Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10568
  The effects of sub-components of economic freedom on load capacity factor: Empirical analysis for MENA countries

  Senturk, Nazli Keyifli; Bayraktar, Yuksel; Recepoglu, Mursit; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Balsalobre-Lorente, Daniel

  This study investigates the effects of economic freedom sub-components on load capacity factor (LCF) in 12 MENA countries for 2017-2022. The 12 sub-components of the economic freedom index were used as independent variables, and the load capacity factor was used as the dependent variable. In the study, four-panel data models were created using the subcomponents of the economic freedom index, and a two-stage System-GMM was used. According to the study, while property rights reduce the load capacity factor, Judicial Effectiveness increases it. The effect of Government Integrity on the load capacity factor is statistically insignificant. While Government spending negatively affects the load capacity factor, Tax Burden and Fiscal Health are statistically insignificant. Business freedom affects the load capacity factor positively, but monetary freedom affects it negatively. Labour freedom is statistically insignificant. On the other hand, trade freedom and investment freedom have a positive impact on the load capacity factor, while financial freedom has a negative effect.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/16188
  The Relation between Corruption and Tax Revenues: An Assessment of Transitional economies

  Setürk, Nazli Keyifli; Bayraktar, Yuksel; Özyilmaz, Ayfer

  Corruption affects many economic, political, and social indicators directly and indirectly. One of the economic costs of corruption is a decrease in tax revenues. In societies where corruption is high, administrators taking bribes for excess revenue may reduce tax administration performance. Therefore, corruption and taxes are closely related to each other. This study analyzes the impact of corruption on different tax types in 6 selected transition economies (Estonia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Latvia and Slovak Republic) in the 1998-2021 and Bootstrap Panel Granger causality method. According to this study, there is unidirectional causality from personal income tax to corruption in Slovakia, from corporate tax and VAT to corruption in Poland, from VAT and SCT to corruption in Hungary, and from VAT to corruption in Latvia. Additionally, there is a bidirectional causal relationship from corruption to personal income tax in Poland and from corruption to corporate tax in the Czech Republic and Hungary, but there is no causal relationship between corruption and VAT and SCT. Personal income and corporate taxes, which require a strong relationship between tax administration and taxpayers, are more affected by corruption than taxes such as VAT and SCT.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/10495
  Consequences of Information and Communication Technologies and Environmental Degradation on Health Expenditure

  Bayraktar, Yuksel; Aydin, Serdar; Çakir, Mehmet Ali; Recepoglu, Mursit; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Buyukakin, Figen; Çakir, Sumeyra

  This study aims to examine how the subcomponents and overall measurement of ecological footprint, as well as the use of information and communication technologies, affect health expenditures. For this study, the sample group consisted of the top 25 countries with the highest ecological footprint for the period 2000 to 2021. System GMM estimation results demonstrate that economic growth and ecological footprint have a positive impact on health expenditures. Covid-19 dummy variables, have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. On the other hand, information and communication technologies has a statistically significant but negative effect on health expenditures. The estimation results show that the Covid-19 pandemic increased health expenditures. Looking at the effect of subcomponents of environmental degradation on health expenditures, all subcomponents have a statistically significant and positive effect on health expenditures. It is seen that the most effective variable is forest products. The variable that has almost the same impact as the footprint of forest products is the carbon footprint. Carbon footprint has significant and positive impact on health expenditures, followed by fishing grounds cropland, grazing land, built-up land. The results of the study indicate which forms of pollution should be given priority by policymakers in order to prevent an increase in health expenditure resulting from environmental degradation.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/gumushane/10345
  Role of the Health System in Combating Covid-19: Cross-Section Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Simulation for 124 Country Cases

  Bayraktar, Yuksel; Özyilmaz, Ayfer; Toprak, Metin; Isik, Esme; Büyükakin, Figen; Olgun, Mehmet Firat

  In the fight against Covid-19, developed countries and developing countries diverge in success. This drew attention to the discussion of how different health systems and different levels of health spending are effective in combating Covid-19. In this study, the role of the health system in the fight against Covid-19 is discussed. In this context, the number of hospital beds, the number of doctors, life expectancy at 60, universal health service and the share of health expenditures in GDP were used as health indicators. In the study, firstly 2020 data was estimated by using the Artificial Neural Networks simulation method and this year was used in the analysis. The model, with the data of 124 countries, was estimated using the cross-sectional OLS regression method. The estimation results show that the number of hospital beds, number of doctors and life expectancy at the age of 60 have statistically significant and positive effects on the ratio of Covid-19 recovered/cases. Universal health service and share of health expenditures in GDP are not significant statistically on the cases and recovered. Hospital bed capacity is the most effective variable on the recovered/case ratio.

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• Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2020/r/gumushane/14692
  Effect of refugees on the components of economic misery: An empirical analysis of top refugee-hosting countries

  Büyükakin, Figen; Bayraktar, Yüksel; Özyilmaz, Ayfer

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2019/r/gumushane/18130
  An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Remittances and Economic Growth: The Turkish Experience in the period of 1974-2018

  Toprak, Metin; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Bayraktar, Yüksel

  Remittances, which tend to increase continuously in the world, affect the economies which accept high remittances in many ways. Therefore, many studies have been put forward regarding the macroeconomic effects of remittances. In this study, the impact of remittances on economic growth is analyzed by ARDL bounds testing approach for the period of 1974-2018 in Turkey. According to the findings, remittances haven’t a statistically significant effect on economic growth in the long-run. The most important factor in this finding is the declining trend of remittances in the Turkish economy. Although remittances have increased around the world, the share of remittances in the Turkish GDP is quite low.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2019/r/gumushane/18081
  The relationship between foreign direct investments and income inequality: the experience of turkey

  Toprak, Metin; Ozyilmaz, Ayfer; Bayraktar, Yüksel

  Foreign direct investment (FDI), rapidly increasing with globalization, enables technological development and integration with international markets on the one hand and affects many macroeconomic variables such as growth, employment and income inequality from different frameworks on the other hand. FDI is decisive in income inequality through labor markets. FDI, which is concentrated especially in technology intensive sectors, leads to wage inequalities with increasing need for skilled labor, thus deepening existing income inequalities. However, in some cases, it can reduce income disparities between lower, middleincome households and high income households by reducing the difference in profits and wages between labor and employers. Within this framework, the final impact of FDI varies depending on many parameters. This study aims to investigate the effect of FDI on income inequality in the period of 1974-2015 in Turkey. The data were obtained using bound cointegration technique (ARDL) which includes Gini index as a dependent variable and as well as FDI, public expenditure, inflation and commercial openness as an independent variable The results indicate that FDI increases income inequality in the long run.

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