Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yazarlar
- Alver, Ahmet(2)
- Demir, Selim(2)
- Mergen, Burak(2)
- Sert, Seda(2)
- Turan, Ibrahim(2)
- Yüksel, Duygu(2)
- Akaydin, Y(1)
- Akbulut, Cansu(1)
- Alemdar, Nihal Turkmen(1)
- Aliyazicioglu, Yuksel(1)
- Araca, Ceyhun(1)
- Arici, Ceyhun(1)
- Aslan, Ali(1)
- Atmaca, Hasan Tarik(1)
- Aykan, Ahmet Çaǧrl(1)
- Aşci, Halil(1)
- Başeğmez, Mehmet(1)
- Berber, Ahmet Ali(1)
- Bindal, Ahmet(1)
- Caliskan Atac, Damla(1)
- Canbolat, Deniz(1)
- Colak, Fatih(1)
- Coşkun, Ceyhun(1)
- Demir, Sefika Nur(1)
- Deniz, Gülşah Yıldız(1)
- Dincel, Gungor Cagdas(1)
- Doğan, Orhan Veli(1)
- Doğan, Süheyla(1)
- Doǧan, Orhan Veli(1)
- Duru, M(1)
- Ekmekci, Ozlem Balci(1)
- Ekmekçi, Ozlem Balca(1)
- Erel, Ozcan(1)
- Gergerlioglu, HS(1)
- Geyikoğlu, Fatime(1)
- Karadeniz, Tuba Betul(1)
- Karahan, Süleyman Caner(1)
- Kerimoglu, Gokcen(1)
- Koc, A(1)
- Koral, Özgür(1)
Yayınlar
- Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2026Microplastic Contamination in Amphibians and Reptiles: An Ecotoxicological Synthesis of Exposure, Mechanisms, and Risk Implications
Berber, Ahmet Ali; Akbulut, Cansu; Demir, Sefika Nur; Kurnaz, Muammer
Microplastic (MP) contamination has become a defining feature of twenty-first century environmental change, yet the toxicological and ecological consequences for amphibians and reptiles-two vertebrate classes already facing severe extinction pressures-remain fragmented across taxa, regions, and methodological traditions. Here, we synthesize field and experimental evidence from five continents to provide a taxonomically balanced, mechanistically grounded, and geographically explicit assessment of MP exposure, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in herpetofauna, drawing on a structured literature search in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed (January 2015-March 2026). Field detection rates of MPs in amphibian larvae range from 26% in conservatively screened Central European populations to 73-80% in anuran tadpoles from high-anthropogenic-pressure Anatolian catchments, with fibrous polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene (PP) particles dominating the detected burden. Mechanistic evidence converges on oxidative stress cascades, hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis disruption, gut and cutaneous microbiome dysbiosis, and compromised antiviral and antifungal immunity, with the latter potentially amplifying vulnerability to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and to ranavirus. Among reptiles, sea turtles display near-universal MP ingestion with documented maternal transfer to eggs; freshwater turtles, terrestrial squamates, and crocodilians remain critically understudied. Three structural asymmetries constrain current ecotoxicological risk characterization: taxonomic bias toward anurans and sea turtles, geographic bias toward the Global North, and experimental bias toward acute, supra-environmental laboratory exposures using pristine, single-polymer particles that fail to capture the chemical complexity of weathered field mixtures. We argue that MP burden may warrant consideration as a candidate stressor criterion within IUCN Red List assessments and within environmental risk assessment frameworks for freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity once a robust quantitative relationship between MP burden and demographic decline or population-level fitness has been established, and propose six hypothesis-driven research priorities: methodological standardization, reptile toxicokinetics, transgenerational epigenetics, MP-pathogen microbiome interactions and their translation into population viability models, temperature & times; MP interaction under climate warming, and population-genetic consequences of contemporary MP-driven selection, as the most tractable avenues for ecotoxicological progress and for the development of herpetofauna-specific risk characterization frameworks.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026In sepsis-associated cardiotoxicity, remifentanil reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis to maintain mitochondrial biogenesis by inhibiting NFkB and cas-3 immunoexpressions and enhancing SIRT1 upregulation
Tepebaşi, Muhammet Yusuf; Aşci, Halil; Selçuk, Esma; Uysal, Dinçer; Bindal, Ahmet; Yüksel, Duygu; Özmen, Özlem
Objective: Sepsis-induced cardiotoxicity (SIC) is a critical complication characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, leading to myocardial dysfunction. The short-acting opioid analgesic remifentanil (REMI) possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of REMI on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced SIC by examining inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. Materials and methods: Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+REMI, and REMI. Myocardial and aortic tissues were analyzed for histopathology, immunoexpression of Caspase-3 (Cas-3), nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Oxidative stress markers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were measured. Mitochondrial apoptosis-related gene expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), BCL2 Associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) was assessed. Results: LPS administration induced severe histopathological damage, increased oxidative stress (elevated TOS and OSI), and upregulated apoptotic (Cas-3, BAX/BCL-2 imbalance) and inflammatory (NF-κB, TNF-α) markers. REMI treatment significantly alleviated myocardial and aortic injury, reducing the histopathological score. It markedly decreased Cas-3, NF-κB, and TNF-α expression, lowered TOS and OSI levels, and modulated the BAX/BCL-2. Furthermore, REMI restored the expression of AMPK, SIRT1, and PGC-1α genes, indicating a protective effect on mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Conclusions: REMI exhibits significant cardioprotective effects in LPS-induced SIC by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis while preserving mitochondrial homeostasis.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025The Effect of Boric Acid on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Embryonic and Fetal Tissues Damage Caused by Consumption of High-Fructose Corn Syrup in Pregnant Rats
Başeğmez, Mehmet; Yüksel, Duygu
This study aimed to determine the protective role of boric acid in a pregnant rat model of high fructose corn syrup consumption. Consumption of high fructose corn syrup has been associated with adverse health outcomes in humans and animals. Twenty-eight healthy female Wistar albino rats (250–300 g weight and 16–24 weeks old) were randomly distributed into four equal groups (n = 7): Control, Boric acid (BA), High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), HFCS + BA. Boric acid (20 mg/kg) was administered to pregnant rats via oral gavage every day during pregnancy. The prepared 30% HFCS (F30) solution (24% fructose, 28% dextrose) was added to the drinking water throughout pregnancy. At the end of pregnancy (day 19), blood, placenta, uterus, and fetuses were collected from rats. The results indicated that HFCS increases oxidative stress by increasing the level of MDA and decreasing GSH, SOD, and CAT activity in the blood of maternal. However, BA administration significantly decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activity (p < 0.05). In addition, HFCS consumption significantly increased plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and leptin levels compared to control, BA, and HFCS + BA groups (p < 0.05). However, BA administration significantly decreased plasma TNF-α, IL-6, and leptin levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, BA (20 mg/kg) significantly decreased HFCS-induced histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations in the placenta, uterus, and fetal tissue. In conclusion, BA may prevent HFCS toxicity in maternal and fetal tissues, as it regulates oxidative imbalance in pregnant rat and alleviates histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. The findings indicate a need for further studies to assess the potential of boron in preventing or mitigating the effects of HFCS during pregnancy.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oxidative stress, and ischemia modified albumin: A cross-sectional study
Öztekin, Aynure; Öztekin, Coskun; Sahin, Humeyra Nursel; Karadeniz, Tuba Betul; Senel, Engin; Caliskan Atac, Damla; Savci, Unsal; Neselioglu, Salim; Erel, Ozcan
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by painful ulcers on the oral mucosa. Oxidative stress is held responsible for the pathogenesis of this disease of unknown etiology. In oxidative stress, the balance between oxidant-antioxidant substances changes in favor of the oxidative side. Ischaemia modified albumin (IMA) is a new type of albumin. It occurs as a result of factors such as ischemic attacks and oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to compare IMA levels in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis with healthy volunteers and to investigate whether IMA has a diagnostic value in the disease. This cross-sectional study included 32 patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis and 34 healthy volunteers of similar age and sex. Albumin and IMA levels were determined by spectrophotometric albumin cobalt binding assay in venous blood samples on the same day. IMA was expressed as absorbance unit. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine whether IMA values could be a diagnostic marker for prediction of disease. IMA values of the patient group were significantly higher than IMA values of the control group (P < .001). IMA was statistically significant in the prediction of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (P < .001). The discrimination power for IMA was very good (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 95% CI = 0.952 [0.897-1.000]). Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, in which oxidative stress plays a role in the etiopathogenesis, is closely associated with high IMA levels. IMA levels may have diagnostic value as an indicator of oxidative stress in the disease.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024The Effect of Conjunctiva-Müller Muscle Resection on Tear Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Blepharoptosis
Sert, Seda; Araca, Ceyhun; Mergen, Burak; Ekmekçi, Ozlem Balca
Objectives: To examine changes in tear oxidative stress levels and tear film functions in patients with blepharoptosis and dermatochalasis following conjunctiva-M & uuml;ller muscle resection (CMMR) and blepharoplasty surgeries. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 32 healthy controls and 62 patients with blepharoptosis or dermatochalasis. CMMR surgery was performed in 20 eyes and upper blepharoplasty was performed in 42 eyes. Tear oxidative stress markers (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG3 and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [4-HNE3) were quantified by enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay and tear film functions were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. The same assessments were performed in the control group at the same time points. Results: Preoperative tear 8-OHdG and 4-HNE levels were lower in healthy controls (52.8 +/- 13.5 ng/mL and 27.8 +/- 6.4 ng/mL, respectively) compared to patients with dermatochalasis (86.1 +/- 37.2 ng/mL and 29.8 +/- 11.1 ng/mL, respectively) and blepharoptosis (90.4 +/- 39.3 ng/mL and 43.1 +/- 4.2 ng/mL, respectively) (p<0.001). 8-OHdG levels were increased at 1 month after CMMR, while both markers were decreased 1 month postoperatively in the blepharoplasty group (p=0.034). Schirmer 1 and OSDI scores did not change throughout the visits in both patient groups, but a temporary decrease in tear break-up time (TBUT) was observed after CMMR (p=0.017). Conclusion: Dermatochalasis and blepharoptosis were associated with higher tear oxidative stress levels. CMMR surgery caused a temporary decrease in TBUT scores and an increase in oxidative stress in the first postoperative month.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Effect of Ptosis Surgery on Tear Oxidative Stress Levels in Patients with Blepharoptosis and Pseudoptosis
Sert, Seda; Arici, Ceyhun; Mergen, Burak; Ekmekci, Ozlem Balci
Objectives: Investigation of the surgical correction effect on tear film functions and tear oxidative stress levels in patients with blepharoptosis and pseudoptosis. Methods: Sixty patients with blepharoptosis or pseudoptosis due to dermatochalasis and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Forty eyes underwent upper blepharoplasty and 20 eyes underwent levator surgery. The tear oxidative stress levels (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [4-HNE]) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and tear film functions were evaluated pre-operatively and at the post-operative 1st and 6th months. Results: 8-OHdG and 4-HNE levels in tears were found higher in patients with dermatochalasis (86.3 +/- 38.2 ng/mL; 29.8 +/- 11.4 ng/mL, respectively) and blepharoptosis (95.3 +/- 43.8 ng/mL; 40.8 +/- 3.8 ng/mL, respectively) compared to healthy controls (52.9 +/- 14.0 ng/mL; 27.8 +/- 6.6 ng/mL, respectively). Both levels decreased 1 month after blepharoplasty surgery. The 8-OHdG level in tears of patients who underwent levator surgery increased 1 month after the surgery (p=0.008). No change was detected in tear function tests findings between visits in any patient group. Conclusion: Dermatochalasis and blepharoptosis may lead to an increase in the tear oxidative stress levels. Contrary to a decrease in these levels after blepharoplasty, they may increase in the early period after levator surgery followed by a return to normal levels at the 6th-month visit.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023An Investigation of the Protective Effect of Rhododendron luteum Extract on Cisplatin-Induced DNA Damage and Nephrotoxicity and Biochemical Parameters in Rats
Turan, Ibrahim; Canbolat, Deniz; Demir, Selim; Kerimoglu, Gokcen; Colak, Fatih; Alemdar, Nihal Turkmen; Mentese, Ahmet; Aliyazicioglu, Yuksel
The nephrotoxicity mechanisms caused by cisplatin (CP), which is used in the treatment of different types of cancer, include several processes, such as DNA damage, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study investigated the protective effects of Rhododendron luteum leaf extract (RLE) in a rat model of CP -induced nephrotoxicity. Dimethyl sulfoxide extract of RLE was prepared, and its contents were clarified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS -MS). Thirty female Wistar Albino rats were divided into five different groups and sacrificed on the seventh day. Biochemical and histopathological analyses were then performed. The presence of quercitrin, quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechic acid, isoquercitrin, and quercetin was detected in the RLE. While CP significantly increased the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis markers in the rat kidney tissue and blood samples, treatment with RLE significantly reversed the levels of these parameters in a dose-dependent manner. Total antioxidant status (TAS) values and glutathione (GSH) levels increased significantly in the serum samples from the treatment group compared to the CP group, while blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, oxidative stress index (OSI), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) values decreased significantly. GSH levels increased significantly in the treatment group compared to the CP group, while TNF-alpha, caspase-3 (Casp-3), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), OSI, TOS, MDA levels, and damage scores decreased significantly at histopathological examination. In conclusion, RLE exhibited strong protective effects against nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage caused by CP in rats.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2016Role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection
Dincel, Gungor Cagdas; Atmaca, Hasan Tarik
Oxidative stress (OS) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of common neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously shown that Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) induces high nitric oxide (NO) production, glial activation, and apoptosis that altogether cause severe neuropathology in toxoplasma encephalitis (TE). The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic effect of OS and to identify a correlation between the causes of T. gondii induced neuropathology. Expression levels of glutathione reductase (GR), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were investigated. Results of the study revealed that the levels of GR (P <0.005) and NSE (P <0.001) expression in the brain tissue markedly increased while SOD1 activity decreased (P <0.001) in the infected group compared to the non-infected group. In addition, intense staining for 8-OHdG (P <0.05) was observed both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells that underwent OS. These results were reasonable to suggest that T. gondii-mediated OS might play a pivotal role and a different type of role in the mechanism of neurodegeneration/neuropathology in the process of TE. The results also clearly indicated that increased levels of NO and apoptosis might contribute to OS-related pathogenesis of TE. As a result, OS and expression of NSE might give an idea of the disease progress and may have a critical diagnostic significance for patients with T. gondii infection.
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Systemic oxidant/antioxidant balance in human abdominal aortic aneurysm
Menteşe, Umit; Turan, Ibrahim; Usta, Sefer; Demir, Selim; Koral, Özgür; Öztaş Menteşe, Seda; Çavuşoǧlu, Ismail Gökhan; Karahan, Süleyman Caner; Alver, Ahmet; Doǧan, Orhan Veli
The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Forty-two consecutive patients with AAA and 46 control subjects were included. Total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were measured and the oxidative stress index (OSI) value determined. Serum TOS and OSI values in patients with AAA were higher than those in the controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). There was a positive correlation between abdominal aortic diameters, serum TOS levels (r=0.592, p<0.001) and OSI values (r=0.598, p<0.001). A cut-off value of 17.68 μmol H2O2 equivalent/L for TOS was associated with 86% sensitivity and 83% specificity and a cut-off value of 1.77 for OSI was associated with 86% sensitivity and 81% specificity for predicting AAA. Systemic oxidative imbalance develops in patients with AAA, particularly as a result of an increase in TOS.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2015Evaluation of oxidative stress balance in acute deep vein thrombosis; [Akut derin ven trombozunda oksidatif stres dengesinin değerlendirilmesi]
Menteşe, Ümit; Turan, İbrahim; Doğan, Süheyla; Sümer, Ayşegül; Coşkun, Ceyhun; Alver, Ahmet; Doğan, Orhan Veli; Menteşe, Seda Öztaş; Menteşe, Ahmet
Objective: The purpose of this study was to show the association between oxidative stress and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) by determining total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) values in patients with DVT and to take precautionary measures to balance oxidative status. Methods: TOS, TAS and OSI levels in serum from 52 individuals with DVT and 45 without DVT were compared. Results: TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher in patients with DVT compared with the control group (p<0.0001), but no difference was observed in TAS levels (p=0.118). The patient group was divided into two subgroups, idiopathic and secondary DVT. TOS and OSI levels were significantly higher patients with both idiopathic DVT and secondary DVT compared to the control group (p<0.0001). TAS levels were significantly higher in patients with idiopathic DVT than in the control group, but no difference was observed in the patients with secondary DVT. Conclusion: Specificity and sensitivity values obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve show that TOS and OSI are both markers that can be used in the diagnosis of DVT. Also, determination of oxidative stress markers may guide clinicians to take necessary precautions to balance oxidative stress in the patients.
- MakaleYalnız künye2014Effects of lichen extracts on haematological parameters of rats with experimental insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Çolak, Suat; Geyikoğlu, Fatime; Aslan, Ali; Deniz, Gülşah Yıldız
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world is steadily increasing. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of diabetic complications, including diabetic haematological changes. Lichens are used as food supplements and are also used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. We hypothesized that antioxidant activity of lichens may decrease hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and prevent the development of diabetic complications, including abnormality in haematological condition. Therefore, the effects of Cetraria islandica water extract (CIWE) and Pseudevernia furfuracea water extract (PFWE) on the haematological parameters of rats with type 1 DM were investigated for the first time in the present study. Control Sprague-Dawley or streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were either untreated or treated with water lichen extracts (5–500 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 2 weeks, starting at 72 h after STZ injection. On day 14, animals were anaesthetized and haematological and metabolic parameters were determined between control and experimental groups. In addition, the total oxidative stress (TOS), a specific indicator of oxidative stress, and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by biochemical studies. In diabetic rats, CIWE of 250–500 mg/kg bw dose showed more prominent results when compared with doses of PFWE for TAC. The results obtained in the present study suggested that the antioxidant activities of lichens might be the possible reason behind the observed antihaematological status. However, the protective effect of lichen extracts were inadequate on diabetes-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia. In addition, the extracts have no effect on metabolic complications. Our experimental data showed that high doses of CIWE and PFWE alone have no detrimental effect on blood cells and TOS status of plasma. Hence, they are safe and suitable for different administration routes.
- MakaleYalnız künye2005The protective role of erdosteine on testicular tissue after testicular torsion and detorsion
Koc, A; Narci, A; Duru, M; Gergerlioglu, HS; Akaydin, Y; Sogut, S
Testicular torsion and detorsion are important clinical problems for infertile man and oxidative stress may have a role in this clinical situation. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of erdosteine, an antioxidant, on unilateral testicular reperfusion injury in rats. The rats were divided into four groups including seven rats in each group: control, torsion, torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine. Rats, except the sham operation group, were subjected to left unilateral torsion (720 degrees rotation in the clockwise direction) without including the epididymis. The experiments were finished after sham operation time for control, 120 min torsion for torsion group and 120 min torsion and 240 min detorsion for torsion/detorsion groups. Bilateral orchiectomy was performed for all groups of rats. The ipsilateral and controlateral testis were divided into two pieces to analyse biochemical parameters and to investigate the light microscopic view. Malondialdehyde level of ipsilateral testis was increased in torsion and torsion/detorsion groups in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.05). Erdosteine treatment ameliorated lipid peroxidation after torsion/detorsion in ipsilateral testis (p < 0.05). Also, xanthine oxidase activity of ipsilateral testis was increased in torsion/detorsion group in comparison with the others (p < 0.05). Nitric oxide (NO) level of ipsilateral testis was higher in all experimental groups than sham operated control group (p < 0.05). Also, NO level of torsion group was increased in comparison with detorsion groups (p < 0.05). Erdosteine treatment caused increased glutathione peroxidase activity in comparison with torsion and torsion/detorsion groups and catalase activity in comparison with the other groups in ipsilateral testis (p < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity of ipsilateral testis was higher in torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine groups than control and torsion groups (p < 0.05). The biochemical parameters were not affected in controlateral testis in all groups. Torsion, torsion/detorsion and torsion/detorsion+erdosteine groups showed ipsilateral testicular damage in the histological examination, but the specimens from torsion/detorsion had a significantly greater histological injury than those from the other groups (p < 0.05). Control rats showed normal seminiferous tubule morphology. Rats in torsion group had slight-to-moderate disruption of the seminiferous epithelium. Rats in torsion/detorsion group displayed moderate-to-severe disruption of the seminiferous epithelium. In all animals from torsion/detorsion+erdosteine group, the testicular tissues were affected with slight-to-moderate degenerative changes of the seminiferous epithelium. Administration of erdosteine resulted in a significantly reduced histological damage associated with torsion of the spermatic cord compared with torsion/detorsion. In all groups, the contralateral testes were histologically normal. In conclusion, the results clearly displayed that erdosteine treatment may have a protective role on testicular torsion/detorsion injury.