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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/14213
  Effects of mandatory schooling expansion on upward educational mobility among women in Türkiye

  De, Prabal K.; Tümay, Muhammed

  Using data from the Turkish Demographic Health Survey and a Regression Discontinuity Design, we estimate the effects of an exogenous increase in mandatory schooling on educational mobility among women in Türkiye. Our findings indicate that compulsory schooling may increase upward educational mobility where women attend education levels higher than their parents, particularly mothers. Additionally, we find such effects not only for the level at which schooling became compulsory but also at higher levels, showing a magnification of the initial impact.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/19568
  Air pollution and premature deaths: A panel analysis of PM2.5 effects in Europe

  Tümay, Muhammed

  This research investigates air pollution's health and economic implications, focusing on the effect of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on premature death in the European Union (EU)-27 countries from 2007 to 2019. It employs a robust fixed-effect (FE) panel regression to analyze the data. The study considers various economic and demographic factors, including healthcare expenditure as a percentage of GDP, income distribution, healthy life expectancy at age 65, fertility rates, and total deaths. The analysis reveals that a 1% increase in PM2.5 causes a significant 1.9% rise in premature deaths. These findings urge policymakers to limit air pollution and its destructive impact on public health. The results highlight the need to integrate environmental health interventions into economic policies to protect and improve population well-being. It also adds to the existing economic literature on environmental degradation and its impact on health.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/20100
  Empowering Education: Addressing Vaccination Hesitancy in The Covid-19 Era

  Tümay, Muhammed

  The COVID-19 pandemic started in 2019 with the emergence of a new coronavirus and has greatly affected societies worldwide. It has led to an increase in mortality rates, disturbed pre-existing health conditions, disrupted educational systems, and reduced global workforce productivity and production. The scientific community has expedited vaccine development to combat the pandemic. However, the emergence of various vaccines has paradoxically resulted in a decline in public confidence, contributing to anti-vaccine sentiments. This study explores the pivotal role of education in fortifying vaccination rates and seeks to identify effective strategies to address hesitancy and strengthen public health measures. This research uses the two-stage least squares (2SLS) methodology to analyze the “Learning Loss Covid-19” cross-sectional dataset, which the World Bank published on January 4, 2023. The investigation focuses on the relationship between “Vaccination rate (per person)” and “Year of Education” across 41 countries. The empirical findings show that education has a significant impact on vaccination rates. An increase of one year in educational attainment leads to an approximate 14% increase in doses administered per person and a substantial 23% surge in the average dosage across nations. Therefore, education plays a crucial role in fortifying and elevating vaccination rates, demonstrating its significance as a potent tool in global public health endeavours.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2024/r/gumushane/14313
  Education and reproductive health: evidence from schooling expansion in Turkey

  De, Prabal K.; Tümay, Muhammed

  We investigate the role of additional years of schooling mandated by a compulsory schooling expansion law in affecting reproductive preferences and safe reproductive health behaviors in Turkey—a middle-to-high-income country with gender inequity in education but overall high levels of safe reproductive health practices at the time of passing the law. Using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design, we find that the additional schooling improved several health behaviors. However, the effects on some outcomes commonly analyzed in the existing literature, such as contraceptive use or fertility, were either weak or insignificant. Overall, our findings complement the current literature on the marginal health benefits of schooling expansion and suggest that policymakers consider the institutional and cultural factors while evaluating the scope and potential non-educational benefits of such expansions.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2023/r/gumushane/12633
  Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with recovered paper consumption, human development index, urbanization, and forest footprint

  Aydin, M.; Koc, P.; Tumay, M.

  The aim of this study, which covers the period from 1991 to 2017, is to analyze the relationships between recovered paper consumption, human development index, urbanization rate, and forest footprint in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the 10 countries that consume the most recovered paper. Considering that wood is the raw material of paper, the study investigates whether the increase in the consumption of recovered paper has a positive effect on the forest footprint. Therefore, unlike other studies, the dependent variable of the EKC model is the forest footprint. The study is original in that it is the first to analyze the effects of recovered paper consumption on environmental degradation in the context of the EKC hypothesis. To analyze the relationships between the variables, we use panel cointegration tests based on AMG and CCE estimators, which allow analysis on both a country and group basis. According to the results, the EKC hypothesis is valid only in the Netherlands. While there is a statistically significant and negative relationship between recovered paper consumption and forest footprint in the Netherlands, there is a statistically significant and negative relationship between urbanization and forest footprint in Italy. Economic and ecological benefits and costs must be considered to measure the net benefit of waste management programs. In addition, to analyze how environmental impacts change over time, ecological footprint and gas emissions during waste generation or disposal should be measured similarly to carbon emissions.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/12592
  The Effect of Foreign Aid and Governance on Economic Growth; [Dış Yardım ve Yönetişimin Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri]

  Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Tümay, Muhammed

  Foreign aid is essential in meeting the capital needs of countries that need more resources. However, in the literature, besides the view that foreign aid encourages economic performance, opinions suggest that it has adverse effects on recipient countries. Some ideas argue that the positive impact of foreign aid in recipient countries depends on the institutional quality level of the nations. We examine the relationships between foreign aid, the quality of governance, and economic growth using the dynamic panel data analysis method. The empirical analysis includes samples of 78 low-income countries that used foreign aid from 2000-2019. According to the findings, foreign aid affects economic growth negatively in sample countries. In addition, we find a positive relationship between the quality of governance and economic growth. In line with these findings, we can state that improvements in governance quality will positively impact economic development in the sample nations.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/17418
  Mali Yerelleşmenin İnsani Gelişme Endeksi ve Bileşenleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Çalışması

  Tümay, Muhammed

  Son yıllarda dünya çapındaki çoğu ülke, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler ve geçiş\rülkeleri, yönetim yapılarında ademi merkeziyetçiliği (yerelleşme) uygulamışlardır.\rYerelleşmenin temel amacı, yerel yönetimin yerel ihtiyaçları ve tercihleri topluluklarına\rdaha doğru bir şekilde sunabileceği fikridir. Bununla birlikte, bazı araştırmacılar ademi\rmerkeziyetçiliğin sınırlamaları olduğunu iddia etmekte ve optimal bir mali yerelleşmenin\rboyutuna işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, mali yerelleşmenin insani gelişme endeksi ve\rbileşenleri üzerindeki etkisini 2000-2010 dönemi arasında 49 ülkeden panel verileri\rkullanarak incelemektedir. Sağlam En Küçük Kareler ve Sabit Etki yöntemlerini kullanan\rsonuçlar, mali yerelleşmenin gelir ölçüsünün insani gelişme endeksi üzerinde önemli ve\rolumlu bir etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca sonuçlar, mali yerelleşme derecesi bir\reşiği aştığında bu etkinin doğrusal olmadığını ve olumsuz etkilerin olduğunu\rgöstermektedir.\r

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