Yazarlar
- Peker, Iskender(23)
- Araz, Onur(16)
- Erol, Ismail(15)
- Ar, Ilker Murat(12)
- Bayraktar, Alemdar(10)
- Seferoğlu, Mehmet Tevfik(10)
- Aydin, Metin Mutlu(9)
- Günaydin, Murat(9)
- Adanur, Süleyman(8)
- Altunişik, Ahmet Can(8)
- Basoglu, Mustafa Engin(8)
- Akyol, Mehmet(7)
- Yanarateş, Cağfer(7)
- Akpinar, Muhammet Vefa(6)
- Altan, Aytaç(6)
- Barut, Abdulkadir(6)
- Başoğlu, Mustafa Engin(6)
- Cakmak, Recep(6)
- Searcy, Cory(6)
- Çavdar, Özlem(6)
- Baki, Birdogan(5)
- Benli, Tolga(5)
- Gergin, Ramazan Eyüp(5)
- Kahya, Volkan(5)
- Kuzulugil, Kenan(5)
- Ozden, Talat(5)
- Pala, Fahrettin(5)
- Seferoğlu, Ayşegül Güneş(5)
- Sevim, Bariş(5)
- Yilmaz, Tekin(5)
- Adanur, S.(4)
- Adanur, Suleyman(4)
- Aksüt, Yavuz Selim(4)
- Altunisik, Ahmet Can(4)
- Aydin, Musa(4)
- Cakir, Mehmet Ali(4)
- Cavusoglu, Ibrahim(4)
- Coruh, Emine(4)
- Ercikdi, Bayram(4)
- Gunaydin, M.(4)
Yayınlar
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Determination of geological structures by geophysical and geotechnical techniques in Kırklartepe Dam Site (Turkey)
Sari, Mahmut; Seren, Aysel; Alemdag, Selcuk
In foundation research of engineering structures, application of geophysics methods before drilling work allows not only more economical studies but also a more detailed determination of underground sections. Especially in pre-feasibility studies on long tunnel routes, dam sites and lake areas, it has a vital importance in terms of structural safety to determine possible underground buried fault lines, lithology changes, anticlinal-synclinal structures and underground openings. By considering these effective factors, the alluvium/bedrock border and the positions of potential buried faults in the dam site and lake area in the Kırklartepe area of the province of Bayburt in northeastern Turkey were determined by comparison with geophysical and geotechnical methods. First of all, the resistivity of the dam axis location and the change of the Vp wave velocity by depth were determined by comparing the results between geophysical methods of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT), respectively. Afterwards, from the foundation boreholes opened in the dam axis location, joint frequency and the other parameters determined by observations were obtained. With these parameters, 2-dimensional zoning profiles of the dam axis location were formed, and the alluvium-bedrock border and the locations of the buried faults were determined. Two potential faults in the NW-SE direction relative to the location of the dam axis were clearly revealed in the zoning profiles obtained in the ERT and SRT measurements. Additionally, the presence of these faults was determined as a result of examining the separation and joint frequency parameters from the drilling core samples collected from the BH_3 and BH_5 boreholes opened in the investigated area based on changes in the vertical and horizontal directions. In addition to these, in the ERT study, two potential faults other than the determined two were also detected. It was seen in the zoning profiles that these faults corresponded to right under the BH_2 borehole and 60 m SW of the BH_6 drilling. Consequently, in the zoning studies conducted at the examined site, the change in the lithology at the dam axis by depth (alluvium-bedrock border), lateral correlations of boreholes and potential faults were determined. It was recommended for the selected dam axis location to be constructed at a more suitable place in the NW direction in terms of engineering. Furthermore, with this study, it was revealed once again that it is highly essential to use geophysical and geotechnical together in conceptualizing large engineering structure projects.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Series tuned mass dampers in vibration control of continuous railway bridges
Araz, Onur; Kahya, Volkan
This paper presents the applicability of series tuned mass dampers (STMDs) to reduce the multiple resonant responses of continuous railway bridges under high-speed train. The bridge is modeled by two-span Bernoulli-Euler beam with uniform cross-section, and a STMD device consisting of two TMD units installed on the bridge to reduce its multiple resonant vibrations. The system is assumed to be under the action of a high-speed train passage which is modeled as a series of moving forces. Sequential Programming Technique (SQP) is carried out to find the optimal parameters of the STMD that minimizes the maximum peak responses of the bridge. Comparisons with the results available in the literature are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of STMD system in reducing the multiple resonant responses of the continuous railway bridges under high-speed trains.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020Forward converter-based distributed global maximum power point tracking in partial shading conditions
Başoğlu, Mustafa Engin
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an essential part of a photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems to obtain the possible biggest efficiency. In partial shading conditions (PSCs), distributed MPPT strategy is used to eliminate mismatching cases between PV modules and load. In this study, forward converter-based distributed MPPT approach is presented for small power module-level and submodule-level MPPT applications. First, operation principles of a forward converter are explained for an MPPT application. Then, performance of a forward converter is evaluated by perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm for module-level and submodule-level MPPT systems in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that in module-level MPPT technique, forward converter cannot track global maximum power point (MPP) in some PSCs. On the other hand, submodule-level MPPT guarantees global MPPT (GMPPT). Average tracking efficiencies are calculated as 71.24% and 95.34% for module-level and submodule-level MPPT, respectively. That is, submodule-level MPPT outperforms module-level MPPT. On the other hand, submodule-level MPPT is more expensive solution since hardware requirements are very high compared with the module-level MPPT strategy.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2020A simple design method for multiple tuned mass dampers in reduction of excessive vibrations of high-speed railway bridges; [Yüksek hızlı demiryolu köprülerinde aşırı titreşimlerin azaltılmasında paralel bağlı ayarlı kütle sönümleyiciler için basit bir tasarım yöntemi]
Kahya, Volkan; Araz, Onur
In this study, a simple method is proposed to obtain the optimum design parameters of vibration absorbers consisting of several tuned mass damper units connected each other in parallel. The method is essentially the extension of the formulas proposed by Den Hartog for single degree-of-freedom tuned mass dampers to multiple tuned mass dampers. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, an application to high-speed rail bridges are made. The bridge is modeled as a simple Euler-Bernoulli beam, and the train is modeled as a series of moving loads. The equations of motion are solved numerically by the Newmark method. The results of the study showed that multiple tuned mass dampers designed by the proposed method show good performance in reducing the resonance vibrations in high-speed rail bridges.
- BildiriYalnız künye2020Nine Years Long Term Performance and Degradation Assessment of Two On-Grid PV Systems
Ozden, Talat; Ozgun, Ensar Mesut; Keles, Bedirhan; Akinoglu, Bulent G.
Nine years outdoor testing of the two on-grid PV systems at Central Anatolia under the same ambient conditions is very important to be discovered toward transition to renewables. The systems consist of a monocrystalline silicon and micro-crystalline silicon based amorphous thin film PV technologies. The analyses are carried out on monthly based using the outdoor efficiencies. In addition, degradation rates of these systems are calculated and compared with each other and also with international literature. It is also compared the results using the degradation rates of an earlier study carried out using measurements of a shorter period of time.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Evaluating the feasibility of blockchain in logistics operations: A decision framework
Ar, Ilker Murat; Erol, Ismail; Peker, Iskender; Ozdemir, Ali Ihsan; Medeni, Tunc Durmus; Medeni, Ihsan Tolga
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility of blockchain technology in logistics industry using a quantitative approach. To this end, a decision framework is proposed based on a multi-criteria decision structure that incorporates AHP into VIKOR under Intuitionistic Fuzzy Theory. This integration presents different solutions and rankings based on different decision-making strategies and also captures uncertainty in the evaluation process. While Intuitionistic Fuzzy AHP calculates the importance weights of the proposed criteria indicated as scalability, privacy, interoperability, audit, latency, visibility, trust, and security, Fuzzy VIKOR ranks the logistics operations demonstrated as materials handling, warehousing, order processing, transportation, packaging, fleet management, labeling, vehicle routing and product returns management. The proposed decision framework was applied in a large-scale logistics company located in Turkey. The findings of this study suggest that while the most important criteria are security, visibility and audit, the most feasible logistics operations proved to be transportation, materials handling, warehousing, order processing and fleet management in a possible blockchain implementation. The decision framework in this study may enable decision makers to evaluate the feasibility of blockchain in logistics operations, which is one of the main research gaps in the current blockchain research. Furthermore, this is the first study that integrates AHP and VIKOR methods under Intuitionistic Fuzzy Theory in the context of blockchain.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Bottleneck identification and ranking model for mine operations
Kahraman, M. Mustafa; Rogers, W. Pratt; Dessureault, Sean
Mining has a long history of production and operations management. Considering the increasing complexity of reserves, declining metal grades, and worldwide price volatilities, mines have to operate more efficiently than ever. In recent years, companies have been adopting innovative solutions and technologies to reduce costs and remain competitive in the global market. Specifically, management of bottlenecks has been in the focus of the manufacturing industry for decades now. The mining industry has made significant advancements in process improvement tools using equipment, human, and asset tracking capabilities. However, to date, there is no holistic approach or system to identify and manage the bottleneck in the entire value chain of mining. This research proposes a new method to identify and rank the bottlenecks in a mine value chain. The method is applied in a coal mine and the results are presented in the case study.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2020Smart Tourism: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities
Akdu, Uğur
Rapid development of IT and communication technologies resulted in the “Smart” concept, which of late has become quite popular. The smart concept signifies the integration of organizational networks and smart features that enrich the ecosystem, facilitate daily activities for all stakeholders, and for automatization. Smart concept was discussed as a complicated technological infrastructure in urban areas intended to promote economic, social and environmental welfare. The latest technological developments gave rise to the concepts of smart planet, smart city and smart destination that have become important in recent years. Technological innovations have had a big influence on the development of the tourism industry. Smart concept is conceptualized as smart tourism for tourism sector. Smart Tourism generally has a positive effect on the rapid change of information and technology and on the tourism sector, tourism activities and increase in customer satisfaction. In this chapter, the concept of Smart and its smart technologies are explained and information about its reflections on the tourism sector and smart tourism destinations are discussed.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020The role of blockchain in reducing the impact of barriers to humanitarian supply chain management
Ozdemir, Ali Ihsan; Erol, Ismail; Ar, Ilker Murat; Peker, Iskender; Asgary, Ali; Medeni, Tunc Durmus; Medeni, Ihsan Tolga
Purpose: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of blockchain in reducing the impact of barriers to humanitarian supply chain management (HSCM) using a list of blockchain benefits. Design/methodology/approach: A decision aid was used to explore the suitability of blockchain in humanitarian supply chains. To achieve that, first, a list of barriers to HSCM was identified. Then, the intuitionistic fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (IF–DEMATEL) method was utilized to determine the relationships and the level of interdependencies among the criteria. Finally, the intuitionistic fuzzyanalytic network process (IF–ANP) technique was employed, as it successfully handles dependencies among the criteria. Findings: The findings of this study suggest that interorganizational barriers are the most suitable ones, the impacts of which blockchain may alleviate. This study further suggests that trust turned out to be the most significant benefit criterion for the analysis. Research limitations/implications: The readers should construe the findings of this study with caution since it was carried out using the data collected from the experts of a particular country. Moreover, the proposed decision aid contemplates a limited set of criteria to assess a possible role of blockchain in overcoming the barriers to HSCM. Practical implications: The findings of this study can assist humanitarian supply chain managers to make more judicious assessments on whether they implement the blockchain in humanitarian supply chain operations. Specifically, this research may help decision makers to identify the certain barriers, the impact of which may be reduced by using the blockchain. The findings of this research will also help various decision makers make more rational decisions and allocate their resources more effectively. Originality/value: To the best of authors’ knowledge, no single study exists to investigate the role of blockchain in reducing the impact of barriers to HSCM using an intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approach.
- MakaleYalnız künye2020Dynamic properties of sand-bitumen mixtures as a geotechnical seismic isolation material
Kuvat, Ahmet; Sadoglu, Erol
Geotechnical seismic isolation (GSI) has been emerged as an economical and alternative method in recent years that reduces earthquake that will affect the superstructure. Crumb rubber-granular soil mixtures (SRM) are generally used as damping geomaterial in this method. However, the major disadvantage of SRM is that the addition of rubber leads to significant reduction in stiffness of the granular soil. In this study, dynamic properties (secant shear modulus (Gsec) and damping ratio (D)) of sand and bitumen mixtures (SB) which can be used as damping materials in GSI systems were determined by cyclic triaxial tests. In addition, monotonic triaxial tests were performed to determine the pre- and post-cyclic behavior of the mixtures. In the cyclic tests, the effect of bitumen penetration and content on the energy absorption capacity of the bituminous specimens was examined depending on cyclic stress ratio (CSR), cell pressure and loading frequency. According to the findings, it was determined that higher bitumen penetration and (CSR) result in decrease of Gsec and increase of D, yet the increase in confining pressure and the increase in loading frequency have the opposite effect. For the specimens prepared with both bitumen types, it was specified that the D increased depending on the increase of bitumen content, and the highest Gsec value was observed to be bitumen content of 8%. Moreover, the findings obtained from the monotonic triaxial tests showed that after a high number of cyclic loading, the peak deviatoric stresses of the SB samples increase slightly.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019The Investigation of Effective Parameters on Trip Length of Bikesharing Systems (BSS)
Aydin, Metin Mutlu; Yıldırım, Mehmet Sinan
Various bike sharing systems (BSS) were designed and used in different cities of the world in the past decade. Manybenefits of the BSS have supplied a rapid growth of this transport mode in all around the world. BSS mainly have manybenefits such as traffic (flexible mobility and multimodal transport connections), health (physical activity) and cost (lowtrip cost). Also a planned BSS can serve an easy access to other public transportation system and can be an importantactor of the public transportation system. Especially in many big cities, bike sharing systems becomes an important partof the public transportation and ensure short travel times to users. However, the growing may causes many problemssuch as demand, safety, effectiveness, cost etc. For this purpose many studies have conducted by the planners,researchers and decision makers to find best solutions to mentioned problems. In the scope of this study, the relationamong average temperature, trip length and trip number was examined for a bike sharing system. For this purpose,Capital Bikeshare system (Washington, D.C., Arlington and Alexandria, VA and Montgomery County, MD) is chosenas pilot system to investigate. Study results showed that there is a strong and positive correlation among temperature,trip number and trip length. Additionally, it was obtained that bicycle utilization has a maximum value between 5-10minutes. This results can be caused by the free utilization duration (30 minutes) of the system for the members.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019An Approximate Short Circuit Strategy for Transient MPPT Performance of Uniformly Irradiated Photovoltaic Modules
Başoğlu, M. E.
This paper presents an improved strategy to provide better maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance and increase energy yield during transient state of MPPT process. This strategy is based on the estimation of short circuit current (SCC) of the photovoltaic (PV) system without short circuit. Besides that, this strategy aims to decrease convergence time to maximum power point (MPP) by preventing real short circuit of PV source and eliminating the additional switch requirement. To determine performance of the proposed strategy, simulation studies have been performed in MATLAB/Simulink and this strategy has been compared with fractional SCC (FSCC) technique and perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm. In addition, to make validation experimentally, a low powered single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) is realized. Both simulation and experimental results show that proposed strategy performs better transient MPPT performance than FSCC technique and P&O algorithm.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019Analyzes of Flyback DC-DC Converter for Submodule Level Maximum Power Point Tracking in Off-grid Photovoltaic Systems
Başoğlu, M. E.
Submodule level maximum power point tracking (MPPT) systems have become popular due to its outstanding performance in partial shading conditions (PSCs) and basic algorithm requirement. MPPT is realized by DC-DC converters. They are power processing units between photovoltaic (PV) module and resistive load. Among DC-DC converter topologies, the flyback is a proper choice since it can either increase or decrease the voltage. Furthermore, power level is small in submodule level (SML) MPPT applications. In this study, analyzes and power circuit design of a flyback converter for continuous conduction mode (CCM) is carried out firstly. Then, the performance of the flyback converter on the SML MPPT system and its superiority over the module level MPPT is shown by using same converter topology and perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm. In order to validate the superior performance of SML MPPT, it is compared with module level MPPT in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Results show that SML MPPT guarantees global MPPT in any PSCs with any kind of basic MPPT algorithm. On the other hand, module level MPPT fails in many PSCs with the same algorithm. According to simulation results, SML MPPT generated more power by 61.2% in average than module level MPPT systems in simulation studies.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019A fuzzy logic reasoning based real time energy price regulation approach for smart grids
Cakmak, Recep; Çakanel, Ahmet
Intelligent technologies have become pioneer force to provide flexible, dynamic and efficient energy generation andmanagement. Thus, smart algorithms such as fuzzy logic, artificial neural network, machine learning, soft computingtechniques are sole remedy against growing diverse and numerous distributed generations that make more complicatedpower systems. Real time closed loop controlling requires energy price as a featured variable to procure supply demandequilibrium point for a stable and reliable power system operation, where several dynamic models and estimationsoftware are introduced in the literature. In this study, a fuzzy logic reasoning-based price regulator (FLR-PR) is designedand simulated on MATLAB/Simulink environment using 2018 hourly data of a summer day taken from annual energyreport of Turkey. The proposed model has been compared to Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) price controller basedon performance indexes in the constituted simulation cases. FLR-PR tracks instant reference demand signal changes withminimum steady state error and fast transient response with respect to PID controller.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Deep Learning for Time Series Forecasting: A Case Study of Choosing the Best Prediction Model for Turkey Electricity Production
Ünlü, Ramazan Erkin
Over the last decades, Turkey pays special attention to electricity productionto afford its needs. Researchers applied different methodologies including statisticalbased and artificial intelligence-based to correctly predict the future amount of electricityproduction, consumption, and demand. However,limited researchers focused on Turkey’selectricity production prediction problem as a time series analysis. For this reason, wetackle this problem by considering it as a time series analysis in this study. We haveused different methods including traditional machine learning algorithms Support VectorRegression (SVR) and Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) and a deep learning algorithm LongShort-Term Memory (LSTM) to create a better model for Turkey monthly electricityproduction dataset. Based on our findings LSTM outperforms SVR and MLP approachesin terms of commonly used statistical error evaluation metrics
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019Bicycle Transportation Planning For Gumushane Province
Çoruh, Emine; Öztürk, Ömer Faruk
The aim of this study is to design a 10.500 meter bicycle path for the use of a bicycle as a means of transportation in Gümüşhane city center. A bicycle route has been identified considering the characteristics of the city and its current transportation network. The design of bicycle paths and the cost of application projects were prepared throughout the selected route. Also, a face-to-face survey was conducted covering the city center and the university campus. It has been tried to learn the opinion about the cycling habit of public, benefits of cycling and the obstacles to cycling in the city within the scope of the survey. According to Chi-square and Phi-Cramer's V tests the results of the survey, significant relationships were found between the gender of participants and cycling, the education level of participants and cycling, and the definition of cycling. The cost of designed bicycle path construction is 2.740.900 Turkish Liras (TL) and was found about three times less than the cost of a single lane highway. As a result, it was found that cycling is healthy, safe, economical, environmentally friendly and easily reachable. These characteristics of cycling show that cycling for sustainable transport is one of the most important solutions to urban transportation problems.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019A Comparative Study of Machine Learning and Linear Regression in Prediction of Pricing: A Case Study of Used Cars Price Prediction in Turkey
Ünlü, Ramazan E.; Gül, Ecem; Namli, Ersin
Used cars market is very buoyant in the World as well as in the Turkey and has a significant size. While sellers are looking for the maximum price for their vehicles, buyers are willing to buy a good quality vehicle with a minimum price. However, during the trading process various problems might occurred and even dealer might not have standard pricing policy for a specific vehicle. In this study, it is focused on whether a pricing policy for a used car can be created or not, collected real data, and applied methods based on statistics and artificial intelligence. As a subbranch of artificial intelligence, In addition to Machine learning’s success in complex problems such as natural language processing, text mining, image processing, it can also outperforms classical methods such as linear regression to solve regression problems. From this point, during this study Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machines and Linear Regression methods are used and compared with the aim of standardizing used cars pricing. Based on the findings, it is possible to standardize used cars pricing with machine learning methods and chosen methods gives better results than classic linear regression method.
- BildiriAçık Erişim2019THE COURSE OF SOCIAL SECURITY SPENDING WITHIN THE PROCESS OF SOCIETY 5.0
Sahin, Muhammet; Günay, Hamdi Furkan; Oktar, SA; Taskin, Y
Technological developments have left indelible impacts on the economy all along the line. Every novel invention realized changes production processes rapidly, which concomitantly transforms social life. One of the most apparent examples of this is the First Industrial Revolution emerged in the 18th Century. Subsequent to this development which was considered as the beginning of production in the factory environment, the second industrial revolution based on automation (First half of 20th Century) and the third Industrial Revolution based on electronics (last quarter of the 20th century) were realized. Finally, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) process was initiated by Germany in 2011. In line with this process in which cyber-physical systems and robotic technologies are expected to prevail, Super-Smart Society (Society 5.0) model was developed by Japan in 2017. Both Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 implementations are expected to have a significant impact on economic and social life and to change both labor and Welfare State practices fundamentally. It is also possible that these aforementioned developments may have an impact on social security system of the government. Likewise, the emergence of extensive unemployment condition due to robotic technologies and training for adaptation of available labor force to the new technologies may lead to redesign of the social security system. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the possible impacts of the Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 processes on social security expenditures. The basic result obtained from the study; unemployment increase and training activities for the labor-force increases social security expenditures, but however digitalization process in Welfare State implementations may be expected to decrease social security expenditures in the long-run depending on efficiency and effectiveness increases in the government.
- BildiriYalnız künye2019Realization of a low cost and fast boost converter based MPPT for PV system
Basoglu, Mustafa Engin
Photovoltaic (PV) modules have a small power conversion efficiency since material technologies used in commercial PV modules is weak and not well developed. In order to provide the maximum available efficiency in a PV module, a power processing unit (PPU) is connected between PV module and load to extract more power from PV modules In other words, DC-DC converters are used for impedance matching between PV module and load in any kind of loading and environmental conditions. Several maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms have been proposed in the literature. But there are still shortcomings to be improved such as reducing the steady state ripples in power, dynamic response time under changing conditions. In this paper, design steps of the boost converter for an MPPT application have been presented and some experiments have been performed. Consequently, a low cost and fast boost converter based MPPT is implemented.
- MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2019The investigation of different chicane applications in traffic calming studies using driving simulator; [Trafik sakinlestirme çalismalarinda farkli kivrimlama uygulamalarinin sürüş simülatörü ortaminda incelenmesi]
Aydin, Metin Mutlu; Akgöl, Kadir; Günay, Banihan
High vehicular speeds are one of the most frequent complains in urban roads. Lack of obedience to speed limits results in many fatal accidents. Traffic calming measures have been widely used in many developed countries to reduce accidents, the negative effects of speeding and traffic noise in urban roads. In the scope of this study, horizontal calming measures, namely chicanes, which are not in use in Turkey yet, have been studied by using a driving simulator for the aim of controlling and reducing vehicular speeds. For this purpose, Akdeniz University campus was selected as the pilot case area and a number of different roads in the campus have been modeled in 3D. It was determined from the speed data that for divided four lane carriageways, chicane number 10 (K10) which has 3 m effective width and 45 entry and exit angles, for undivided two lane carriageways, chicane number 2 (K2) which has 2.7 m effective width and 60 entry and 30 exit angles, gave the best outcome from the driving tests in accordance with the characteristics of Turkish drivers. Furthermore, based on the findings, common driver errors are identified and a number of recommendations are made.
