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Koleksiyondaki öğeler
- DerlemeAçık Erişim2015Symbolic Interactionism on Deviant Behavior: On Becker's Outsiders
Gençosmanoglu, Alperen
- BildiriYalnız künye2016HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT FINANCIAL LITERACY ACCORDING TO SCHOOL TYPE
Semercioglu, M. Serhat; Akcay, Ahmet Oguz
Financial literacy is a concept that contains knowledge and skills to be acquired by people, enables the accurate use, accumulation, increase, and management of incomes, and directly affects both national and international economies. Knowledge of individuals regarding financial concepts and their applications are of vital importance regarding financial decisions that would be made in every moment of life. This study examined the financial literacy levels of high school students, who contain the young population of society. A one-way ANOVA was conducted to determine differences between school types. The result shows that Science High Schools had the highest financial literacy level.
- MakaleYalnız künye2024Scopus SJRQ1Analysis of open channel flow with various layered vegetation using CFD, considering different near-wall treatment methods
Sibil, Rahim
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of near-wall treatment approaches, which are crucial parameters in predicting the flow characteristics of open channels, and the influence of different vegetation covers in different layers.Design/methodology/approachAnsys Fluent, a computational fluid dynamics software, was used to calculate the flow and turbulence characteristics using a three-dimensional, turbulent (k-e realizable), incompressible and steady-flow assumption, along with various near-wall treatment approaches (standard, scalable, non-equilibrium and enhanced) in the vegetated channel. The numerical study was validated concerning an experimental study conducted in the existing literature.FindingsThe numerical model successfully predicted experimental results with relative error rates below 10%. It was determined that nonequilibrium wall functions exhibited the highest predictive success in experiment Run 1, standard wall functions in experiment Run 2 and enhanced wall treatments in experiment Run 3. This study has found that plant growth significantly alters open channel flow. In the contact zones, the velocities and the eddy viscosity are low, while in the free zones they are high. On the other hand, the turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence eddy dissipation are maximum at the solid-liquid interface, while they are minimum at free zones.Originality/valueThis is the first study, to the best of the author's knowledge, concerning the performance of different near-wall treatment approaches on the prediction of vegetation-covered open channel flow characteristics. And this study provides valuable insights to improve the hydraulic performance of open-channel systems.
AtıfWoS2
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2026Formulation of mechanical properties of hybrid fiber alkali-activated concretes by data analysis
Aksut, Yavuz Selim; Yetgín, Sukru
In this study, ground blast furnace slag (GBFS) and waste volcanic rock dust (RD) produced in a natural stone processing plant were used as binders. The binders were activated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) to produce two types of concrete: alkali-activated concrete without fibers (AAC) and alkali-activated concrete with fibers (FAAC). In the production of concrete, steel and polyester fibers were used separately and hybrid at 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0% by volume and a total of 117 15x15x15 cm cube specimens were produced. The mechanical properties of the specimens were evaluated by concrete surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity and concrete compressive strength tests at 3, 7 and 28 days. The results obtained using non-destructive test methods were matched with concrete compressive strength values using various empirical formulas. Calculated concrete compressive strength values and actual concrete compressive strength values were compared using data analysis method. As a result, it was observed that there was a very significant correlation between the experimental compressive strength and the combined method in which 7-day surface hardness and ultrasound transmission rate were used together to calculate the compressive strength.
AtıfWoS1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2018Do We Need Friendship in the Workplace? The Theory of Workplace Friendship and Employee Outcomes: The Role of Work Ethics
Ozbek, Mehmet Ferhat
This study builds and tests the models that two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with the supervisor) may have a negative influence on employees'job insecurity and turnover intention. Further, this study assumes that the positive association between workplace friendship with a supervisor and job performance is stronger for employees having a low work ethic than for those with a high work ethic. This study also assumes that the negative relationship between friendship with a supervisor and organizational deviance is stronger for employees who have a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. To test these hypotheses, 313 data samples have been collected from service sector employees. According to the results, two types of workplace friendships (friendship with coworkers and friendship with a supervisor) are negatively related to job insecurity and turnover intention. The results also show that friendship with a supervisor was positively associated with job performance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Furthermore, the results show that friendship with a supervisor was negatively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a low work ethic but not for those with a high work ethic. Surprisingly, the friendship with a supervisor is positively associated with organizational deviance for employees having a high work ethic.
AtıfWoS16OpenAlex16TR Dizin5
İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2026Financial Performance in Transportation and Warehousing Sector: A Comprehensive Study on BIST with LOPCOW, ARWEN and RAWEC Methods
Sahin Macit, Nazife
This study analyzes the financial performance of companies in the transportation and storagesector listed on BIST using LOPCOW, ARWEN, and RAWEC methods. The research focuses on 15 financial ratios and 11 companies based on 2023 data. LOPCOW was used to calculate the weights of the criteria, while ARWEN and RAWEC determined the financial performance values of the alternatives. When comparing the validity of these methods with RAPS, it was found that RAWEC produced consistent results, whereas ARWEN exhibited inconsistencies. Spearman correlation analysis indicated a correlation of -0.5455 between ARWEN and RAWEC and 0.8909 between RAWEC and RAPS.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2014The New French Policy in Southern Black Sea: Pascal Fourcade and Sinop Consulate (1803-1809)
Yilmaz, Ozgur
The French Revolution and the invasion of Egypt created a crisis period in Ottoman-French relations and also arrested the French initiatives to trade in the Black Sea from the 17th century. However, on 25 July 1802 with the Treaty of Paris, the French were also given the right to trade in the Black Sea. In this way, France added the Black Sea to his privileges. With the 2nd and 3rd articles of the treaty, France has obtained the right to create consular agents on various points of the Black Sea. In this context, by a decision of 21 September 1802, a general consulate in Sinop and two consular agents in Trabzon and Eregli, depended to consulate general of Sinop, established. Pascal Fourcade was appointed as consul to Sinop and arrived to the city in the October of 1803. Fourcade was welcomed in a good way in Sinop; but the anarchy reigned in Anatolia after the Tayyar Pasha's exile, and intrigues of Russian colleague, Konuchenco, Fourcade stayed in difficult situations in the city. In fact, the preference of Sinop, as a general consulate centre was not in accordance with the terms of the period. Although Sinop had one of the best ports of the Southern Black Sea, the city was not as active as in the past on a commercial basis. It is known that Sinop was one of the places that mostly affected by Ottoman-Russian wars. Sinop had profited commercial relation that took place between the north-south ports of the Black Sea under the Ottoman dominance over the Black Sea. Especially in trade with Crimea, Sinop was the main port for Anatolian products. However, ever-expanding dominance of the Russia over the Black Sea, not only affected commercial relations between Black Sea ports but also started a decline period for southern Black Sea ports as Sinop and Trabzon that had strong commercial affairs with northern Black Sea. In this state Sinop was a small coastal town in the beginning of 19th century. But as the French consul stated, Sinop would became a strategic position as a port for trade of Anatolia and Iran in case of favourable conditions. Fourcade had very high expectations for the future of the city. The most important task of French consul was to achieve new markets for French goods; receive raw materials coming from Iran and Anatolia and establish warehouses for goods in Sinop. In this regard, Fourcade was describing the city as a trading port that had a very bright future and comparing the city to Alexandria and Baghdad, and also trying to show that Sinop was better port than Samsun and Trabzon. Fourcade's these expectations were not only connected to the creation of favourable conditions for trade and establishment of the necessary infrastructure. In fact, the realization of these plans depended on Tayyar Pasha's power, the governor of southern Black Sea region. As Fourcade's words, the main purpose of the consul was to establish good relations with Tayyar Pasa and convince him to gains of future French trade in his region. In the spring of 1804, Fourcade met with Tayyar Pasha and achieved positive results for his future plans; but because of obstructions of Russian consul in Sinop Fourcade did not realize his plans that emerged after the consul and Tayyar Pasa's interview in Bafra. Moreover defeat of Tayyar Pasha by Yusuf Pasha and exile to Sohum in 1805 created a real period of solitude for Fourcade in Sinop. Fourcade was met in early days in Sinop with Russian jealousy. When he arrived to Sinop, the city had been hosting Russian consuls since 1785. So, the biggest obstacle to plans of French consul was the Russian colleague Konuchenco. As the agent of Russia who did not want another European power in Black Sea, Konuchenco showed all his effort to fail Fourcade's mission in Sinop. In this context it is difficult to say that French Foreign Ministry predicted Russian rivalry in the Black Sea ports. Whereas with the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca, Russian had gained to right to trade in Black Sea and soon after the treaty they established a consular network in the port cities. Sinop was one the port cities that the Russian preferred to create a consular agent. Russian consuls in Sinop were so powerful that they could change kadi of Sinop. There were also very strong relations between Russian consul Konuchenco and Tayyar Pasa who had territories in Crimea consigned to Battal Huseyin Pasa, father of Tayyar Pasa, in his exile in Russia. In the first two years of consulate, Fourcade complained so often the relations between Tayyar Pasa and Konuchenco and Russian dominance over the Sublime Porte that seen in Sinop. Indeed, until the expulsion of Russian consul in February 1807, a diplomatic war had taken place in Sinop. Both consuls followed each other tightly and try to stop each other's activities. In this way, in the early years of the 19th century Sinop lived a provincial diplomacy period that created by presence of French and Russian consuls in the city. After the Tayyar Pasha's exile to Sohum, all the balance in Anatolia had changed. In the period of Tayyar Pasa's reign in the region, Fourcade had only to try to establish good relation with Tayyar Pasa for French trade; but after 1805, Fourcade rested between a multiple powers in Sinop. In this state the turmoil reigned in Anatolia after the Tayyar Pasha's exile was a real obstacle for Fourcade's plans. Furthermore the consulate was attacked by Greek sailor under the Russian protection in 1806 when Fourcade was in Kastamonu. But aggression of 1807 was more drastic for French consulate in Sinop. Fourcade and chancellor of consulate, Bernage, were injured by Laz sailors who participated the turmoil ended Selim III' reign, debarked in Sinop in way of their homeland. The expulsion of Russian consul Konuchenco from Sinop by Ottoman-Russian War broke out in 1806 was really created a liberty atmosphere in the city. But Russian-French rapprochement and the Treaty of Tilsit reversed this atmosphere against to French in Anatolia. These new conditions that clearly seen in aggression of 1807, showed also the future of the Fourcade's mission in Sinop. Although Fourcade's Sinop consulate did not obtain significant result for French trade; his six-year consulate left us very valuable documents that exist in French foreign ministry archives in Paris and Nantes. These consular reports and detailed travel voyages accounts are very valuable sources for Southern Black Sea region at beginning of the 19th century. Fourcade, like an archaeologist and geographer travelled in his consular district and prepared detailed reports on Sinop, Kastamonu, Ladik and Amasya region. A portion of them were published; but there are also some reports are not reached until now. It is the Fourcade's archaeological activities that make the Sinop consulate worthwhile in the world of science. But beyond this, archival sources on Fourcade's six-year consulate, gives us valuable information about on the situation of Anatolia in Age of Ayans at the beginning of the 19th century, Russian impact on the Black Sea and history of Ottoman-French relations in the Black sea. This study aims to make a review on Fourcade's Sinop consulate by using resources of the French archives.
AtıfWoS1OpenAlex3İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2015Scopus SJRQ4The Possibility of a Democracy Based on the Constituent Power: A Political Approach
Akkanat, Salih
The article aims to bring a political dimension to the problem of constituent power, which is usually discussed in terms of constitution techniques. It argues that some approaches reducing the problem of constituent power to the methodological pre-commitments or the articulations of abstract democratic principals presuppose de-ontological and apolitical premise. In other words, it focuses on the apologetic attitudes of these approaches isolating the modern content of constituent power if we consider its meaning as the creation of new political forms. In conclusion, the article points to the fact that any understanding of constituent power, which ignores its modern particularizy, may result in a poor understanding of democracy
AtıfWoS1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2018The Problem of Positioning Erasmus in the context of His Thoughts about War and Peace
Yesilçayir, Celal
Desiderius Erasmus who is known as a prominent philosopher of renaissance period has been mentioned as a humanist or pacifist in many sources. Nevertheless, it seemed that he articulated some different thoughts beyond the ideas attributed to him. About the point in question, this work aims to discuss how to position Erasmus in ideological terms through analyzing his ideas he revealed in his works about war and peace. Within this context, it will be examined to what extent the ascription of humanist and pacifist frequently to him is coherent. Consequently, it will be tried to suggest a proposal about how we should describe him depending on the findings.
- MakaleYalnız künye2024GAME THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOOTBALL: INFERENCE FROM ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE
Cicen, Yildirim Beyazit
Football is a prevalent sport in the world. In this study, game-theoretical analysis is used to in the English Premier League and their results. In matches between equal teams, the Nash equilibrium is a draw, whereas in matches between strong and weak teams, the Nash equilibrium is the strong team's defeat. The average of winning the match and the average of goals scored were not high enough, indicating that the teams did not take the field to win. As a result, it's created a goal-oriented proposal in the study's final section. In this proposal, matches will be limited to 60 minutes. game, ending in that minute.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026A Land Use Analysis of Coastal Reclamation Areas in Ortahisar District, Trabzon (2000-2024)
Üzülmez, Mehmet
This study evaluates land use patterns in reclaimed coastal areas of Ortahisar district, Trabzon, from 2000 to 2024. It examines the role, functions, and environmental and structural impacts of reclamation in urban development. In mountainous cities like Trabzon, with limited flat land, sea filling is a key urban expansion strategy. The research combines literature review, satellite image analysis, and GIS mapping (ArcGIS), supported by climate, population, and topographic data from official sources. The study analyses reclaimed zones including Akyaz & imath;, Be & scedil;irli, Ganita, and De & gbreve;irmendere. InAkyaz & imath;, 39 hectares serve the & Scedil;enol G & uuml;ne & scedil;Sports Complex, and 29 hectares serve the city hospital ,which is currently under construction, alongside a mosque, fishermen's shelter, and parking. Ganita includes 17 hectares of parks and recreation and 9 hectares for transport infrastructure, reflecting a public-use planning approach. De & gbreve;irmendere hosts parks, fishermen's shelters, roads, a port, and breakwaters, with about 28 hectares unused. These areas address population growth and land scarcity, creating new urban spaces but posing environmental and engineering risks. International studies highlight issues such as ground settlement, structural instability, flood and storm vulnerability, and marine ecosystem damage in reclaimed lands. While valuable for infrastructure and public services, reclamation should be managed beyond spatial growth. The study stresses how multifunctional, public-focused, strategic planning shaped these areas. However, comprehensive interdisciplinary approaches are needed for ground safety, sustainability, and ecosystem protection. Future planning must mandate geotechnical surveys and environmental impact assessments. Reclamation should align with natural processes, not just physical expansion. Public participation and integrating local needs are crucial. Transport and access plans should balance coastal access and sustainability. Ortahisar's reclamations offer short-term urban solutions, but long-term risk reduction requires integrated sustainable planning.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Thought Experiments in Islamic Philosophy: Ibn Sina's Flying Man and the Estimative Faculty
Kaya, Asli Uner
The nature and function of thought experiments, which have become an important part of philosophical and scientific discourse, are among the topics that have been researched with great interest not only by philosophers but also by historians of science, cognitive scientists and psychologists in recent years. Thought experiments, which we can trace back to the Pre-Socratics, are frequently encountered in the Middle Ages, especially in fields such as theology and natural philosophy. Imaginary scenarios designed by important figures in the Islamic world such as Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Haytham and Ghazali provide important information about the way thought experiments were used in the period. Ibn Sina was the first philosopher to try to explain the psychological basis of thought experiments. The fundamental question he focuses on is: What is the source of the premises used in thought experiments? According to Ibn Sina, the source of thought experiments is wahm, an internal, sensory faculty that has no exact English equivalent but is usually translated as estimative faculty. My aim in this article is to focus on the faculty of illusion that Ibn Sina introduced while creating the psychological infrastructure of thought experiments and to reveal the role that this faculty plays in the formation of thought experiments.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Scopus SJRQ2The lived experience of individual stock investors during decision-making: a phenomenological perspective on investment psychology
Soydas, Safak Sonmez
Purpose - This study explores how individual stock investors experience and interpret their decision-making processes beyond cognitive bias frameworks. It aims to reveal how investment decisions are shaped through cultural memory, moral values, social identity and digital environments, emphasizing the lived meanings investors attribute to risk, gain, and loss. Design/methodology/approach - A qualitative phenomenological design was employed. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 active individual stock investors in T & uuml;rkiye. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step phenomenological method to identify the lived meaning structures underlying investment decision experiences. Findings - Investment decisions emerged as multidimensional experiences organized around four interrelated domains: cultural roots and collective economic memory, moral and religious tensions, social status and identity construction, and digitalization with emerging economic perceptions. Participants interpreted risk, gain, and investment outcomes through family narratives, moral and religious evaluations, identity-related concerns, and digitally mediated information environments rather than solely through rational calculations. Research limitations/implications - The findings are based on a limited qualitative sample and therefore cannot be statistically generalized. However, they contribute to a deeper theoretical understanding of investment behaviour by integrating cultural, moral, identity-related, and digital dimensions within a phenomenological behavioural finance perspective. Future research may build on these findings through mixed-method designs and cross-cultural comparisons. Practical implications - The findings support investor education programmes, decision-support systems and behavioural policy design by highlighting the experiential and meaning-based dimensions of investment decision-making. Social implications - The study demonstrates that investment decision-making is shaped by cultural values, moral interpretations, social identity processes and digitally mediated environments, suggesting that financial decisions are socially embedded rather than purely individual or rational. These findings may contribute to more socially sensitive financial literacy initiatives and policy development. Originality/value - This study extends behavioural finance by introducing a phenomenological lived-experience perspective, demonstrating that investment decision-making emerges through interacting cultural, moral, identity-related and digital meaning structures rather than solely through cognitive biases.
- MakaleYalnız künye2017Scopus SJRQ3EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION THE EFFECTS OF ETHANOL AND DIETHYL ETHER ADDITION INTO DIESEL FUEL ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS
Sezer, Ismet
In this study, effects of ethanol and diethyl ether addition into diesel fuel on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine were experimentally investigated. A commercial diesel fuel and three different blends prepared with 15% ethanol, 15% ethanol and 2% diethyl ether and 15% ethanol and 4% diethyl ether were used in the tests. The experiments were performed at an engine speed of 1500 rpm and under various loads by using a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. The injection, combustion, performance and emissions parameters were evaluated for baseline fuel and blends. The results show that, the injection pressure decreases for all blends, and diethyl ether addition causes a delay in the injection timing. The burnt mass fraction is lower for ethanol and diethyl ether blends during early combustion phase, while it increases for diethyl ether blends during the progressive combustion phase. Ethanol and diethyl ether blends also give the reductions in the cylinder pressure and temperature. Air excess coefficient increases the rate by 9.3-10.4%, but exhaust gas temperature decreases the rate by 4.8-5.5% when using ethanol and diethyl ether blends. Although ethanol blend causes a decrement of 1.4% in engine power, reductions in engine power are between 0.3% and 1.1% for diethyl ether blends. Both ethanol and diethyl ether blends yield increments the rate by 14.7-17.2% in brake thermal efficiency and a reduction of 8.5% in brake specific fuel consumption. The reductions were obtained the rate by 6.8-18.2% for NOx and 10.3-13.8% for CO2 emissions, when using the blended fuels. Ethanol and diethyl ether blends cause the increments the rate by 5-12.5% for HC emission, while CO emission fluctuates depending on the engine load.
AtıfWoS5İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2017MUSHROOM MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Kiliç, Taskin; Olgun, Hatun
The concept of Mushroom Management has been involved in the management science in recent years and is named after the metaphor of raising mushrooms. Just as mushrooms are fertilized, left in the dark and cultivated in a short time; mushroom managers also provide the necessary business resources to employees, however, they do not share the policies, revenues of the organization and business risks with them. The objective of study is to embrace and examine the concept of mushroom management theoretically, develop an assessment instrument for determining this perception and bring the concept and the scale in the Turkish literature. The theoretical part was formed by using the limited number of studies in literature. Field study was conducted by applying a questionnaire to 200 employees at a private health institution in the province of Trabzon with the help of an 8 point Likert scale, which was developed for measuring the concept of mushroom management. The acquired data were analyzed by using the SPSS and LISREL softwares. It was determined that study participants had moderate level of mushroom management perception. 58% of employees who participated in the study stated that the management did not establish a direct communication with junior employees and share all the information about the organization. On the other hand, a Turkish scale of eight items measuring the mushroom management perception was developed within the scope of this study. Besides, as mushroom management contains total opposite applications of open, democratic, participative and transparent management applications; it is perceived as a negative approach. However, it might turn into a useful means for managers in some cases (like preventing chaos, preserving the organization's confidentiality) in practice.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023The Culture of Living on Screen and the Audience-Human as Screenshot
Demir, Sertac Timur
This paper asserts the idea that everyday life is screened while screens are humanised. As a matter of fact, the screens, which once consisted of detached mechanisms limited to certain places and positioned in front of the audience, at this point, surround the spaces and people. Televisions, mobile phones, tablets, laptops, desktop computers, automobile screens, smart technologies, and flashing billboards are reshaping the connections of modern individuals with the space they live in, the time they feel, the relationships they develop, and their own beings. So much so that the screens that are connected to almost all devices and organize daily life entirely cease to be a platform for viewing images and turn into a kind of spectator's eye. In this regulation, the modern human performs many vital acts from working to having fun, from learning to experiencing, from adapting to resisting not through the screen as it once was, but now as the screen. This screen culture, which basically imitates and perhaps targets the eye, has become one of the norms of digital life. The theoretical framework of this research, which tries to see both the premises of the rapid transformation in question and to trace the ambiguous course, consists of the works of pioneering thinkers such as Gunther Anders, Jean Baudrillard and Byung-Chul Han. For this purpose, in this qualitative study, sociological film analysis is carried out through the episode of Fifteen Million Merits (2011) of the series Black Mirror, one of the Sci-Fi examples that have become very popular in recent years. This episode is notable in terms both of embodying and of nurturing discussions about the screen society.
- DerlemeYayıncıda açık erişim2019Scopus SJRQ3The expedition of Egypt, Alexandria and the Ottoman The other history
Yilmaz, Ozgur
AtıfWoS1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2024The Effect of Servant Leadership on Work Engagement: The Mediating Role of Person-Organization Fit
Kenek, Gokhan
This study aimed to explore the relationship between servant leadership and work engagement and investigate the mediating role of personorganization fit in this relationship. The research was conducted in July 2023 on blue-collar employees in the glass industry in the Marmara Region. A total of 266 employees participated in the survey. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted using the MPLUS7 package program, and hypotheses were tested using the SPSS26 program. The results of the analyses indicated that servant leadership positively influences person-organization fit and work engagement. Additionally, it was found that person-organization fit increases work engagement. Furthermore, it was revealed that person-organization fit partially mediates the effect of servant leadership on work engagement.
AtıfOpenAlex1İncele - Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2020SOME LITTLE-KNOWN ASPECTS OF OTTOMAN WAQFS AND THEIR FUNCTION IN SOCIAL WELFARE ECONOMY
Karademir, Aysenur
The expression of for the benefit of society or, ibadullahin terfihi ahvalleri which appeared in the court registers was a brief but nevertheless powerful summary of Ottoman economic and social perceptions. The Ottomans genuinely believed in this principle and, their whole social and economic life revolved around it. In this way, while they maintained the balance between rich and poor in social life, they benefited from Islamic pious foundations, waqfs, as a tool for delivering social projects. From education to health, the waqf institution provided all the services for the public, obviously supported by the Ottoman sultans. They built hospitals, soup-kitchens, universities and many other buildings, hayrat, under the management of waqfs, and they encouraged their families and government officials to do the same. Although the hayrat was the visual representation of the institution, waqf meant much more than just a building in the Ottoman economic and social understanding. In this chapter, I dig a bit deeper and, analyse some little-known aspects of Ottoman waqfs, specifically the waqfs of the state officials, referred to in the literature as sultanic and vizirate waqfs. The purpose of this study is to set out details from works which have analysed original archival sources and, to present a wide perspective on Ottoman waqf practice.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019Scopus SJRQ2Effect of nano materials additives on fuel properties and combustion characteristics
Sezer, Ismet
This study compiled the results of various researches performed on using nanomaterials additives in diesel engine fuels such as diesel, biodiesel, water emulsified fuels and various fuel blends. Three different techniques are used the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of the diesel engine. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions is improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time consuming. The second technique is the using various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The other technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engine are oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to reduce the emissions and increase the engine performance is the use of nano material additives and water emulsified fuels. The effects on fuel properties and combustion characteristics of different nano material additives in various diesel engine fuels are investigated in this review.
AtıfWoS14OpenAlex6İncele
