produced equations are evaluated according to the performance indexes, it is seen that the empirical equations obtained by previous studies have the highest root mean square error (RMSE) and values account for (VAF) values compared to the other equations and have very high estimation capacities. Thanks to the equations with high estimation capacity, the RQD value was determined depending on the joint density and Vp speeds.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Investigation of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Quality of the Water Resources in Şiran (Gümüşhane) District Center, Turkey
Alemdag, Selcuk; Semiz, Ümmühan; Gücer, Mehmet Ali
The study area is located of Şiran District Center in the southwest of Gümüşhane (NE Turkey). In this study, hydrogeochemical characteristics of water resources in district center were examined and metal element contents were determined. In the study area, the basement rocks are represented by Eocene Kelkit formation, which is composed of sandstone, claystone, marl, shale and tuff, and this unit is covered unconformably by the Quaternary aged alluvium. These units form granular porous unconfined aquifers according to the hydrogeological features. The pH, specific conductance (SC) and hardness (Fr°) values of the water resources in the study area varied between 5.41-7.48, 106.9-141.3 µS/cm and 4.72-6.78 (n= 18), respectively. According to the classification of Intra-Continental Water Resources, these data show that the samples are mostly class-I and II, rarely class-III water quality characteristics. The water resources in the study area are generally classified as Ca-Mg-HCO3 type carbonated (Ca+Mg>Na+K), and generally their weak acids are more than strong acids (HCO3>SO4+Cl). In the study area, (Ca+Mg)/(SO4+HCO3) ratios indicated the effect of silicate weathering in the waters, and the Cl/(Cl+HCO3) and (Na+K)/(Na+K+Ca) ratios show that the chemistry of waters is controlled by the chemical weathering of rock-forming minerals, hence, reflect the water-rock interaction. Except for a few, the concentration of dissolved potentially toxic elements in the water samples were distributed within acceptable limits. Consequently, the hydrogeochemical results showed that the water resources in the study area were in the category of good class waters in terms of drinking water
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020Evaluation of Engineering Properties of Rock Masses in Waste Dam Site: The Example of Gumushane
Kanık, Mustafa; Alemdag, Selcuk
In this study, excavatability, bearing capacity and permeability characteristics of rock masses along the Gümüştaş Waste Storage Dam II site were evaluated. For the excavations to be carried out to increase the volume of the waste storage area, the excavation classes of the rock masses were determined as “Hammer” for andesitic breccia and “Hammer&Blasting” for andesite. The bearing capacity of andesite (bedrock) has been determined with the help of empirical equations and, allowable bearing capacity and ultimate bearing capacity were calculated as 10.44MPa and 31.07MPa, respectively. The permeability has been assessed by the Lugeon Tests conducted in the geotechnical drill holes located in the andesite and andesitic breccia rock masses and with the aid of the seepage analysis based on the finite element method the bedrock mass has been defined as low permeable. Low permeable rock masses would possibly cause the chemical wastes to be collected in the waste dam reservoir area to pollute the groundwater. To prevent the seepage, impermeable natural clay material of 35-40cm thickness should be laid and compressed along the dam axis and reservoir area. This suggestion was modeled with the aid of the finite element method, for the case that the reservoir area was completely filled with wastewater and, the permeability value was determined as 5x10-11m/s as a result of the seepage analysis. In addition, seepage values in the discharge section at a depth of 10m from the foundation vary between 1.69x10-17m3 /s and 3.44x10-16m3 /s. These values are quite low but, are indicators of a possible seepage. To eliminate this possible seepage, the geotextile materials (geosynthetic clay membrane, Geomembrane, and drainage geocomposite) should be laid over the compressed natural clay layer, and thus mixing of the chemical wastewater, which collected after flotation, into the groundwater will be prevented.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020Flotasyon Tesis Atıklarının Asit Üretme Potansiyeli ve Kirliliğin Önlenmesi, Gümüşhane, KD Türkiye
Alemdag, Selcuk; Akaryali, Enver; Gücer, Mehmet Ali
Madencilik faaliyetlerindeki çevre kirliliğinin birincil kaynağını, çoğunlukla metalik, kömür ve asfaltit madenlerinde meydana gelen asit drenajı oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Pb-Zn cevherleşmesinin flotasyon tesisi atıklarının asit üretme potansiyelleri jeokimyasalanalizler, kısa-dönem temas sızıntı testleri ve Asit-Baz Muhasebesi (ABM) işlemlerini kapsayan statik testlerle incelenmiştir. İşlenen cevherin mineral parajenezini başlıca pirit, kalkopirit, sfalerit ve galen mineralleri oluşturmaktadır. Cevherli atık örneklerinin iz element konsantrasyonlarında, özellikle S, Zn, Cu, As, Sb, Cd, Hg, Ag ve Bi gibi potansiyel toksik metallerdeki yüksek zenginleşme cevherin türü ile doğrudan ilişkili olup, yeraltı suyunu kirletme potansiyeline sahiptir. Kısa-dönem temas sızıntı testlerine göre, örneklerin pH değerleri (9.55-10.60, n= 10), kıta içi su kaynaklarının kalite sınıflandırmasına göre, dördüncü-sınıf (IV) kalite sularını işaret etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, sülfit-sülfür (%S2: 2.92-3.98, n= 10), Net Nötralizasyon Potansiyeli (NNP; 32 kg CaCO3/t 149 kg CaCO3/t, n= 10) ve Nötralizasyon Potansiyel Oranı (NPO; 0.20-0.80, n= 10) değerleri cevherli atık malzemenin potansiyel asit üreticisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Baraj eksen yeri ve rezervuar alanında açılan sondaj kuyularında kaya kütle geçirimliliğini değerlendirmek için lugeon deneyleri yapılmış ve geçirgen özellikte (K= 2x10-6 m/s) olduğu belirlenmiştir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Determination of geological structures by geophysical and geotechnical techniques in Kırklartepe Dam Site (Turkey)
Sari, Mahmut; Seren, Aysel; Alemdag, Selcuk
In foundation research of engineering structures, application of geophysics methods before drilling work allows not only more economical studies but also a more detailed determination of underground sections. Especially in pre-feasibility studies on long tunnel routes, dam sites and lake areas, it has a vital importance in terms of structural safety to determine possible underground buried fault lines, lithology changes, anticlinal-synclinal structures and underground openings. By considering these effective factors, the alluvium/bedrock border and the positions of potential buried faults in the dam site and lake area in the Kırklartepe area of the province of Bayburt in northeastern Turkey were determined by comparison with geophysical and geotechnical methods. First of all, the resistivity of the dam axis location and the change of the Vp wave velocity by depth were determined by comparing the results between geophysical methods of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT), respectively. Afterwards, from the foundation boreholes opened in the dam axis location, joint frequency and the other parameters determined by observations were obtained. With these parameters, 2-dimensional zoning profiles of the dam axis location were formed, and the alluvium-bedrock border and the locations of the buried faults were determined. Two potential faults in the NW-SE direction relative to the location of the dam axis were clearly revealed in the zoning profiles obtained in the ERT and SRT measurements. Additionally, the presence of these faults was determined as a result of examining the separation and joint frequency parameters from the drilling core samples collected from the BH_3 and BH_5 boreholes opened in the investigated area based on changes in the vertical and horizontal directions. In addition to these, in the ERT study, two potential faults other than the determined two were also detected. It was seen in the zoning profiles that these faults corresponded to right under the BH_2 borehole and 60 m SW of the BH_6 drilling. Consequently, in the zoning studies conducted at the examined site, the change in the lithology at the dam axis by depth (alluvium-bedrock border), lateral correlations of boreholes and potential faults were determined. It was recommended for the selected dam axis location to be constructed at a more suitable place in the NW direction in terms of engineering. Furthermore, with this study, it was revealed once again that it is highly essential to use geophysical and geotechnical together in conceptualizing large engineering structure projects.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Prediction of mine drainage generation potential and the prevention method of the groundwater pollution in the Gümüşköy (Kütahya) mineralization area, NW Turkey
Alemdag, Selcuk; Akaryali, Enver; Gücer, Mehmet Ali
One of the leading factors of seepage contamination is mine drainage, which creates serious ecological risks on the environment both during operation and post-mining times. In this study, experimental processes have been carried out to determine the occurrence of mine drainage in the Gümüşköy (Kütahya) mineralization area (Northwest Turkey). The prevention method for potential mine drainage occurrence has been also discussed. High enrichment was observed which are directly related to mineralization in trace element concentrations, especially in potentially toxic metals such as Ag, Cd, Mo, Ba, Bi, and Zn. Based on short-term tests, mine drainage formation has not been expected according to the pH (7.36–9.38), contact leaching, and acid-base accounting studies. However, in the long-term, acid generation potential has been expected because of weathering and oxidation in terms of rock type and mineralization in the area. Therefore, in order to prevent groundwater contamination in the event of a possible formation of mine drainage, the hydraulic conductivity of the stock area bedrock was evaluated by the in situ tests performed in the field and it was found to be moderately permeable (K= 1.9 × 10−6 m/s). In order to make the stock area bedrock impermeable, natural clay will be laid and compressed at the base of the stock area. When the finite elements were modeled by seepage analysis, the seepage discharge to be formed on the base rock at a depth of 5 m was determined as 3.17 × 10−19 m3/s. Since the discharge value determined in the seepage analysis after modeling is very close to zero, contamination of possible ground and surface water will be prevented.
- MakaleYalnız künye2019Stability evaluation of the Gümüşhane-Akçakale cave by numerical analysis method
Alemdag, Selcuk; Zeybek, Halil Ibrahim; Kulekci, Gokhan
The Akçakale Cave is located in the vicinity of the Arsa neighborhood within the boundaries of the Akçakale village, Gümüşhane, Turkey. The cave is rich in cave formations (stalactite, stalagmite, cave pearl, cave flower, wall travertines). Thus, the appropriateness of opening the cave to visitors to boost tourism is of importance for the local and national economy. This study analyzes the stability of the Akçakale Cave using a numerical analysis method. According to the results of the total displacement analysis, there are displacements in the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave ranging from 1 mm to 48 mm. It seems that the entrance, ceiling, and sidewalls of the cave face a high risk of local or sudden collapse. According to the deformation analysis of the length section of the cave examined, local collapses may occur especially in the first 75 m from the entrance of the cave. We believe that this situation would not carry a risk for the Arsa neighborhood for now. In conclusion, the results of the stability analysis and in-situ observations showed clear evidence of former and ongoing cave-ins (collapses) and the Akçakale Cave faces a high risk of local or sudden collapse. Thus, although the Akçakale Cave is one of the most prominent karst caves in Turkey, it seems to be not appropriate to open the cave to tourist visits.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Combination of discontinuity characteristics and GIS for regional assessment of natural rock slopes in a mountainous area (NE Turkey)
Bostanci, Hasan Tahsin; Alemdag, Selcuk; Gurocak, Zulfu; Gokceoglu, Candan
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have a very large spectrum of users. As in many engineering applications, GIS are frequently used in geotechnical projects, especially in producing various thematic and zoning maps such as various susceptibility and hazard maps. Instability maps for large areas with similar characteristic can be produced in a practical way by evaluating the results obtained by the data collected from field and laboratory studies. In order to introduce a methodology for producing rock slope instability maps for a large area, discontinuity controlled slope failures in the Köse Granitoid Complex (NE Turkey) were selected. To determine the types of failure such as planar, wedge, and toppling, and possible instable slope orientations kinematic analyses were carried out in the limited areas. The relationships between orientations of natural slopes and discontinuities obtained from kinematic analyses were evaluated with GIS software. Finally, discontinuity controlled instability maps were produced for the study area. Resulting maps show that the most common type of failure is wedge type. Additionally, the distributions of unstable areas along road networks were determined. Various land use types such as agriculture, grassland, settlement, and forest were also classified in order to predict the possible effects of slope instabilities. The methodology introduced in this study indicates highly promising results for the assessment of rock slope instability in large areas.
- MakaleYalnız künye2017Zeminlerin emniyetli taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesinde oturma miktarının önemi
Cinoğlu, Aslıhan; Gacener, Elif; Alemdag, Selcuk
Bu çalışmada Gümüşhane İli sınırları içerisinde bulunan Tamzı ve Akçakale Köylerinde yüzeylenen zeminlerde optimum bir temel tasarımı için izin verilebilir oturma koşullarını sağlayan emniyetli taşıma kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Zeminlerin jeoteknik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için, her bir alanda üçer adet araştırma çukuru açtırılmış olup, bu alanlarda ikişer adet sismik kırılma ile yüzey dalgalarının çok kanallı analizi (MASW) yöntemleriuygulanmıştır. Araştırma çukurlarından alınan örselenmiş ve örselenmemiş örneklerde elek analizi, kesme kutusudeneyi, üç eksenli sıkışma deneyleri yapılmıştır. Uygulanan sismik kırılma ve MASW yöntemleri ile zeminlere aitsismik hızlar belirlenmiştir. Emniyetli taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesinde Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Kurtuluş, Tezcan veÖzdemir, Türker ve Keçeli tarafından önerilen eşitlikler kullanılarak elde edilen emniyetli taşıma kapasitesi değerlerikarşılaştırılmıştır. Daha sonra her iki zemin sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile modellenerek izin verilebilir oturma koşullarında emniyetli taşıma kapasiteleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, ampirik eşitliklerden elde edilen emniyetlitaşıma kapasitesi değerlerinin optimum bir temel tasarımı için uygun olmadığı, optimum tasarım için killi zeminde (CL)emniyetli taşıma kapasitesinin 190 kN/m2, killi kum (SC) da ise 485 kN/m2 olarak alınması gerektiği belirlenmiştir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Evaluation of Stability of Embankment Dam by Limit Equilibrium and Numerical Analyses Methods: Example of a Waste Dam in Turkey
Alemdag, Selcuk
In this study, stability of a lifetime ended old waste clay fill dam body was evaluated after increasing the dam height of 3 meters using limit equilibrium and numerical analyses. In the limit equilibrium analyses, stability of the old waste dam was evaluated by Bishop Method considering the effect of silting and the seismic loads and the factor of safety determined as 2.167. Afterwards, stability of the dam which increased body height of 3m was evaluated in four stages using the limit equilibrium analyses. In the first stage, stability analysis for condition after construction was realized without siltation and seismic loads using and the factor of safety was found as 2.171. In other stages, stability analyses were conducted considering effect of the silting load and both seismic and silting loads. The factors of safety were determined as 1.946 and 1.443, respectively. Similarly, stability of new dam body was analyzed without siltation and seismic loads using shear strength reduction method (FE-SSR) and the factor of safety was found 2.16. In the stability analyses by considering siltation load and both siltation and seismic load, the factors of safety were determined as 1.97 and 1.23, respectively. The results obtained from stability analyses show that the factor of safety values is higher than 1.2 which is the lower limit for earth dams and no stability problem is expected after increasing the dam height
- MakaleYalnız künye2015Assessment of the Rock Slopes by Kinematic and Limit Equilibrium Methods on the Bağlarbaşı-Tekke (Gümüşhane) Motorway
Özkirişçi Oktay, Ceren; Gurocak, Zulfu; Alemdag, Selcuk
Kinematic analysis method is one of the widely used methods to evaluate potential failures such as planar, wedge and toppling in rock slopes. In this method, orientations of slope and discontinuity with the friction angle of the discontinuities planes are used to analyze possible failure types. However, the reliability of the results obtained from kinematical analyses is not sufficient for optimum slope design. For this reason, it is necessary that the results of kinematical analyses should be controlled using limit equilibrium or numerical analyses. In this study, stability of rock slopes on the highway of Bağlarbaşı-Tekke (Gümüşhane) was investigated using kinematical and limit equilibrium analyses. The results of thekinematical analyses showed that there may be planar and wedge type instabilities for the rock slopes numbered 5, 6, and 7. The limit equilibrium analyses conducted for the types of plane and wedge show that the rock slopes numbered 5 and 6 are instable while number 7 is stable
- MakaleYalnız künye2015Assessment of bearing capacity and permeability of foundation rocks at the Gumustas Waste Dam Site (NE Turkey) using empirical and numerical analysis
Alemdag, Selcuk
In this study, the bearing capacity and permeability of andesite and andesitic breccia rock masses, forming the basement for Gumustas waste dam, planned as a rock fill housing, were evaluated using various empirical equations and numerical analysis. The total stress constituting over the basement caused through ore waste building up in the body of dam and reservoir was determined by a finite element method. Then, this stress was compared with bearing capacities calculated for the rock masses. The permeability of rock masses in dam site and the lake were appraised with pressure water test experiments (Lugeon method), performed within opened bore holes and finite element method (seepage analysis). Since chemicals seeping from waste dams into the ground water are of vital importance for human health and the environment, the dam body must be made completely impervious using upstream slope and reservoir geosynthetics.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2015A comparison of support systems obtained from the RMR89 and RMR14 by numerical analyses: Macka Tunnel project, NE Turkey
Kanik, Mustafa; Gurocak, Zulfu; Alemdag, Selcuk
The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of the numerical approach in realistic support design for tunneling. The Macka Tunnel, which is planned to be constructed between the Trabzon-Gumushane highways, located in the Northeastern Turkey, was selected for a field study. The lithology of the study area consists of Late Cretaceous-aged sedimentary rocks, known as the Catak and Esiroglu formations, and the Late Cretaceous-aged Kackar Rhyodacite. In order to determine the geotechnical properties of rock masses and intact rocks, field and laboratory studies were carried out.The rock masses were classified in terms of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) using the versions of RMR89 and RMR14 and then the preliminary support systems for the tunnel were determined, accordingly. The support systems obtained from the RMR versions were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The maximum total displacement and the maximum thickness of plastic zone occurred around the Macka Tunnel after installation the support systems suggested by the RMR89 and RMR14 versions were compared to determine which the RMR version suggests more realistic support system. The results showed that the support systems obtained from the RMR14 version suggests more realistic support element for fair rock masses and great horizontal stress values.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2015Utilization of the limit equilibrium and finite element methods for the stability analysis of the slope debris: An example of the Kalebasi District (NE Turkey)
Alemdag, Selcuk; Kaya, Ayberk; Karadag, Mustafa; Gurocak, Zulfu; Bulut, Fikri
The stability of the slope debris in residential area of the Kalebasi District (Ozkurtun-Gumushane) was investigated using the Limit Equilibrium (LE) and Finite Element Shear-Strength Reduction (FE-SSR) methods. Along the survey lines, four trial pits were dug and fourteen boreholes having a total length of 345m were drilled. Also, seismic refraction studies were conducted along the five lines. According to the field studies, thickness of the slope debris covering the 98ha of the study area varies between 1 and 36m. To determine the physical and shear strength properties of the slope debris, undisturbed samples were taken from the trial pits. As a result of the laboratory tests, soil categories of the debris were found to be as Clayey Sand (SC), Silty Sand (SM) and Low Plasticity Clay (CL). The deformation-controlled shear box tests were carried out to determine the shear strength parameters of the slope debris. According to these tests it was found that the peak cohesion and peak friction angle varies between 2.63-16.35kN/m2 and 20-27°, respectively. Stability analyses were performed using the obtained data from field and laboratory investigations in the Slide v5.0 and Phase2 v6.0 software programs and results were compared. In LE stability analyses, the factor of safety (FOS) of survey lines were found to be as 1.44, 1.80, 1.96, and 1.72; however for the FE-SSR method they were determined as 1.39, 1.72, 1.59, and 1.58, respectively.