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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/16576
  Electricity in Ottoman Commercial Enterprises as a New Power Source

  Damlibag, Fatih

  Until the last quarter of 19th century, steam power was the only available source of power for commercial enterprises. But this power required large amounts of investment. This requirement limited the spread of mechanization. But the invention of electrical motors changed the situation. With its practical usage opportunities, electricity took attention of several commercial enterprises in the Ottoman Empire. According to former steam power, electricity provides both usage easiness and lesser cost opportunity to commercial enterprises. Thanks to electrical engines, relatively small businesses were also able to take decision of mechanization. In this article, there were shown examples from six sectors, who wanted to benefit from electricity in their activities. Entrepreneurs made investments in mining, logistics, jewelry, transportation, ginning and milling, for this new technology. With electricity investments, entrepreneurs wanted to reach seven advantages that there were communication possibility, safer working environment, energy efficiency, better lighting, easy utilization, reduced cost and increased productivity. As to the Ottoman government's approach to these entrepreneurs, the officials did not always eagerly meet their demands. Most of the custom officials were reluctant to accept electrical appliances into the country. But in the end, demands of entrepreneurs were mostly accepted by the government. For the control of these demands, the Ottoman Empire wanted both the purpose of each request and the person responsible for that request to be clearly determined.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/gumushane/17556
  Yurtdışında Elektrik Eğitimi Alan Osmanlılar

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Bu çalışma, Osmanlı döneminde elektrik işlerinde eğitim almak üzere,yurtdışına giden Osmanlı öğrencilerini araştırmak üzere kaleme alınmıştır.Osmanlı Devleti, yerel teknik eğitimdeki yetersizlikler sebebiyle, yurtdışınaelektrik eğitimi için gidenleri destekleyen bir tutum sergilemiştir. Bu çalışmadayabancı ülkelerde elektrik eğitimi görmek isteyen, 56 Osmanlı vatandaşı tespitedilmiştir. II. Abdülhamid (1876-1909) zamanında sınırlı sayıda öğrenci, Fransave Almanya’ya gönderilmiştir. II. Meşrutiyetin ilanı (1908) sonrası, yurtdışındaeğitim alan öğrenci sayısı artmıştır. Eğitim için tercih edilen ülkelerin listeside genişlemiş olup, İngiltere, Macaristan, İsviçre, İtalya, Belçika ve ABDde bu ülkelerin arasına katılmıştır. Yurtdışında eğitime gidenlerin bazılarıüniversitelerde teorik öğrenim görürken, bazıları da fabrika ve tersane gibipratik eğitim alacakları yerleri tercih etmişlerdir.

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• Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2020/r/gumushane/17749
  Spread of electricity in the ottoman empire

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Usage of electricity was rapidly increased in Europa, during the last quarter of 19thcentury. In this period, the Ottoman Empire met some different usage types of electricity. Electricity took firstly attention of Ottoman Navy in the country. Proper lighting would increase very much the power of navy. Cinema became the second level for the concept of electricity in the Ottoman Empire. Minister of Telegraph and Mail evaluated cinema. He claimed that this invention had an important economic potential. Health and medical devices was another field for electricity. But Abdülhamit II declared some reservations in this issue. He ordered the determination of some rules in this field, for security reason. With the beginning of 20th century, electricity got more accessible. For the purpose of lighting, many people demanded the usage of electric machines for themselves. The last use area of electricity was serving it to people as public service. Entrepreneurs wanted to make ventures in city’s lighting and public transportation.

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• Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2018/r/gumushane/18427
  Özel Girişimciliğin Başarısı Olarak Uşak Şeker Fabrikası

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Nuri Şeker Uşak Şeker Fabrikasını 1926’da kurdu. Pancardan Türk şekerini üretmeyi hedeflemişti. Böylece Türk halkının bu ihtiyacını kolayca sağlamak istemişti. Kendisi ayrıca fakir köylülere düzenli bir gelir kaynağı sağlamayı planlamıştı. Bir şirket kurdu ve fabrika için sermaye toplamaya başladı. Çekoslovak Skoda firması fabrikaya teknoloji sağladı. Açılıştan sonra, Uşak Şeker Fabrikası su sağlama ve zirai haşere sorunlarıyla karşılaştı. Nuri Şeker ayrıca yeni şeker pancarı ziraatını köylülere öğretmek zorundaydı. Bütün zorluklara karşı, fabrika çalışmaya başladı ve şeker üretimi sürekli artmaktaydı. Fakat Nuri Şeker finansal zorluklarla karşılaştı. Çünkü şeker üretimindeki tecrübe yılları fabrikanın borçlarını arttırdı. Bu borçların sonucunda, hükümet fabrikanın şirketini tasfiye etmeye karar verdi. Kamulaştırma 6 Ağustos 1931’de gerçekleştirildi. Tasfiye sürecinde halk hissedarlarının hakları ana tartışma noktası oldu. Sonunda, hükümet halk hissedarlarının hisselerinin tam karşılığını ödemeye karar verdi. Neticede, özel girişimcilerin bağlantıları Uşak Şeker Fabrikasından tamamen kopartıldı.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2018/r/gumushane/18382
  Sugar production investments in turkey during post 1929 economic crisis period

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  During the 1929 Economic Crisis, prices of agricultural products decreased muchmore than industrial products. Turkey, as an agricultural product exporter could not affordits importation under these new conditions. For the financial structure of Turkey, selfsufficiencywas seen as the most convenient solution. In this period, the Turkish governmentaimed at importing substitution in sugar production. But for achieving this, Turkey neededsome additional investments. For the capital needs of these investments, governmentprimarily evaluated foreign contribution. But Turkish banks provided necessary capital tosugar industry, with the leadership of İş Bankası. German and Czechoslovak contributionalso supplied machinery and technical assistance to Turkish sugar industry. Governmentdeeply investigated possible investment places, to reach the most appropriate conditions.At last, Turkey founded two new sugar factories with their own financial sources in 1933and 1934. Eskişehir Sugar Factory was the third factory in Turkey and Turhal Sugar Factorybecame fourth investment in this field. Government unified the whole sugar production ofTurkey in 1935, in order to reduce production costs. From this date, Turkey experienced rapidexpansion in both beet agriculture and sugar industry. In this article, the state centered sugarproduction investments were evaluated under the different financial conditions of the 1929Economic Crisis. For the time period, subject would be investigated up to the early 1940’s.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2018/r/gumushane/16647
  USAK SUGAR FACTORY AS A SUCCESS OF PRIVATE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

  Damlibag, Fatih

  Nuri Seker founded Usak Sugar Factory in 1926. He targeted to produce Turkish sugar from beet. Thus, he wanted to easily ensure this need of Turkish people. He also planned to provide a regular source of income to poor peasants. He established a company and began to collect capital for the factory. Czechoslovak Skoda firm provide technology to the factory. After inauguration, Usak Sugar Factory met water supply and agricultural pest problem. Nuri Seker also had to teach newly sugar beet cultivation to peasants. In contrary to all difficulties, factory started its operations and sugar production was steadily increased. But Nuri Seker faced with financial difficulties, because experience years in sugar production increased factory's debts. As a result of these debts, government decided to liquidate the factory's company. Nationalization was practiced on 6 August 1931. During the liquidation process, rights of public partners became main argument point. Later, government decided to pay face values of public partners' shares. Eventually, links of private entrepreneurs were totally severed from Usak Sugar Factory.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2017/r/gumushane/18633
  Development of beet sugar industries in the world and the example of alpullu sugar factory

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Andraeas Sigismond Marggraf discovered sugar from beet, instead of historically important cane. Although commercial potential; beet sugar did not attract attention of entrepreneurs for fifty years, up until to Napoleonic Wars. But later, due to the war and commerce difficulties, beet sugar production was rapidly spread in Continental Europe. After France, Germany and Austria, beet sugar crossed Atlantic and reached USA. From the middle of 19th century up to 1930's, competition in between beet and cane sugar continuously lasted. In this fierce competition, sometimes beet and sometimes cane became successful. As to Turkey, newly establishing sugar industry was founded over sugar beet, because of climatic and geographic conditions. Turkish government enacted supporting laws to promote new entrepreneurs to sugar industry. With encouraging attitude of government, Mehmet Şakir Kesebir and his friends founded a company to build and manage Alpullu Sugar Factory in 1925. Factory was established with German technology. Thracian peasants were educated for cultivation of sugar beet to supply raw material needs. This new but profitable agriculture type was quickly become popular among Thracian villagers. On the other hand, factory management tried to attain a strong place in local market. After ten years operation, factory was nationalized by establishment of Turkish Sugar Industries Incorporation.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2016/r/gumushane/18841
  Osmanlı Devleti'nde Şeker Üretimi (1840-1908)

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Historically only sugar source plant was sugar cane. For the Ottoman Empire, this situation did not also differ. Especially sugar cane cultivator southern provinces were main sugar providing areas of the Ottoman Empire. But with 17th century, strong American competition considerably diminished Ottoman sugar production. Hereafter, sugar became imported goods for Ottoman people. But invention of sugar extraction from beet took attention of many entrepreneurs to this sector. Primarily sugar had already great market in the Ottoman Empire. Moreover sugar beet cultivation has much more advantages than sugar cane. Beet requires less irrigation and it was resistant to lower temperatures. That means many regions of the Ottoman Empire could be opened sugar production. In this article, time period was held quite a long; because sugar manufacturing was not very common activity in the Ottoman Empire in this period. In general, sugar production entrepreneurs could be divided in to two parts. In the beginning, Dimitri Efendi, Davutoğlu Karabet and Monsieur Michel planned to establish their factories in İstanbul and İzmir for transportation facilities and closeness to main consumption centers. But after 1890's, new entrepreneurs took into account raw material needs in their investment plans. All newly chosen places were either former cultivation centers or very convenient places for sugar cane or beet agriculture. This attitude was very important, because sugar production was completely dependent to rapid raw material flow in that time and also today. The Ottoman Empire granted every possible facility to sugar producers to decrease trade deficit. As to entrepreneurs, some of them remained on paper. But Monsieur Michel founded a factory for experimentation. Rauf Pasha started beet cultivation and sent them to analyze for learning sugar content. But in general, sugar production entrepreneurs were not successful. Because sugar remained an important part of import, up to end of the Ottoman Empire.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2016/r/gumushane/18837
  Bomonti buz şirketinin piyasa ilişkileri

  Damlıbağ, Fatih

  Bu makale buz üretimi sektöründeki tek bir firmanın, piyasa ilişkilerini açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Bomonti Buz Şirketinin ve rakiplerinin talepleri karşısında, Osmanlı Devleti'nin piyasa düzenleyicisi olarak uygun bir rekabeti nasıl sağlayacağıyla ilgili çabalarından bahsedilecektir. Buz tarih boyunca piyasası olan bir ürün olmuştur. Fakat bu talebin esaslı bir şekilde karşılanması; ancak XIX. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra, suni buz üretiminin keşfiyle birlikte mümkün olmuştur. Buzun geniş bir piyasaya sahip olması, pek çok girişimcinin bu sektörde faaliyette bulunmak istemesine sebeptir. Bu süreçte Bomonti Buz Şirketi, piyasanın önemli aktörlerinden olmuştur. Bomonti kardeşler Salim Ağa'nın imtiyazını ellerine geçirmişlerdir. Faaliyetleri sırasında iki türlü rekabete maruz kalmışlardır. İlk rakip karcı esnafıdır. Bunlar eskiden beri, yağışı kıştan hazırlayıp yazın satmaktadırlar. Bu esnafın Bomonti Buz Şirketi hakkındaki iddiaları, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından kabul görmemiştir. Şirketin ikinci rakibiyse, kendisi gibi suni buz üretmek isteyen diğer girişimcilerdir. Fakat bu noktada şikâyetçi taraf, Bomonti Buz Şirketi olmuştur. Şirket üretim alanındaki tekelinin, ihlal edildiğini düşünmektedir. Fakat bu alandaki itirazları, devlet tarafından kısmen kabul edilmiştir. Devlet suni buz üretimini, ticari ölçekte yapanlara müdahalede bulunmuştur. Fakat imtiyaz mukavelenamesinde aksi bir madde bulunmasına rağmen, kendi ihtiyacı için makine kullananlara dokunmamıştır

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• MakaleYalnız künye2016/r/gumushane/16601
  Saccharin as Substitute Goods in Ottoman State

  Damlibag, Fatih

  Constantin Fahlberg invented saccharin during the end of 1870's. Saccharin was a product that it has strong sweetening power. Potential to sugar substitute and support of German government were provided to enlarge its market rapidly. But due to its chemical origin, some medical concerns were shown towards this product. Some doctors thought that usage of saccharin caused health problems. Due to these medical concerns, many European governments banned or restricted the entrance of this product to their countries. Fahlberg thought that his product did not deserve these critiques. According to him, critiques were originated from shaken interests of sugar industry. Near to 1900's, saccharin also entered Ottoman market. Similarly, it was also criticized by Ottoman doctors. In front of this situation, approach of Ottoman State towards saccharin happened within three stages. In the first stage, Ottoman officials did not foresee a risky situation for the usage of saccharin as a substitute for sugar. Because saccharin is a chemical drug for diabetes disease and sugar prices were very convenient. As to second stage, critiques to saccharin were taken into account. High sugar prices of this period were caused some probable risks of food fraud according to officials. Additionally, medical studies of the period provided more information about probable risks of saccharin. As a result of this situation, Ottoman State applied quantitative restrictions in saccharin import. In addition, the product could be only brought by pharmacists. Third period of saccharin in Ottoman State happened within compelling conditions of World War I. After extreme increases in sugar prices; there was an excessive demand for illegal usage of saccharin, because sugar almost disappeared from market. In front of this situation, official permission was given to saccharin usage with some restrictions.

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