Implications for Human Resources Management from Labour Force Participation Rates of Countries by Education Level

Labour force participation rates are a key indicator of economic structure, human capital development, and employment dynamics, with education level playing a crucial role in shaping workforce accessibility and productivity. This study examines the labour force participation rates across different education levels (basic, intermediate, high) in 34 European and surrounding countries between 2015 and 2023, aiming to provide strategic insights for human resources management (HRM). Using a quantitative approach, the study employs descriptive statistics and K-means clustering to analyse workforce segmentation, while Silhouette Scores assess the degree of convergence among countries over time. The findings indicate a significant decline in Labour force participation among individuals with lower education levels, particularly in countries such as Croatia and Latvia, whereas participation rates for highly educated individuals remain relatively stable. Additionally, clustering results suggest a gradual convergence in labour force dynamics, with certain countries shifting between clusters, reflecting structural shifts in workforce composition. These results highlight the need for targeted reskilling programs, flexible employment models, and education-driven labour policies to mitigate participation disparities. The study underscores the importance of international talent mobility, workforce digitalisation, and skill development initiatives in optimising HRM strategies. By providing an education-based labour market analysis, this research contributes to data-driven workforce planning and global HRM decision-making.