Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

Yazarlar

  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ2
    The performance of alternative refrigerant gas R152a as Mobile air conditioning refrigerant

    Bilen, Kadir; Kalkisim, Ahmet T.; Solmus, Ismail; Yong, J.Y.; Liew, P.Y.; Klemes, J.J.; Varbanov, P.S.

    In this study, the possible alternative replacement of R134a with R152 in the air conditioning (AC) system of an automobile has been investigated theoretically. The properties of the R152a is presented and compared with three different refrigerants (R134a, R22 and R12). At a constant condenser temperature, the effect of evaporator temperature (Te=-20 °C - 0 °C) and compressor speed (n = 600 - 2,000 rpm) on the cooling load, the condenser heat load, compressor work, the mass flow rate of refrigerant and performance coefficient of the AC system have been examined with the help of a commercial computer program for refrigerants investigated. It was found that R152a and R134a do not lead to any significant difference on the performance of the refrigeration system. This result shows that with small modifications on the AC systems of current automobiles commonly using R134a, R-152a can be used as an alternative refrigerant since their compression ratios are almost the same.

    • SDG 13 · İklim Eylemi
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  • BildiriYalnız künye2014
    A new approach stereo based palmprint extraction in unrestricted postures

    Bingol, Ozkan; Ekinci, Murat; Gokdogan, Ahmet

    Regarding the palms recognition system studies, despite achieving a high success rate, hygiene problems in systems with contact and problems arising from changes in the alignment of the hand pose in non-contact ones have been encountered. To resolve these problems, 3D palmprint recognition systems have been developed, however these systems have not had the opportunity to spread due to expensive technologies used as well as low screening rates. In this study, to calculate the position and orientation of a palm in 3D space, a stereo camera system is proposed, with the help of these values by adjusting the geometric image of the palm is converted to a 2D environment. From these images, patterns used for recognition are extracted by using Active Appearance Models. Thus a non-contact system has been achieved, but also patterns that can be used by powerful 2D recognition systems have also been produced.

    AtıfScopus7WoS5OpenAlex5
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2014Scopus SJRQ4
    Synthesis, X-ray structural characterization, NLO, MEP, NBO and HOMO-LUMO analysis using DFT study of Zn(II)bis(3,4 dimethoxybenzoate)bis(nicotinamide) dihydrate

    Kaya, Afşin Ahmet; Demircioǧlu, Zeynep; Kaya, Elif Çelenk; Büyükgüngör, Orhan

    A single crystal of Zn(II)bis(3,4 dimethoxybenzoate)bis(nicotinamide) dihydrate, formulated as C30H38N4O 14Zn, (I) has been obtained. According to experimental data, the complex can be characterized in the solid state as mononuclear, with a distorted octahedral stereochemistry. The distorted octahedral stereochemistry adopted by the complex was further confirmed by X-ray structure analysis of the current study, which consists of a six-coordinate Zn atom in a distorted octahedral environment constructed from two N atoms and four O atoms. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2/c with a = 27.9248(18) Å, b = 8.5941(4) Å, c = 14.8344(11) Å, α = 90°, β = 108.651(5), γ = 90°, Z = 4. The molecular structure and geometry were also optimized using the B3LYP density functional theory method employing the 6-31G (d) basis set. Molecular electrostatic potential, frontier molecular orbital analysis, nonlinear optical properties and natural bond analysis for the title molecule are also described from the computational process.

    AtıfScopus12WoS13OpenAlex16
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Response Surface Methodology Study for Optimization of Effects of Fiber Level, Frying Temperature, and Frying Time on Some Physicochemical, Textural, and Sensory Properties of Wheat Chips Enriched with Apple Fiber

    Kayacier, Ahmed; Yüksel, Ferhat; Karaman, Safa

    In this study, wheat chips enriched with apple fiber were produced, and response surface methodology was used for the determination of the simultaneous effects of processing variables selected as fiber level (0-15 %), frying temperature (160-180 °C), and frying time (40-60 s) on some physicochemical, textural, and sensorial properties of chips. Ridge analysis was conducted to determine the optimum levels of processing variables. Predictive regression equations with high coefficient of determination (R 2 ≥ 0.728) were constructed. Addition of apple fiber increased the dry matter; ash content; L, a, and b values of samples, while increase of frying temperature caused decrease of the hardness values. Overall acceptability of chips enriched with apple fiber decreased with the increase of frying temperature, but wheat chips enriched with apple fiber and fried at low temperatures received highest sensory score. Ridge analysis showed that maximum taste score would be attained at fiber level = 15 %, frying temperature = 170 °C and frying time = 40 s.

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    AtıfScopus26WoS21OpenAlex26
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ4
    Redescription of phalangium riedeli staręga, 1973 (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) from Turkey with the first description of the female

    Kurt, Kemal

    Phalangium riedeli Staręga, 1973, previously known only from the male in Syria, is redescribed on the basis of newly collected material from Turkey. The female of this species is described for the first time. Its description, characteristic features, distribution, measurements and photographs of genitalia and general habitus of both sexes are presented.

    AtıfScopus3WoS3OpenAlex2
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  • Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2014
    Electronic word-of-mouth: Factors affecting consumer review writing behavior on electronic platforms

    Yildiz, Emel; Ayyildiz, Hasan

    This chapter examines the effects of word-of-mouth motivations and culture on electronic word-of-mouth behavior. This chapter also focuses on the effects of cultural values on electronic word-of-mouth behavior. Within the context of the study, online forums in which consumers write comments have been used. The data was obtained from an electronic survey provided to 561 consumers. The reliability of scales has been tested via the Cronbach's Alfa Method and the validity of scales has been tested by Factor Analysis. After determining the reliability and validity of the scales, research hypotheses were tested by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Multiple Regression Analysis. The findings show that motivation and culture have positive effects on electronic word-of-mouth behavior. This chapter also attempts to explain the effects of cultural values on electronic word-of-mouth behavior, and it is found that while uncertainty avodiance and masculinity have positive effects, individualism and power distance have negative effects on electronic word-of-mouth behavior.

    AtıfOpenAlex1
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Nonmedical Methods to Relieve Low Back Pain Caused by Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Descriptive Study in Northeastern Turkey

    Cilingir, Dilek; Hintistan, Sevilay; Yigitbas, Cagla; Nural, Nesrin

    Low back pain due to the effects of lumbar disc herniation is a common complaint of patients who often subsequently seek help from medical professionals. It is also a significant health problem which is quite difficult to treat. This descriptive study was conducted to determine nonmedical methods used by patients with lumbar disc herniation to relieve low back pain; the patients' intensity of low back pain when they were admitted to the hospital was also explored. Ninety-two patients with lumbar disc herniation participated in this study, which was carried out at a university hospital in northeastern Turkey. Data were collected using a patient information form and the visual analog scale (VAS). When the patients were admitted to hospital, their mean VAS score was 6.56 ± 2.45. The study results showed that as a first choice nearly all of the patients (94.6%) with lumbar disc herniation preferred consulting with their physicians before to obtain relief for low back pain. However, in addition to seeing their physician, more than one-half of these patients (57.6%) also used nonmedical methods. The primary nonmedical methods were hot/cold compresses, wrapping various substances on the back, and herbal preparations. An increase in pain was noted by 17.0% of patients after using nonmedical methods. Findings indicated that more than two-thirds of patients experienced either no change or an increase in pain after using nonmedical methods to find relief.

    AtıfScopus5WoS5
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ3
    An investigatio n of the antioxidant activities and some physicochemical characteristics of strawberr y added yogurt

    Engül, M.S.; Erkaya, T.; Yildiz, H.

    The effect of adding strawberry pulp to yogurt on its physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics was studied. For this purpose, experimental yogurts were produced by the addition of strawberry pulp (at 8, 12 and 16%) to plain yogurt and analyses were carried out through 14 days of cold storage. The titratable acidity and viscosity values of yogurts increased with the increasing of strawberry pulp concentration. Conversely, the total solid, fat, protein, ash, pH and syneresis values decreased. Antioxidant activity (β-caroten bleaching assay) and IC50 (DPPH radical scavenging assay) in yogurts ranged from 77.71 to 86.12%, 205.70 to 2241.09 μg /mL during storage, respectively. For the sensory properties of yogurts, yogurt including 16% of strawberry pulp received the highest overall acceptability score on the first day of storage.

    AtıfScopus10WoS8
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Effect of different surface oxidation treatments on structural, mechanical and tribological properties of ultrafine-grained titanium

    Çelik, Ilhan; Alsaran, Akgün; Purcek, Gencaga

    Four different surface oxidation treatments, so-called, anodizing oxidation (AO), micro-arc oxidation (MAO), plasma oxidation (PO) and thermal oxidation (TO), were applied to ultrafine-grained (UFG) pure titanium produced by equal-channel angular extrusion/pressing (ECAE/P). Before and after all treatments, mechanical, structural and tribological properties were investigated. The strength of pure titanium increased substantially after ECAE process. TiO2 phases included the anatase and/or the rutile formed on the surface of UFG Ti depending on oxidation treatments. High strength of UFG Ti was deteriorated by TO and PO treatments because of the recrystallization occurred at high-temperature, while applications of MAO and AO did not cause a significant decrease in its strength due to the prevention of recrystallization of UFG Ti. All oxidation treatments brought about a remarkable increase in wear resistance of UFG Ti because of the formation of adhered and hard TiO2 film developed on the surface. It was concluded that the AO and MAO treatments could be applied to the UFG Ti without any deteriorations in bulk mechanical and wear properties to obtain biocompatible pure titanium with high strength and excellent wear resistance.

    AtıfScopus51WoS47OpenAlex50
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Investigation of freeze-thaw effects on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced cement mortars

    Çavdar, Ahmet

    Fibers are used for improving some properties of conventional concrete (which is a brittle material) such as tensile strength, abrasion resistance, absorption and crack control. This study investigates the usability of fibers against the harmful effects of freeze-thaw cycles on cement mortars. For this objective, five different types of fibers, i.e., Polypropylene (PP), Carbon (CF), Aramid (AR), Glass (GF) and Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) in four different ratios (0.0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%) were added to cement mortars along with an amount of air agent. These samples were then subjected to five different freeze-thaw cycles (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100). Thus, mechanical behaviors were investigated under freeze-thaw effects. The most important results of the study are summarized; the fibers increase flexural strength and deflection ability of the samples while decreasing compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity and specific mass. The highest flexural strength was obtained with a 1.2% addition of CF fiber for the samples in normal conditions. The mechanical properties of the samples subjected to repetitive freeze-thaw cycles were also investigated; the best flexural strength was provided with 1.2% CF addition, while the highest dynamic modulus of elasticity was obtained with a 1.2% PP addition.

    AtıfScopus123WoS103OpenAlex122
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  • EditoryalYalnız künye2014
    Preface

    Christiansen, Bryan; Yildiz, Salih; Yildiz, Emel

    AtıfScopus4
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Synthesis of cyclohexane derivatives including Br, Cl, N, O, and S at 1,2,4,5-positions: Selectivity in addition reactions Dedicated to Professor Dr. Metin Balci on the occasion of his 65th anniversary

    Kaya, Afşin Ahmet; Menzek, Abdullah; Şahin, Ertan

    Brominations of mono addition products of 1,4-cyclohexadiene with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl chloride (RSCl) selectively gave 1R(S),2R(S),4R(S), 5R(S)-4,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dinitrophenylthio)cyclohexyl acetate and 1R(S),2R(S),4R(S),5R(S)-4,5-dibromo-2-chlorocyclohexyl)(2,4-dinitrophenylthio) sulfane. From series reactions 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene with reagents, such as RSCl, NaN3, and H2SO4/Ac2O, six 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted cyclohexane derivatives including S, O, N, Cl, and Br were selectively obtained. Formations and structures of the products were discussed.

    AtıfScopus6WoS5OpenAlex10
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  • MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Characterization of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) seed and seed oil

    Ilyasoǧlu, Huri

    In this study, the nutritional composition and phytochemical composition of the rosehip seed, and the fatty acid and sterol compositions of the seed oil were investigated. The rosehip seed contained valuable phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds (2554 μg/g), carotenoids (2.92 μg/g), and ascorbic acid (1798 μg/g). Furthermore, the rosehip-seed oil was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid (54.05%), linolenic acid (19.37%), and phytosterols, mainly β-sitosterol (82.1%). The rosehip seed and seed oil were found to have antioxidant activity measured by trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. It can be concluded that the rosehip seed and seed oil may be utilized as a source of phytonutrients.

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    AtıfScopus106WoS96OpenAlex111
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  • Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Mineral chemistry and thermobarometry of Eocene monzogabbroic stocks from the Bafra (Samsun) area in Turkey: Implications for disequilibrium crystallization and emplacement conditions

    Temizel, İrfan; Arslan, Mehmet; Abdioğlu, Emel; Yücel, Cem

    Monzogabbro stocks including felsic enclaves (monzosyenite) around the Bafra (Samsun) area at the western edge of the Eastern Pontides cut Eocene-aged volcanic and sedimentary units. The monzogabbros contain plagioclase, alkali feldspar, clinopyroxene, olivine, hornblende, biotite, apatite, and iron-titanium oxides, whereas the felsic enclaves contain alkali feldspar, plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, clinopyroxene, and iron-titanium oxides. Mineral chemistry data suggest that magmas experienced hydrous and anhydrous crystallization in deep and shallow crustal magma chambers. Several thermobarometers were used to estimate temperatures of crystallization and emplacement for the mafic and felsic magmas. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry yielded 1100-1232 C and 5.9-8.1 kbar for monzogabbros, and 931-1109 C and 1.8-6.9 kbar for felsic enclaves. Hornblende thermobarometry and oxygen fugacity estimates reveal 739-971°C, 7.0-9.2 kbar and 10−9.71 for monzogabbros and 681-928°C, 3.0-6.1 kbar and 10−11.34 for felsic enclaves. Biotite thermobarometry shows elevated oxygen fugacity varying from 10−18.9-10−11.07 at 632-904°C and 1.29-1.89 kbar for monzogabbros, to 10−15.99 -10−11.82 at 719-873°C and 1.41-1.77 kbar for felsic enclaves. The estimated zircon and apatite saturation temperatures are 504-590°C and 693-730°C for monzogabbros and 765-775°C and 641-690°C for felsic enclaves, respectively. These data imply that several phases in the gabbroic and syenitic magmas did not necessarily crystallize simultaneously and further indicate that the mineral compositions may register intervals of disequilibrium crystallization. Besides, thermobarometry contrasts between monzogabbro and felsic enclave may be partly a consequence of extended interactions between the mafic and felsic magmas by mixing/mingling and diffusion. Additionally, the hot felsic magma was close to liquidus conditions (crystallinity < 30%) when injected into cooler mafic magma (crystallinity > 50%), and thus, the monzogabbro stocks reflect hybrid products from the mingling and incomplete mixing of these two magmas.

    AtıfScopus32WoS29OpenAlex30
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ2
    Preparation and characterization of biodegradable rigid polyurethane foams from the liquefied eucalyptus and pine woods

    Ertaş, Murat; Fidan, M. Said; Alma, Mehmet Hakki

    In this study, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis L.) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) woods were liquefied using the the blended solvents mixture of polyethylene glycol PEG-400/glycerin in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst at 140-160°C for 120 min. The insoluble parts in the liquefied eucalyptus and pine were found as 17.8 and 5.5 wt. %, respectively. The acid and hydroxyl numbers of the liquefied eucalyptus and pine were determined and compared with each other. Polyurethane-type rigid foams (RPUFs) were successfully prepared by a co-polymerization of the liquefied woods (LWs) and polymeric methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (PMDI). The compressive strength (120 to 250 kPa), the modulus of elasticity (1 to 6 MPa), the density (20 to 50 kg.nr-3) and thermal conductivity (0.0352 to 0.0374 W.mK -1) of the RPUFs prepared from the LWs were found to be almost comparable to those of the synthetic foams. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the biomass-based foams was higher than that of the synthetic ones.

    AtıfScopus36WoS30
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ3
    The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk yield, milk compositions and body condition score raised organically in dairy cows

    Bayram, Bahri; Aksakal, Vecihi; Karaalp, Musa; Mazlum, Halit

    The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on milk yield, milk compositions and the body condition score raised organically in dairy cattle. For this aim, 120 lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows were randomly divided into group control (n = 60) and treatment (n = 60) in a private organic dairy farming in the Kelkit District of the Gumushane Province in Turkey. The diet of group treatment each cow was supplementation with 6 g SC per day. The experimental was started after 30 days of calving and lasted 45 days after. The average daily milk yield production (p<0.01) was higher in the SC group (34.6±0.31 vs. 31.8±0.44kg day-1 in the treated and control group, respectively). The effect of SC on some milk compositions as non-fat solids (%), milk fat (%), protein (%) and lactose were statistically non-significant. Body condition score in the treated group (2.74±0.016) was higher than control group (2.58±0.017) (p<0.01). It was concluded that milk yield capacities in organic dairy cattle farming in case that the similar results are confirmed with additional studies can be substantially increased.

    • SDG 2 · Açlığa Son
    AtıfScopus1OpenAlex1
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients and empathic tendencies: A study of Turkish undergraduate nursing students

    Özakgül, Aylin Aktaş; Şendir, Merdiye; Atav, A. Serdar; Kiziltan, Belkiz

    Background: Studies indicate that the attitudes of nurses, nursing students, and other health care professionals towards Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients are affected by cultural differences and the fear of HIV/AIDS infection, resulting in both negative attitudes and reluctance to care for these patients. Empathy is critical for all health professionals in the delivery of effective care. Research indicates that as empathic tendencies develop, so do better communication skills, better attitudes, and better quality of care. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among demographic factors, familiarity with HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, and empathic tendencies in a Turkish sample of nursing students. Design and Methods: Using a non-experimental, correlational design, data on demographics, HIV/AIDS Attitude Scale (AAS) and the Scale of Empathic Tendency (SET) were collected. Participants: The study sample consisted of 614 undergraduate nursing students in two universities located in different geographic regions of Turkey. Results: The results of this study indicated that attitudes and empathic tendencies are related to knowledge and exposure to patients. As well, those students with more positive attitudes had higher empathic tendencies towards HIV/AIDS patients. Conclusions: It is important to adopt strategies to improve the empathic tendencies and attitudes of nursing students. These strategic changes would increase the quality of care provided to all patients.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    • SDG 4 · Nitelikli Eğitim
    AtıfScopus18WoS13OpenAlex29
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ2
    Effects of lichen extracts on haematological parameters of rats with experimental insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

    Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Aslan, Ali; Deniz, Gülşah Yıldız

    The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world is steadily increasing. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of diabetic complications, including diabetic haematological changes. Lichens are used as food supplements and are also used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. We hypothesized that antioxidant activity of lichens may decrease hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and prevent the development of diabetic complications, including abnormality in haematological condition. Therefore, the effects of Cetraria islandica water extract (CIWE) and Pseudevernia furfuracea water extract (PFWE) on the haematological parameters of rats with type 1 DM were investigated for the first time in the present study. Control Sprague-Dawley or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with water lichen extracts (5–500 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 2 weeks, starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anaesthetized and haematological and metabolic parameters were determined between control and experimental groups. In addition, the total oxidative stress (TOS), a specific indicator of oxidative stress, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by biochemical studies. In diabetic rats, CIWE of 250–500 mg/kg bw dose showed more prominent results when compared with doses of PFWE for TAC. The results obtained in the present study suggested that the antioxidant activities of lichens might be the possible reason behind the observed antihaematological status. However, the protective effect of lichen extracts were inadequate on diabetes-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia. In addition, the extracts have no effect on metabolic complications. Our experimental data showed that high doses of CIWE and PFWE alone have no detrimental effect on blood cells and TOS status of plasma. Hence, they are safe and suitable for different administration routes.

    • SDG 3 · Sağlık ve Kaliteli Yaşam
    AtıfScopus18WoS12OpenAlex23
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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ3
    Geochemistry of dacitic volcanics in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey)

    Sipahi, Ferkan; Sadıklar, M.Burhan

    Dacitic rocks that crop out around the Zigana Mountain (Gümüşhane) in the eastern Pontide (NE Turkey), are mainly composed of quartz, plagioclase, sanidine, amphibole, muscovite, and biotite as the main minerals. Zircon and rutile are the accessory minerals. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, and covellite are the opaque components. On the basis of trace-element data, dacites have been classified as Dacite-I and Dacite-II. Dacite-I is tholeitic-transitional, whereas Dacite-II is transitional-calc-alkaline. The geochemical variation can be explained by the fractionation of the common mineral phases, such as plagioclase, hornblende, magnetite, and apatite. Dacites also show island-arc properties, with negative Nb, Sr, P, and Ti anomalies. The trace-element distrubitions of the dacitic rocks reflect the typical characteristics of rocks from the subduction-related tectonic setting, with enrichment of large-ion lithofile elements and light rare-earth element, but depletion in high-field-strength elements. The dacitic rocks are developed through plagioclase ± hornblende-controlled fractionation from the same parental magma that settled in two successive stages and are derived from an enriched source, probably by the mixing of slab-derived and lithospheric melts.

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  • MakaleYalnız künye2014Scopus SJRQ1
    Separation and preconcentration of lead, chromium and copper by using with the combination coprecipitation-flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination

    Bahadır, Zekeriyya; Bulut, Volkan Numan; Ozdes, Duygu; Duran, Celal; Bektas, Hakan; Soylak, Mustafa

    A coprecipitation method was developed for the quantitative separation and preconcentration of Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cu(II) ions. Analytes were coprecipitated using a triazole derivative (2-{4-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl}. N-aryl methylidene acetohydrazid). The analytes were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters such as sample pH, amount of reagent, sample volume, matrix effects etc. were investigated. The enrichment factor for the analyzed metal ions was obtained as 50. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were in the range of 2.8-4.1%. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was checked by the analysis of the CRM-C-Sandy Soil C. The method was successfully applied to real samples.

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