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- Kitap BölümüYayıncıda açık erişim2024Behavioral economics and monetary wisdom: A cross-level analysis of monetary aspiration, pay (dis)satisfaction, risk perception, and corruption in 32 nations
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Li, Zhen; Özbek, Mehmet Ferhat; Lim, Vivien Kim Geok; Teo, Thompson Sian Hin; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Sutarso, Toto; Garber, Ilya E.; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte
Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains–losses domain and high–low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses) excites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high–low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize: Decision-makers adopt avaricious love of money aspiration as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains–losses domain (pay satisfaction–dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high–low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction curbs dishonesty across nations consistently. Cross-level three-dimensional visualization demonstrates (6500 managers in 32 countries across six continents): With high aspiration, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations; pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities—maximizing expected utility. Low aspiration and high pay satisfaction consistently create low dishonesty—achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations, providing novel insights to business ethics, the environment, and responsibility.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2024Behavioral economics and Monetary Wisdom across 32 cultures: Good apples enjoy a good quality of life in good barrels
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Sutarso, Toto; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Lim, Vivien Kim Geok; Teo, Thompson Sian Hin; Arias-Galicia, Fernando; Garber, Ilya E.; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte; Luna-Arocas, Roberto
Monetary Wisdom asserts that individuals apply their deep-rooted values (ardent monetary aspirations) to frame critical concerns in the immediate-proximal and omnibus-distal contexts and strategically maximize expected utility (achieve financial goals) and ultimate serenity (happiness). This study explores the bright side of Monetary Wisdom and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the micro and individual level (Z income within each country) and the macro and national and global level (GDP per capita). We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across 6 continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to the Happiness construct (money makes people happy). For the whole sample, low motives, high stewardship behaviors, and high cognitions identify the latent Monetary Wisdom (MW), which, in turn, leads to higher pay satisfaction than life satisfaction. Results of our formative model challenge the notion that motives and cognitions are consistent in predict outcomes. Our theoretical model across three GDP groups (high, medium, and low GDP levels) offers additional innovative discoveries: In high GDP (rich) entities, “high income” not only reduces aspirations—“Rich, Motivator, and Power,” but also promotes stewardship behavior—“Factors Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute” and cognitive meaning, “Factor Achievement.” After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Wisdom: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Wisdom, which contributes to higher life satisfaction than pay satisfaction. “Good apples enjoy a good quality of life in good barrels”. This notion adds another explanation to managers’ low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (risk aversion for gains in the high probability context). In medium GDP countries, high income is negatively related to Factors Motivator (motive), Budget (behavior), and Power (cognition). Managers enjoy higher life satisfaction than pay satisfaction. However, in low GDP (poor) entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. Interestingly, income leads to the notion of high Happiness (cognition) for managers in low GDP countries only. Managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. Results of Monetary Wisdom add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary aspirations, intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples, good and bad barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics.
- Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2024Behavioral economics and Monetary Wisdom: The Enron Effect—Love of money, Corporate Ethical Values, Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), and dishonesty across 31 geopolitical entities
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Sutarso, Toto; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Lim, Vivien Kim Geok; Teo, Thompson Sian Hin; Arias-Galicia, Fernando; Garber, Ilya E.; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte; Luna-Arocas, Roberto
Monetary Wisdom asserts that individuals apply their deep-rooted values (the love of money attitudes, avaricious monetary aspirations) to frame critical concerns in the immediate-proximal and omnibus-distal contexts and strategically select certain options to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity across context, people, and time at the individual, organizational, and national-global levels. This study explores the dark side of decision-making, e.g., avaricious monetary aspirations and corruption (dishonesty). Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. It is a risky prospect, involving a cost-benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: Two levels of the subjective norm—perceived Corporate Ethical Values at the micro level (CEV, Level 1) and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro level (CPI, Level 2), collected from multiple sources, jointly impact the magnitude and intensity of the relationships between love of money and dishonesty. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across 6 continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates the following discoveries: As expected, managers in good barrels (high CEV/high CPI), mixed barrels (low CEV/high CPI or high CEV/low CPI), and bad barrels (low CEV/low CPI) display a low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. Context matters. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities (risk seeking in the high probability context)—the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities (risk aversion in the low probability context). Interestingly, CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norms, revealing critical implications to the field of business ethics. This chapter makes robust theoretical and practical contributions to Monetary Wisdom and business ethics.
- Kitap BölümüAçık Erişim2024Does interpersonal justice enhance organizational loyalty? A theory of justice, organizational citizenship behavior, and individualism: Testimony from Kyrgyzstan
Özbek, Mehmet Ferhat; Yoldash, Mohammad Asif; Tang, Thomas Li-Ping
Research suggests that organizational justice has important impacts on work-related attitudes and behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In this article, we explore the extent to which individualism moderates the relationship between organizational justice (procedural, distributive, and interactional justice) and OCB (organizational obedience, participation, and loyalty) among citizens in Kyrgyzstan. Specifically, we are interested to know: Which aspects of justice perceptions excite organizational loyalty? We make additional contributions to the literature because most global researchers know very little about how these Western management constructs prevail in this former Soviet Union country, Kyrgyzstan, an under-researched and under-represented region of the world. Results of our data collected from 402 managers and employees in Kyrgyzstan offer the following discoveries. All three justice constructs are related to OCB. Individualism moderates the relationships between (1) distributive justice and organizational participation, (2) distributive justice and organizational loyalty, and (3) interactional justice and organizational loyalty. We develop an intricate theory with provocative implications: Procedural justice produces obedience only and has no impact on organizational participation and loyalty. High distributive justice enhances high loyalty for people with low individualism. High interactional justice promotes high organizational loyalty for people with high individualism. For “individualists,” interactional justice inspires loyalty. Interestingly, distributive justice “can only buy” participation, but “can’t buy” loyalty. Therefore, for individualists, interactional justice outweighs distributive justice for enhancing organizational loyalty. Based on Kyrgyz citizens’ justice, OCB, and individualism, our theory reveals novel insights regarding culture, money attitude, and intrinsic motivation and provides critical and practical implications to the field of business ethics.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Behavioral economics and monetary wisdom: A cross-level analysis of monetary aspiration, pay (dis)satisfaction, risk perception, and corruption in 32 nations
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Li, Zhen; Özbek, Mehmet Ferhat; Lim, Vivien K. G.; Teo, Thompson S. H.; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Sutarso, Toto; Garber, Ilya; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte
Corruption involves greed, money, and risky decision-making. We explore the love of money, pay satisfaction, probability of risk, and dishonesty across cultures. Avaricious monetary aspiration breeds unethicality. Prospect theory frames decisions in the gains-losses domain and high-low probability. Pay dissatisfaction (in the losses domain) incites dishonesty in the name of justice at the individual level. The Corruption Perceptions Index, CPI, signals a high-low probability of getting caught for dishonesty at the country level. We theorize that decision-makers adopt avaricious love-of-money aspiration as a lens and frame dishonesty in the gains-losses domain (pay satisfaction-dissatisfaction, Level 1) and high-low probability (CPI, Level 2) to maximize expected utility and ultimate serenity. We challenge the myth: Pay satisfaction mitigates dishonesty across nations consistently. Based on 6500 managers in 32 countries, our cross-level three-dimensional visualization offers the following discoveries. Under high aspiration conditions, pay dissatisfaction excites the highest- (third-highest) avaricious justice-seeking dishonesty in high (medium) CPI nations, supporting the certainty effect. However, pay satisfaction provokes the second-highest avaricious opportunity-seizing dishonesty in low CPI entities, sustaining the possibility effect-maximizing expected utility. Under low aspiration conditions, high pay satisfaction consistently leads to low dishonesty, demonstrating risk aversion-achieving ultimate serenity. We expand prospect theory from a micro and individual-level theory to a cross-level theory of monetary wisdom across 32 nations. We enhance the S-shaped Curve to three 3-D corruption surfaces across three levels of the global economic pyramid, providing novel insights into behavioral economics, business ethics, the environment, and responsibility.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Monetary Intelligence and Behavioral Economics: The Enron Effect-Love of Money, Corporate Ethical Values, Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), and Dishonesty Across 31 Geopolitical Entities
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Sutarso, Toto; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Lim, Vivien K. G.; Teo, Thompson S. H.; Arias-Galicia, Fernando; Garber, Ilya E.; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte; Luna-Arocas, Roberto
Monetary intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the dark side of monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics-dishonesty (corruption). Dishonesty, a risky prospect, involves cost-benefit analysis of self-interest. We frame good or bad barrels in the environmental context as a proxy of high or low probability of getting caught for dishonesty, respectively. We theorize: The magnitude and intensity of the relationship between love of money and dishonest prospect (dishonesty) may reveal how individuals frame dishonesty in the context of two levels of subjective norm-perceived corporate ethical values at the micro-level (CEV, Level 1) and Corruption Perceptions Index at the macro-level (CPI, Level 2), collected from multiple sources. Based on 6382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents, our cross-level three-way interaction effect illustrates: As expected, managers in good barrels (high CEV/high CPI), mixed barrels (low CEV/high CPI or high CEV/low CPI), and bad barrels (low CEV/low CPI) display low, medium, and high magnitude of dishonesty, respectively. With high CEV, the intensity is the same across cultures. With low CEV, the intensity of dishonesty is the highest in high CPI entities (risk seeking of high probability)-the Enron Effect, but the lowest in low CPI entities (risk aversion of low probability). CPI has a strong impact on the magnitude of dishonesty, whereas CEV has a strong impact on the intensity of dishonesty. We demonstrate dishonesty in light of monetary values and two frames of social norm, revealing critical implications to the field of behavioral economics and business ethics.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Monetary Intelligence and Behavioral Economics Across 32 Cultures: Good Apples Enjoy Good Quality of Life in Good Barrels
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Sutarso, Toto; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Lim, Vivien Kim Geok; Teo, Thompson Sian Hin; Arias-Galicia, Fernando; Garber, Ilya E.; Chiu, Randy Ki-Kwan; Charles-Pauvers, Brigitte; Luna-Arocas, Roberto
Monetary Intelligence theory asserts that individuals apply their money attitude to frame critical concerns in the context and strategically select certain options to achieve financial goals and ultimate happiness. This study explores the bright side of Monetary Intelligence and behavioral economics, frames money attitude in the context of pay and life satisfaction, and controls money at the macro-level (GDP per capita) and micro-level (Z income). We theorize: Managers with low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior will have high subjective well-being: pay satisfaction and quality of life. Data collected from 6586 managers in 32 cultures across six continents support our theory. Interestingly, GDP per capita is related to life satisfaction, but not to pay satisfaction. Individual income is related to both life and pay satisfaction. Neither GDP nor income is related to Happiness (money makes people happy). Our theoretical model across three GDP groups offers new discoveries: In high GDP (rich) entities, high income not only reduces aspirations-Rich, Motivator, and Power, but also promotes stewardship behavior-Budget, Give/Donate, and Contribute and appreciation of Achievement. After controlling income, we demonstrate the bright side of Monetary Intelligence: Low love of money motive but high stewardship behavior define Monetary Intelligence. Good apples enjoy good quality of life in good barrels. This notion adds another explanation to managers' low magnitude of dishonesty in entities with high Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) (risk aversion for gains of high probability) . In low GDP (poor) entities, high income is related to poor Budgeting skills and escalated Happiness. These managers experience equal satisfaction with pay and life. We add a new vocabulary to the conversation of monetary intelligence, income, GDP, happiness, subjective well-being, good and bad apples and barrels, corruption, and behavioral ethics.
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Theory of Justice, OCB, and Individualism: Kyrgyz Citizens
Özbek, Mehmet Ferhat; Yoldash, Mohammad Asif; Tang, Thomas Li-Ping
Research suggests that organizational justice (procedural, distributive, and interactional justice) has important impacts on work-related attitudes and behaviors, such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). In this article, we explore the extent to which individualism moderates the relationship between organizational justice and OCB (organizational obedience, participation, and loyalty) among citizens in Kyrgyzstan. We make additional contributions to the literature because we know very little about these constructs in this former Soviet Union country, Kyrgyzstan, an under-researched and under-represented region of the world. Results of our data collected from 402 managers and employees in Kyrgyzstan offer the following new discoveries. All three justice constructs are related to OCB. Individualism moderates only the distributive and interactive justice to OCB relationships. We develop an intricate theory with provocative implications: Procedural justice produces obedience. For “individualists,” interactional justice inspires loyalty and, interestingly, distributive justice “can only buy” participation, but “can’t buy” loyalty. Therefore, for individualists, interactional justice outweighs distributive justice for organizational loyalty. Based on Kyrgyz citizens’ justice, OCB, and individualism, our theory reveals novel insights regarding culture, money attitude, and intrinsic motivation and provides critical and practical implications to the field of business ethics.
- BildiriAçık Erişim2011The love of money is the root of all evil: Pay satisfaction and cpi as moderators
Tang, Thomas Li-Ping; Sutarso, Toto; Ansari, Mahfooz A.; Lim, Vivien Kim Geok; Teo, Thompson Sian Hin; Arias-Galicia, Fernando; Garber, Ilya; Vlerick, Peter; Liang, Jian; Akande, Adebowale
By incorporating pay satisfaction at Level 1 and Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) at Level 2, we investigated the relationship between the love of money and self-reported corrupt intent among 6,382 managers in 31 geopolitical entities across six continents. Our significant cross-level three-way interaction effect showed that for managers with high pay satisfaction, the intensity (slope) of the love of money to corrupt intent relationship was almost identical in high or low CPI entities but the former had the lowest magnitude of corrupt intent, whereas the latter had the highest. For those with low pay satisfaction, the slope was the steepest in high CPI entities, but was flat in the low CPI entities and the difference between the two was significant.