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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/12242
  Do environmental taxes improve environmental sustainability beyond net-zero emissions? Evidence from ecological footprint subcomponents in the EU

  Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Cay Cakir, Sümeyra; Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Artan, Seyfettin; Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Keşap, Doğan

  Environmental degradation has manifested in various forms, including air and water pollution. Therefore, the impacts of environmental policies should be evaluated across all dimensions of environmental degradation. The European Union has targeted to stop CO2 emissions by 2050. Accordingly, the literature has predominantly focused on the relationship between environmental taxation and CO₂ emissions. Even if the net-zero emissions target is achieved, this does not necessarily ensure the elimination of overall environmental degradation. This study investigates the impact of environmental taxation on environmental degradation in the European Union over the period 1995–2021 using the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) estimator. The study focuses on the impact of environmental tax on ecological footprint and its subcomponents. The findings show that the ecological footprint and its subcomponents, except for built-up land and forest product footprints, can be mitigated by current environmental tax policies. However, in order to achieve net-zero environmental degradation, the European Union must reduce pressures arising from built-up land and forest product footprints. In addition to the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) estimator, the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimator is employed as a robustness check, and the results remain broadly consistent across both methods. Moreover, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test states that strong and bidirectional causal relationships between environmental tax and ecological footprint components. This overall result confirms the existence of a green dividend within the double dividend hypothesis. It is suggested that renewable energy plants should be constructed in areas where built-up land and forest products footprint are not affected. For example, floating solar panels do not use land and also protect water bodies from evaporation.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/12185
  Tourism in a Warming World: Climate Change and Inbound Expenditure in Leading Tourism Economies

  Kömürcüoğlu, Ömer Faruk; Kömürcüoğlu, Elif Duygu; Hayaloğlu, Pınar

  Climate change is a global risk reshaping tourism through destination attractiveness, service continuity, and travel risk perception. Yet tourism research has largely focused on traditional determinants such as income, price competition, and global integration, while multidimensional evidence on climate impacts remains limited. This study examines the link between climate change and tourism inbound expenditure in 12 leading tourism economies over 2004–2019. Climate change is measured using a PCA-based index combining per capita CO2 emissions with temperature and precipitation volatility. This approach captures both average climate conditions and fluctuations in the climate regime. MMQR is employed to account for heterogeneous effects, with economic size, exchange rate, and globalization included as controls. Results show that increases in the climate change index significantly reduce tourism inbound expenditure. Robustness is confirmed by PCSE and FGLS estimators, while causal linkages are assessed using the HPJ test. By showing that multidimensional climate pressure constrains the expenditure performance of major tourism economies, the study extends the application of destination resilience theory to a macroeconomic setting. It also highlights the need to integrate climate adaptation, resilient infrastructure, and ecosystem protection into sustainable tourism planning.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/10646
  Revealing the environmental influences of energy, transport, and pollution taxes on different transportation modes

  Artan, Seyfettin; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Hayaloglu, Pinar; Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoglu, Mursit; Cay Cakir, Sumeyra

  The need for transportation is increasing with the effect of globalization in the developing economic system. The transportation sector, which is essential for economic development, may pose some threats to a sustainable environment. Although European countries have achieved various successes in reducing carbon emissions, they are struggling to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transportation. To overcome this difficulty, European countries are using various policy instruments such as environmental taxes. In this context, this study investigated the impact of disaggregated environmental taxes (pollution, energy, and transport), structural change, and institutional quality on transport-related carbon emissions (water, air, and road transport) in 24 European countries over the period 2008-2022. To this end, the study uses the novel half-panel jackknife estimation and the bias-corrected method of moments. The results indicate that there is no long-term relationship between environmental taxes and water transportation-related CO2 emissions. In contrast, structural changes and pollution taxes are effective in reducing road and air transport-related CO2 emissions. These results suggest that European countries should focus on reducing CO2 emissions through effective pollution taxes and encourage carbon taxes instead of energy and transport taxes, thereby supporting the European Green Deal's goal of becoming the first climate-neutral continent.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/13936
  Institutional Structure and Environmental Pollution: An Application within the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

  Hayaloglu, Pınar; Recepoglu, Murşit; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  The EKC hypothesis explains the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, criticisms of its fundamental assumptions suggest that this relationship should be examined more comprehensively. While the EKC hypothesis addresses the link between income levels and environmental quality, it may overlook the impact of institutional structures and policy factors. In this context, recent studies increasingly highlight the role of institutional structures in environmental degradation. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of environmental sustainability by approaching the EKC hypothesis from the perspective of institutional quality. To determine the effects of institutional quality on environmental degradation, the study employs the Driscoll-Kraay estimation method. The analysis is conducted on a sample of SADC countries for the period 1990-2021. The findings indicate that institutional quality has a statistically significant and positive effect on environmental degradation; however, beyond a certain threshold, this effect reverses. Additionally, the impact of economic growth on environmental degradation is examined within the EKC framework, revealing that while per capita income initially increases environmental degradation, exceeding a certain income level leads to improvements in environmental quality. The findings confirm the validity of the EKC hypothesis in SADC countries and suggest that strong institutional structures can play a supportive role in promoting environmental sustainability.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/11710
  Ecological footprint components and agricultural productivity: Insights from MENA countries

  Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Cakir, Sümeyra Cay; Artan, Seyfettin; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  The surge in the global population over the past century has highlighted the importance of agricultural production, leading to many studies to boost productivity. Unlike previous studies that primarily explore agricultural productivity growth, this study investigates how the subcomponents of the ecological footprint affect agricultural productivity in MENA countries between 1992 and 2021, identifying which types of environmental pollution have the most significant impact. Driscoll and Kraay (1998) method results show that ecological footprint has a major negative impact on agricultural productivity. Similarly, all ecological footprint components have a negative impact on agricultural productivity. The forest footprint has the highest coefficient magnitude, followed by crop land footprint, carbon footprint, fishing grounds footprint and grazing land footprint. The results have been tested for robustness using the Half-Panel Jackknife test to avoid biased results, and parallel results have been obtained. Finally, the causality between agricultural productivity and explanatory variables has been tested using Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test. The findings suggest that policymakers may find it more effective to eliminate pollution rather than using additional resources to increase agricultural productivity. This approach allows for the reallocation of resources used in agricultural production to other areas.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/10312
  Does structural change matter for sustainable development in newly industrialized countries? Fresh evidence from a new sustainability indicator

  Artan, Seyfettin; Erdogan, Sinan; Recepoglu, Muersit; Çakir, Suemeyra cay; Hayaloglu, Pinar; Çakir, Mehmet Ali

  The economic gap between developed and developing economies has been diminishing due to the recent rapid economic growth performance of developing economies. While achieving this swift growth level, developing economies have structurally transformed their economies. However, the impact of this structural change on environmental sustainability remains unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on the impacts of structural change, energy structure, and economic growth on the load capacity factor, a comprehensive sustainability indicator, in newly industrialized countries during 2000-2020. To this end, second-generation panel data techniques, which account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, are used to provide more robust and reliable estimates. The results show that economic growth, structural change, and fossil energy utilization decrease the load capacity factor while renewable energy utilization increases it. These findings underscore the need for energy efficiency and resource-conscious policies that align with environmental sustainability while promoting economic growth, highlighting their crucial role in the future of sustainable development.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/19962
  Petrol Fiyatları, Döviz Kuru ve İhracat Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Araştırma: Rusya, Azerbaycan ve Endonezya Örneği

  Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  1970’lerdeki petrol krizinden sonra, petrol fiyatlarının ekonomi üzerine etkileri konusundaki tartışmalar hız kazandı. Petrol tükenebilir bir enerji kaynağı olmasının yanında ortaya çıkardığı çevre kirliliği birçok gelişmiş ülkeyi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yöneltmiştir. Ayrıca Petrol fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmalar ve dışa bağımlılığı arttırması ülke ekonomileri için istikrar bozucu etkiler doğurmaktadır. Bütün bunlar petrol rezervi bulunan ve ekonomileri büyük ölçüde petrol sanayiine bağlı olan ülkeler için tehdit unsuru oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada toplam petrol üretimi ve tüketimi Avrupa’dan daha fazla olan ve önceki çalışmalarda genellikle fazla odaklanmayan Rusya, Azerbaycan ve Endonezya’da petrol fiyatları, ihracat ve döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemiştir. Panel nedensellik testlerinin kullanıldığı çalışma 1996-2021 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Analiz sonuçları ilgili ülkelerde petrol fiyatlarından ihracat ve döviz kuruna tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ihracattan döviz kuruna doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu tespit edilmiştir.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/16594
  Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Economic Performance in Developing Countries

  Hayaloglu, Pinar

  Although official development assistance presents a solution for developing countries to overcome the lack of capital, there is no consensus in the literature on the effectiveness of foreign aid. Moreover, opinions claiming that aid can only affect growth positively under certain conditions see institutional quality as an essential aspect that boosts the positive impact of aid. This study examines the relationships between foreign aid, institutional structure, and economic performance for 80 countries in Europe, America, Africa, and Asia. It is found that official development assistance and the quality of institutional structure in the sample countries affect economic growth positively. It also provides some suggestive evidence showing that foreign aid has a positive effect on the institutional structure.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/12592
  The Effect of Foreign Aid and Governance on Economic Growth; [Dış Yardım ve Yönetişimin Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri]

  Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Tümay, Muhammed

  Foreign aid is essential in meeting the capital needs of countries that need more resources. However, in the literature, besides the view that foreign aid encourages economic performance, opinions suggest that it has adverse effects on recipient countries. Some ideas argue that the positive impact of foreign aid in recipient countries depends on the institutional quality level of the nations. We examine the relationships between foreign aid, the quality of governance, and economic growth using the dynamic panel data analysis method. The empirical analysis includes samples of 78 low-income countries that used foreign aid from 2000-2019. According to the findings, foreign aid affects economic growth negatively in sample countries. In addition, we find a positive relationship between the quality of governance and economic growth. In line with these findings, we can state that improvements in governance quality will positively impact economic development in the sample nations.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2023/r/gumushane/11627
  Economic and Institutional Determinants of Corruption: The Case of Developed and Developing Countries

  Acaravci, Ali; Artan, Seyfettin; Hayaloglu, Pinar; Erdogan, Sinan

  Since ancient times, corruption has been one of the essential topics for economists and politicians. Moreover, it is a concern for both developed and developing countries and a significant obstacle to economic development. The primary objective of this paper is to examine the relationships between corruption, economic growth, internet use, and quality of governance alongside other institutional and economic variables in 65 developed and developing countries for the period 1999–2016 by using dynamic panel data methods performing well under cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results can be summarized as follows. The augmented mean group (AMG) results indicate statistically significant relationships between corruption, economic growth, internet use, quality of government, and democracy. Also, we find that an increase in economic growth and quality of governance contribute to reducing corruption in these 65 developed and developing countries. In contrast, an increase in internet use and democracy level raises corruption. The policy implications of the empirical estimations are also discussed in the paper.

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