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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/12242
  Do environmental taxes improve environmental sustainability beyond net-zero emissions? Evidence from ecological footprint subcomponents in the EU

  Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Cay Cakir, Sümeyra; Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Artan, Seyfettin; Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Keşap, Doğan

  Environmental degradation has manifested in various forms, including air and water pollution. Therefore, the impacts of environmental policies should be evaluated across all dimensions of environmental degradation. The European Union has targeted to stop CO2 emissions by 2050. Accordingly, the literature has predominantly focused on the relationship between environmental taxation and CO₂ emissions. Even if the net-zero emissions target is achieved, this does not necessarily ensure the elimination of overall environmental degradation. This study investigates the impact of environmental taxation on environmental degradation in the European Union over the period 1995–2021 using the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) estimator. The study focuses on the impact of environmental tax on ecological footprint and its subcomponents. The findings show that the ecological footprint and its subcomponents, except for built-up land and forest product footprints, can be mitigated by current environmental tax policies. However, in order to achieve net-zero environmental degradation, the European Union must reduce pressures arising from built-up land and forest product footprints. In addition to the Driscoll-Kraay (1998) estimator, the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimator is employed as a robustness check, and the results remain broadly consistent across both methods. Moreover, Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) causality test states that strong and bidirectional causal relationships between environmental tax and ecological footprint components. This overall result confirms the existence of a green dividend within the double dividend hypothesis. It is suggested that renewable energy plants should be constructed in areas where built-up land and forest products footprint are not affected. For example, floating solar panels do not use land and also protect water bodies from evaporation.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/10646
  Revealing the environmental influences of energy, transport, and pollution taxes on different transportation modes

  Artan, Seyfettin; Pata, Ugur Korkut; Hayaloglu, Pinar; Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoglu, Mursit; Cay Cakir, Sumeyra

  The need for transportation is increasing with the effect of globalization in the developing economic system. The transportation sector, which is essential for economic development, may pose some threats to a sustainable environment. Although European countries have achieved various successes in reducing carbon emissions, they are struggling to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transportation. To overcome this difficulty, European countries are using various policy instruments such as environmental taxes. In this context, this study investigated the impact of disaggregated environmental taxes (pollution, energy, and transport), structural change, and institutional quality on transport-related carbon emissions (water, air, and road transport) in 24 European countries over the period 2008-2022. To this end, the study uses the novel half-panel jackknife estimation and the bias-corrected method of moments. The results indicate that there is no long-term relationship between environmental taxes and water transportation-related CO2 emissions. In contrast, structural changes and pollution taxes are effective in reducing road and air transport-related CO2 emissions. These results suggest that European countries should focus on reducing CO2 emissions through effective pollution taxes and encourage carbon taxes instead of energy and transport taxes, thereby supporting the European Green Deal's goal of becoming the first climate-neutral continent.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10568
  The effects of sub-components of economic freedom on load capacity factor: Empirical analysis for MENA countries

  Senturk, Nazli Keyifli; Bayraktar, Yuksel; Recepoglu, Mursit; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel

  This study investigates the effects of economic freedom sub-components on load capacity factor (LCF) in 12 MENA countries for 2017-2022. The 12 sub-components of the economic freedom index were used as independent variables, and the load capacity factor was used as the dependent variable. In the study, four-panel data models were created using the subcomponents of the economic freedom index, and a two-stage System-GMM was used. According to the study, while property rights reduce the load capacity factor, Judicial Effectiveness increases it. The effect of Government Integrity on the load capacity factor is statistically insignificant. While Government spending negatively affects the load capacity factor, Tax Burden and Fiscal Health are statistically insignificant. Business freedom affects the load capacity factor positively, but monetary freedom affects it negatively. Labour freedom is statistically insignificant. On the other hand, trade freedom and investment freedom have a positive impact on the load capacity factor, while financial freedom has a negative effect.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/13936
  Institutional Structure and Environmental Pollution: An Application within the Framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

  Hayaloglu, Pınar; Recepoglu, Murşit; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  The EKC hypothesis explains the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation. However, criticisms of its fundamental assumptions suggest that this relationship should be examined more comprehensively. While the EKC hypothesis addresses the link between income levels and environmental quality, it may overlook the impact of institutional structures and policy factors. In this context, recent studies increasingly highlight the role of institutional structures in environmental degradation. Accordingly, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of environmental sustainability by approaching the EKC hypothesis from the perspective of institutional quality. To determine the effects of institutional quality on environmental degradation, the study employs the Driscoll-Kraay estimation method. The analysis is conducted on a sample of SADC countries for the period 1990-2021. The findings indicate that institutional quality has a statistically significant and positive effect on environmental degradation; however, beyond a certain threshold, this effect reverses. Additionally, the impact of economic growth on environmental degradation is examined within the EKC framework, revealing that while per capita income initially increases environmental degradation, exceeding a certain income level leads to improvements in environmental quality. The findings confirm the validity of the EKC hypothesis in SADC countries and suggest that strong institutional structures can play a supportive role in promoting environmental sustainability.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/11715
  Ecological effects of energy use and tourism-induced transport modes among coastline Mediterranean countries

  Cakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Alola, Uju Violet; Alola, Andrew Adewale

  Purpose: Motivated by the criticality of transportations system in tourism activities, this study further uncovers the effect of the main transportation modes arising from inbound tourism activities on the ecological footprint across the panel of selected coastline Mediterranean countries (CMC). Design/methodology/approach: The study considers a suitable econometric approach for the case of CMC with the dataset that covers the period 1998–2022. Findings: While the result reveals that all the modes of transportation except air deteriorate environmental sustainability by increasing ecological footprint in the long run, higher impact of environmental woe is associated with the land transportation. Similarly, the findings further show that economic expansion and conventional energy utilization in the examined panel and in each country spurs ecological footprint, thus worsening environmental quality. Meanwhile, for the country-specific observations, ecological footprint is (1) mitigated by tourism activities associated with air, water and land transports in Spain, (2) triggered by tourism activities associated with land transport in Croatia and (3) spurred by land transport in Italy. Originality/value: Policy inference from these results suggests the need to scale up the adoption of a low-emission transportation system in the countries.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/11710
  Ecological footprint components and agricultural productivity: Insights from MENA countries

  Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Cakir, Sümeyra Cay; Artan, Seyfettin; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  The surge in the global population over the past century has highlighted the importance of agricultural production, leading to many studies to boost productivity. Unlike previous studies that primarily explore agricultural productivity growth, this study investigates how the subcomponents of the ecological footprint affect agricultural productivity in MENA countries between 1992 and 2021, identifying which types of environmental pollution have the most significant impact. Driscoll and Kraay (1998) method results show that ecological footprint has a major negative impact on agricultural productivity. Similarly, all ecological footprint components have a negative impact on agricultural productivity. The forest footprint has the highest coefficient magnitude, followed by crop land footprint, carbon footprint, fishing grounds footprint and grazing land footprint. The results have been tested for robustness using the Half-Panel Jackknife test to avoid biased results, and parallel results have been obtained. Finally, the causality between agricultural productivity and explanatory variables has been tested using Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) panel causality test. The findings suggest that policymakers may find it more effective to eliminate pollution rather than using additional resources to increase agricultural productivity. This approach allows for the reallocation of resources used in agricultural production to other areas.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/10312
  Does structural change matter for sustainable development in newly industrialized countries? Fresh evidence from a new sustainability indicator

  Artan, Seyfettin; Erdogan, Sinan; Recepoglu, Muersit; Çakir, Suemeyra cay; Hayaloglu, Pinar; Çakir, Mehmet Ali

  The economic gap between developed and developing economies has been diminishing due to the recent rapid economic growth performance of developing economies. While achieving this swift growth level, developing economies have structurally transformed their economies. However, the impact of this structural change on environmental sustainability remains unclear. Therefore, this study focuses on the impacts of structural change, energy structure, and economic growth on the load capacity factor, a comprehensive sustainability indicator, in newly industrialized countries during 2000-2020. To this end, second-generation panel data techniques, which account for cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, are used to provide more robust and reliable estimates. The results show that economic growth, structural change, and fossil energy utilization decrease the load capacity factor while renewable energy utilization increases it. These findings underscore the need for energy efficiency and resource-conscious policies that align with environmental sustainability while promoting economic growth, highlighting their crucial role in the future of sustainable development.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/19962
  Petrol Fiyatları, Döviz Kuru ve İhracat Üzerine Ekonometrik Bir Araştırma: Rusya, Azerbaycan ve Endonezya Örneği

  Hayaloğlu, Pınar; Recepoğlu, Mürşit; Cakir, Mehmet Ali

  1970’lerdeki petrol krizinden sonra, petrol fiyatlarının ekonomi üzerine etkileri konusundaki tartışmalar hız kazandı. Petrol tükenebilir bir enerji kaynağı olmasının yanında ortaya çıkardığı çevre kirliliği birçok gelişmiş ülkeyi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yöneltmiştir. Ayrıca Petrol fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmalar ve dışa bağımlılığı arttırması ülke ekonomileri için istikrar bozucu etkiler doğurmaktadır. Bütün bunlar petrol rezervi bulunan ve ekonomileri büyük ölçüde petrol sanayiine bağlı olan ülkeler için tehdit unsuru oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada toplam petrol üretimi ve tüketimi Avrupa’dan daha fazla olan ve önceki çalışmalarda genellikle fazla odaklanmayan Rusya, Azerbaycan ve Endonezya’da petrol fiyatları, ihracat ve döviz kuru arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemiştir. Panel nedensellik testlerinin kullanıldığı çalışma 1996-2021 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Analiz sonuçları ilgili ülkelerde petrol fiyatlarından ihracat ve döviz kuruna tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, ihracattan döviz kuruna doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu tespit edilmiştir.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/10495
  Consequences of Information and Communication Technologies and Environmental Degradation on Health Expenditure

  Bayraktar, Yuksel; Aydin, Serdar; Çakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoglu, Mursit; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Buyukakin, Figen; Çakir, Sumeyra

  This study aims to examine how the subcomponents and overall measurement of ecological footprint, as well as the use of information and communication technologies, affect health expenditures. For this study, the sample group consisted of the top 25 countries with the highest ecological footprint for the period 2000 to 2021. System GMM estimation results demonstrate that economic growth and ecological footprint have a positive impact on health expenditures. Covid-19 dummy variables, have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. On the other hand, information and communication technologies has a statistically significant but negative effect on health expenditures. The estimation results show that the Covid-19 pandemic increased health expenditures. Looking at the effect of subcomponents of environmental degradation on health expenditures, all subcomponents have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. It is seen that the most effective variable is forest products. The variable that has almost the same impact as the footprint of forest products is the carbon footprint. Carbon footprint has significant and positive impact on health expenditures, followed by fishing grounds cropland, grazing land, built-up land. The results of the study indicate which forms of pollution should be given priority by policymakers in order to prevent an increase in health expenditure resulting from environmental degradation.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/gumushane/15925
  RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INVESTMENT INCENTIVES, PUBLIC INVESTMENT EXPENDITURES AND EXPORT: PANEL CAUSALITY ANALYSIS ON PROVINCES IN TURKEY

  Recepoglu, Mursit; Doganay, Muharrem Akin; Deger, Mustafa Kemal

  The state plays an essential role in the survival of companies under today's global competition conditions. Governments can, directly and indirectly, affect the competitiveness of firms through incentives and public investment expenditures. This study examines the relations between investment incentives, public investment expenditures and exports at the provincial level in Turkey. According to the panel causality analysis findings covering the period 2002-2017, there is a two-way causal relationship between investment incentives and exports. On the other hand, there is a one-way causality from exports to public investment expenditures. These results indicate the importance of the effects of incentives on exports in the short term. However, the absence of the expected export effects of public investments can be attributed to inefficiency in public investments.

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