Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Investigation of the Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Food Safety Potential of Silver and Copper Nanoparticles Green Synthesized Using Pointed Cherry Laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) Extract
Kobya, Havva Nur; Gül, Abdulkadir; Karpuz, Ömer; Baltacı, Cemalettin
This study reports the green synthesis of silver (PFAgNPs) and copper (PFCuNPs) nanoparticles using an aqueous extract of pointed cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) fruit (PF-E) and explores their applicability in food safety. The NPs were characterized via UV–Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM confirming their successful formation and morphology. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured for both PF-E and the synthesized NPs. While PFCuNPs exhibited higher TPC, PFAgNPs showed superior TFC and TAC. Notably, antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) indicated stronger radical scavenging activity for PFCuNPs. Antibacterial tests against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed broad-spectrum activity of PFAgNPs, with the highest inhibition against E. coli (19.4 ± 0.3 mm), whereas PFCuNPs showed dose-dependent efficacy, strongest against E. faecalis (9.6 ± 0.2 mm). LC–MS/MS analysis of the PF-E extract revealed quinic acid (63.42 mg/g), chlorogenic acid (2.38 mg/g), protocatechuic acid (0.07 mg/g), protocatechuic aldehyde (0.04 mg/g), hesperidin (0.03 mg/g), and naringenin (0.02 mg/g) as major components. The adsorption efficiencies of the synthesized PFAgNPs and PFCuNPs were evaluated against the toxic food contaminants patulin and HMF using both standard aqueous solutions and real food systems (apple juice). In standard aqueous solutions, PFAgNPs achieved removal efficiencies of 70.96% for patulin and 52.22% for HMF, while PFCuNPs showed 61.08% and 36.38%, respectively, at 5 g/L after 240 min. In real food systems, the adsorption efficiencies decreased, with PFAgNPs and PFCuNPs removing 34.24% and 32.90% of patulin, and 39.09% and 31.87% of HMF, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of HMF and patulin onto PFCuNP and PFAgNP were found to conform to both the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models for aqueous solutions as well as real samples. These findings confirm that the biosynthesized NPs offer dual functionality as antibacterial agents and toxin adsorbents, presenting a green, sustainable approach to food safety enhancement.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Identification of patulin-producing Penicillium isolates from decayed apples, their patulin production profiles, and the feasibility of high-purity patulin preparation
Dağ, Murat; Bozbeyoğlu, Pınar; Gül, Abdulkadir; Karpuz, Ömer; Baltacı, Cemalettin
This study presents a combined evaluation of patulin contamination by integrating fungal identification, assessment of toxin production, and the feasibility of obtaining high-purity patulin from biological sources. Fungal isolates recovered from naturally decayed apples collected from different agricultural environments in Türkiye were identified using MALDI-TOF MS and morphological characteristics, and were assigned to Penicillium expansum at a probable species level. The patulin production potential of the isolates was evaluated by inoculating them onto red, yellow, and green apple matrices under controlled laboratory conditions over an extended incubation period. Quantitative analysis using HPLC–UV, supported by LC–MS/MS confirmation, revealed substantial variability in patulin levels (7.58–49.80 mg/kg) depending on both isolate and apple matrix. Higher patulin levels were generally observed in yellow apple tissues, whereas lower levels were detected in red apples, suggesting a possible influence of matrix-related compositional factors. In addition, patulin was isolated and enriched using column chromatography with TLC-guided fractionation, yielding a high-purity compound (98.8%) with low moisture content (0.21%). Structural identity was confirmed by LC–MS/MS analysis. Overall, the findings indicate that patulin production is influenced by strain-level variability and matrix-related factors. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the feasibility of producing high-purity patulin suitable for in-house analytical applications. However, the produced material should not be considered a certified reference material, and further validation would be required for broader analytical use.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Antibacterial efficacy of pyrolysis-derived plant fractions against resistant pathogens: a comparative evaluation using nutrient and Müller–Hinton agar
Demirel, Maruf Hurşit; Gül, Abdulkadir; Aydoğmuş, Ercan; Özgen, İnanç; Arslanoğlu, Hasan
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the antibacterial potential of pyrolysis-derived extracts from rosehip fruit (RF), orange peel (OP), corn silk (CS), spurge root (ER) and mullein leaf (ML) against antibiotic-resistant pathogens using two different culture media. Bioactive compounds were obtained via a PID-controlled pyrolysis system, and antibacterial activity was evaluated to clarify both extract efficacy and medium-dependent effects on bacterial growth and diffusion. RESULTS: Antibacterial activities were assessed using the agar well diffusion method, with ampicillin as a positive control, against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. A key novelty of this work is the comparative evaluation of extract performance on nutrient agar (NA) and Müller–Hinton agar (MHA). Among all samples, the ML extract exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity across all tested strains, producing inhibition zones of 18.85 mm against E. coli and 17.15 mm against E. faecalis on NA, compared with 13.05 mm and 13.60 mm on MHA, respectively. CS and ER extracts showed moderate antibacterial effects, with consistently higher inhibition zones on NA than on MHA. Ampicillin generated substantially larger inhibition zones on NA (33.35 mm for E. coli and 34.45 mm for P. aeruginosa) compared with MHA (13.80 and 27.70 mm, respectively), confirming the strong influence of culture medium composition on measurable antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that both plant extracts and ampicillin exhibit higher antibacterial activity on NA than on MHA. The pronounced efficacy of the ML extract highlights pyrolysis-derived plant fractions as promising natural antimicrobials and emphasizes the critical importance of culture medium selection.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Green Synthesis of Multifunctional Ag/ZnO Nanoparticles Using Vitis labrusca L. Extract: Bioactivity, Malachite Green Adsorption, and HMF Removal
Hammoudeh, Rama; Bozbeyoğlu, Pınar; Karpuz, Ömer; Gül, Abdulkadir; Ejder, Nebahat; Baltacı, Cemalettin
In this study, Ag/ZnO nanoparticles (Ag/ZnO NPs) were synthesized via a green route using Vitis labrusca L. extract and evaluated for their bioactive, environmental performance. BM-1 and BM-2 were prepared under different precursor/extract ratios and pH conditions to assess the influence of synthesis parameters. UV–Vis, FT-IR, XRD, HRTEM, DSC, and EDX analyses indicated the successful formation of Ag/ZnO nanostructures with distinct physicochemical features. HRTEM analysis determined that BM-1 exhibited an average particle diameter of 23.18 ± 11.84 nm, while BM-2 demonstrated a mean size of 6.14 ± 1.30 nm. The corresponding relative size-dispersion values were 0.261 for BM-1 and 0.045 for BM-2, indicating a more uniform particle size distribution for BM-2. Antioxidant assays showed that BM-2 exhibited the strongest overall antioxidant performance in DPPH, ABTS•⁺, Fe3+, and Cu2+ assays. Both NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and showed stronger effects than the grape extract alone. Cytotoxicity assays revealed dose-dependent inhibition in A549 and HeLa cancer cells, while lower toxicity was observed in normal ARPE-19 cells, suggesting cell-type-dependent biological response. In adsorption experiments, the NPs effectively removed malachite green, with isotherm analysis providing stronger support for the Langmuir model for BM-1 and comparable Langmuir and Freundlich fits for BM-2, while the pseudo-second-order model provided the best description of the adsorption kinetics. The maximum dye adsorption capacities were 85.5 mg/g for BM-1 and 101.3 mg/g for BM-2. Under optimum conditions (5.0 g/L NPs, 240 min), the highest HMF removal efficiencies reached 44.49% for BM-2 in standard aqueous solutions, whereas competitive matrix interactions in apple juice limited the maximum efficiency to 29.27%. Overall, this study highlights the value of integrating green synthesis, bioactivity, dye adsorption, and food-related contaminant removal within a single Ag/ZnO nanoplatform.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Thermochemical Valorization of Silkworm Feeding Waste: Chemical Characterization and Biological Activities of the Pyrolysis-Derived Liquid Fraction
Karan, Halil; Yıldırım, Aybeniz; Yılmaz, Fırat; Özgen, İnanç; Aydoğmuş, Ercan; Gül, Abdulkadir
Silkworm-rearing residues are an underused biomass resource that can be converted into value-added products. In this study, a condensable liquid product (SWP-Liq) was produced from these residues by pyrolysis at 325 ± 5 °C and evaluated for its chemical composition and in vitro biological activities. SWP-Liq yielded phenolic-, flavonoid-, and triterpenoid-equivalent values of 218.47 ± 22.40 mg GAE/g, 79.13 ± 3.55 mg QE/g, and 55.54 ± 6.15 mg EE/g, respectively. The ABTS•+ assay showed a higher radical-scavenging response than DPPH, while Fe3+- and Cu2+-reducing activities were also observed. SWP-Liq inhibited 5-LOX with an IC50 of 33.05 ± 1.10 µg/mL, whereas α-glucosidase inhibition was weaker. Antibacterial activity against all four tested bacterial species was observed at 8 mg/mL but not at 4 mg/mL. Targeted LC–MS/MS quantified five phenolic constituents, with p-coumaric acid (1599.71 µg/g), chlorogenic acid (871.43 µg/g), and ferulic acid (285.50 µg/g) being the most abundant. Overall, these findings support the further investigation of silkworm feeding waste as a feedstock for thermochemical valorization into chemically and biologically evaluable bio-based fractions.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Pyrolysis-based valorization of Pinus sylvestris bark waste into bioactive fractions: LC–MS/MS analysis and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities
Gül, Abdulkadir
In this study, bark waste from the forest industry derived from Pinus sylvestris was processed by pyrolysis extraction, and the chemical compositions and biological activities of the resulting light (PLF) and heavy (PHF) fractions were comparatively investigated. When the extraction yields of the pyrolysis fractions were compared, PHF (20.80%) showed a significantly higher recovery than PLF (10.35%). Total phenolic content (TPC) was higher in the PHF (365.80 GAE/g), whereas total flavonoid content (TFC) was concentrated in the PLF (200.80 mg QE/g). LC–MS/MS analyses of the PHF fraction, which exhibited more pronounced biological activity, revealed caffeic acid (7190.65 µg/g) and protocatechuic acid (2694.30 µg/g) as the predominant phenolic compounds. Antioxidant capacity analyses indicated that the PLF exhibited stronger radical scavenging activity, lower IC50 values in DPPH and ABTS⁺• assays (50.01 and 101.60 µg/mL, respectively) and higher TAC values (901.00 mg TE/L). Fe3+ and Cu2+ reducing assays demonstrated strong redox activity in both fractions, with Cu2+ reducing capacity particularly higher in PLF. In enzyme inhibition studies, the PHF showed stronger inhibition against 5-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 29.28 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 82.50 µg/mL) compared to PLF. The antibacterial potential of the fractions was assessed using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The PHF exhibited significant inhibition zones, particularly against P. aeruginosa (17.40 mm) and S. aureus (13.40 mm). Consequently, these findings suggest that pyrolysis-based fractionation may be an effective and sustainable method for converting P. sylvestris bark waste into functional fractions with high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antibacterial potential.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Impact of cooking methods on PAH formation in traditional Akçaabat meatballs
Bostan, Sinan; Gül, Abdulkadir; Karpuz, Ömer; Baltaci, Cemalettin; Yılmaz, Fırat
Akçaabat meatballs, a traditional and commercially important Turkish meat product, are widely consumed and typically prepared using high-temperature cooking methods that may promote the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different cooking techniques, including pan cooking without added oil (dry pan cooking), electric grilling, oven baking, charcoal barbecue, and hazelnut shell charcoal barbecue, on PAH formation in Akçaabat meatballs. Samples obtained from eight different producers were analyzed for selected chemical properties and PAH contents using HPLC-FLD. While basic compositional characteristics varied among samples, the most significant differences were observed in PAH levels depending on the cooking method. The sum of four priority PAHs (∑PAH4) ranged between 7.70 and 112.38 µg/kg across all treatment s. Among the cooking methods, barbecue applications (charcoal and hazelnut shell charcoal) resulted in the highest PAH levels, frequently exceeding regulatory limits. In contrast, electric grilling produced the lowest PAH concentrations and showed the highest compliance with food safety standards. These findings demonstrate that cooking method plays a critical role in PAH formation and highlight the importance of selecting appropriate cooking techniques to minimize health risks. In this context, electric grilling can be considered a safer alternative, whereas traditional charcoal-based cooking methods may pose a significant risk in terms of PAH exposure.
- MakaleYalnız künye2026Beeswax Waste-Derived Pyrolysis Liquid as a Novel Multifunctional Bioactive Fraction: An Integrated Chemical and Biological Evaluation
Gül, Abdulkadir
In this study, beeswax waste, a low-value by-product of apiculture, was converted into a liquid fraction with bioactive potential through pyrolysis-assisted thermochemical transformation. The LC–MS/MS-based chemical profile, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant responses, and antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anticholinesterase activities of beeswax waste pyrolysis liquid (BWPL) were investigated. The TPC and TFC values were determined as 95.30 ± 1.13 mg GAE/L and 51.67 ± 1.12 mg QE/L, respectively. LC–MS/MS analysis revealed benzoic acid and vanillin as the predominant compounds, along with various phenolic acids and flavonoid derivatives. BWPL showed 51.83 ± 1.51% inhibition in the ABTS•⁺ assay and 9.71 ± 0.28% inhibition in the DPPH assay. It also exhibited measurable redox capacity in Fe3+ and Cu2+ reducing power assays. In antibacterial assays, BWPL produced inhibition zones against all tested strains at 1 mg/mL and against E. coli and E. faecalis at 500 µg/mL. The IC50 values of BWPL for 5-LOX and α-glucosidase were 38.17 µg/mL and 1503.0 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the IC50 values for AChE and BChE were calculated as 112.38 ± 0.87 mg/mL and 13.01 ± 0.42 mg/mL, respectively. PCA and correlation analyses indicated the multidimensional relationships between the LC–MS/MS-based chemical profile and biological activities. Overall, the pyrolytic conversion of beeswax waste into a chemically complex liquid fraction provides a preliminary scientific basis for waste valorization and for further investigation of pyrolysis-derived bioactive fractions.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026Valorization of pomegranate peel waste through pyrolysis-liquid-assisted ultrasound extraction: antioxidant, antibacterial and targeted phytochemical characterization
Gül, Abdulkadir; Aydoğmuş, Ercan; Özgen, İnanç; Yılmaz, Fırat; Deniz, Sermin; Arslanoğlu, Hasan
Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel is a phenolic-rich processing by-product, but its valorization commonly relies on conventional solvents. This study examined an integrated approach in which pomegranate peel pyrolysis liquid (PP-PL) was repurposed as the extraction medium for ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the same biomass. The methodological originality lies specifically in using biomass-derived PP-PL in UAE. Results: PP-PL-assisted extract (PP-E) and an aqueous control extract (AQ-E), prepared from the same peel batch under identical UAE conditions, were compared. The apparent gravimetric recovery of PP-E was 202.5 g kg−1. PP-E showed approximately two-fold higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than AQ-E. In vitro agar well diffusion screening revealed the largest inhibition zone for PP-E against Staphylococcus aureus at 80 g L−1 (22.65 ± 1.50 mm), whereas AQ-E produced no detectable inhibition zones against the tested strains at the same concentration. PP-E achieved DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS+ (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging values of 92.42 ± 0.25% and 97.00 ± 0.17%, respectively, and showed pronounced total antioxidant capacity and iron(III) ion (Fe3+)- and copper(II) ion (Cu2+)-reducing capacities. Targeted liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) using authentic standards quantified six phenolics, with ellagic acid as the predominant analyte (2015.10 mg kg−1 extract). Conclusion: Integration of pomegranate peel pyrolysis with PP-PL-assisted UAE generated an extract exhibiting in vitro antioxidant properties and antibacterial potential in agar well diffusion screening, providing an alternative route for pomegranate peel valorization. This strategy supports the further development of biomass-derived extraction media for recovering value-added compounds from agro-industrial residues.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2026In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cholinesterase-Inhibitory Properties of an AqueousEuphorbia macrocladaRoot Extract Obtained by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Gül, Abdulkadir; Yilmaz, Firat; Topal, Fevzi; Özgen, Inanc; Aydogmus, Ercan; Arslanoglu, Hasan
In the present study, the aqueous extract obtained from the roots of Euphorbia macroclada via ultrasound-assisted extraction (Ult-ER) was evaluated for its anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE), antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. While the extract exhibited weak inhibition against AChE (IC50: 507.69 +/- 17.95 mg/mL), it showed relatively greater inhibitory activity against BChE (IC50: 22.41 +/- 0.49 mg/mL). In antioxidant assays, Ult-ER exhibited measurable antioxidant responses, with DPPH and ABTS(+) radical-scavenging capacities of 18.33 +/- 0.49 and 119.59 +/- 1.86 mg TE/L, respectively. Its Fe-3(+) and Cu-2(+) reducing capacities were 128.51 +/- 12.57 and 670.33 +/- 11.59 mg TE/L, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 84.80 +/- 3.31 mg GAE/g and 60.67 +/- 2.29 mg QE/g, while the total antioxidant capacity was 9.78 +/- 0.44 mg TE/g and 15.62 +/- 1.85 mg BHAE/g. In the antibacterial evaluation, Ult-ER at the highest tested concentration of 8 mg/mL exhibited inhibitory activity against all tested strains, including Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, whereas no detectable inhibition was observed at lower concentrations.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025A strategy for the one-pot direct production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from sucrose using organic weak acid in situ as a catalyst
Gül, Abdulkadir; Tanyıldızı, Muhammet Şaban
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which can be produced in high yields by acid-catalyzed dehydration of carbohydrates, is used as a feedstock in biofuel and biopolymer production. However, these acidic catalysts are usually added externally, which increases HMF production costs. Furthermore, other important parameters for high yields of HMF production are raw material selection, reaction medium, and separation-purification processes. The aim of this study is to produce HMF in one-pot without the addition of any exogenous catalyst by evaluating the fructose remaining in the production medium in which the glucose from sucrose hydrolysis is microbially fermented into gluconic acid (GA). HMF production from fructose in a biphasic system consisting of a fermentation liquid containing GA and fructose and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) was optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD). The variables examined included reaction time, reaction temperature, solvent type, salt type, and organic/aqueous phase ratio. In the study, by chelating GA and calcium ions, the low degree of ionization of GA was increased, and HMF was produced in high yields without the addition of a catalyst. Under optimum conditions, using 2-MeTHF/ fermentation liquid (6:1) and 7.56 wt% CaCl2, the yield of HMF produced in pressurized (hydrothermal) vessels at about 147 °C for 158 min reached 77.6 % of the theoretical yield. The amount of GA in the production medium was 92.64 % preserved from degradation. GA and HMF in different phases of the biphasic system were purified from the production medium in high yields. Furthermore, 2-MeTHF, which constitutes the organic phase of the biphasic system, was recovered at approximately 95 % by vacuum evaporation. As a result, HMF production from sucrose, which is a more economical and abundant raw material compared to glucose and fructose, was realized in one-pot without the addition of any catalyst.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Green synthesis of iron and silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of buckwheat husk waste: antibacterial, cytotoxic, and dye decolorization properties
Karpuz, Ömer; Baltacı, Cemalettin; Gül, Abdulkadir; Gülen, Jale; Bozbeyoğlu, Pınar; Aydoğan, Nebahat
Iron oxide (BHFeNP) and silver nanoparticles (BHAgNP) were produced using a green synthesis method through the extract of buckwheat husk (BH) waste to remove dye pollutants from water bodies in this study. The BHFeNP and BHAgNP were characterized by TEM, SEM, XRD, EDX, and FTIR techniques. Then, the methylene blue (MB) removal performance of the synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated. MB adsorption experiments showed that BHFeNPs were more dependent on temperature, adsorbent amount, and pH, while BHAgNPs notably depended on adsorbent amount, initial MB concentration, and pH. BHAgNPs had higher adsorption rates than BHFeNPs, and the Langmuir isotherm was more suitable for the adsorption process. BHAgNP and BHFeNP were shown to have the maximum adsorption capacities of 96.3 and 53.4 mg/g at pH 8 and 25 °C, respectively, in the presence of 0.25 g/L NP. Kinetic and thermodynamic calculations revealed that MB adsorption was spontaneously endothermic and supported the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The antibacterial potentials of BHFeNPs and BHAgNPs were investigated against two gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains. BHAgNPs exhibited a higher antibacterial activity against the strains used. In cytotoxicity studies with ARPE-19, A549, HeLa, and DU-145 cell lines, it was observed that BHAgNP had a greater cell growth inhibition effect than BHFeNP and BH extract. Examining the morphological changes in the cells exhibited that BHAgNP significantly inhibited A549 and ARPE-19. Reusability studies of the generated NPs revealed MB removal capabilities of 92.5% and above after the fifth stage. The present study demonstrates that BHAgNP and BHFeNPs are viable nanoadsorbents for the elimination of environmental pollution due to their excellent removal performances and stable adsorbent characteristics.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Cosmetological potential of the essential oil from the aerial parts of Rubus sanctus Schreb.: Enzymatic inhibition, antibacterial properties, and chemical composition
Yıldırım, Aybeniz; Celep, İnci Kurt; Gül, Abdulkadir
Recently, skin care products and cosmetic preparations with herbal ingredients have attracted considerable interest from the public. Therefore, the cosmetic industry is investigating natural products like essential oils and extracts. This study aimed to determine the anti-aging effects of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Rubus sanctus Schreb. (RsEO), as well as to reveal its chemical composition and investigate its antibacterial activity. The chemical composition of RsEO was determined by using GC-MS. The anti-aging activity of RsEO was evaluated by in vitro studies of anti-collagenase, anti-elastase, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. The antibacterial potential of RsEO was investigated by the agar-well diffusion method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. RsEO showed significant inhibition against collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase with IC50 values of 80.46, 77.85, 72.71, and 82.71 μg/mL, respectively, and when compared with the positive controls epigallocatechin gallate (IC50: 38.91 μg/mL for collagenase, IC50: 38.91 μg/mL for elastase), tannic acid (IC50: 26.95 μg/mL for hyaluronidase), and kojic acid (IC50: 28.74 μg/mL for tyrosinase), the activities were found to be close. It was determined that the major components of RsEO were pentadecanal (8.88%), dodecanoic acid (7.86%), nonanal (4.32%), and octadecanal (4.08%). RsEO showed moderate antibacterial activity (inhibition zones between 10 and 15 mm) against the tested bacteria compared to ampicillin. This study demonstrated that RsEO is a natural product that has the potential to serve as a promising anti-aging and antibacterial therapeutic agent due to the synergistic effect of its constituent components.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Unveiling the bioactive potential of Scabiosa rotata M. Bieb fruits: a landmark study on cytotoxic, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and molecular docking
Yildirim, Aybeniz; Celep, Inci Kurt; Gül, Abdulkadir; Eter, Özge Soylu; Baǧcl, Eyüp
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of ethanol extract (SRE) and its hexane (SRH), chloroform (SRC), ethyl acetate (SREA), and aqueous ethanol (SRAE) sub-extracts obtained from the fruits of Scabiosa rotata M. Bieb. Molecular docking studies were also performed to evaluate the interactions of the most active sub-extract with the human mitochondrial ABC transporter (ABCB10) protein, plays an important role in cellular oxidative stress regulation and mitochondrial function. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents and antioxidant radical scavenging activities (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl [DPPH] and 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid [ABTS]) of all extracts were determined. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated on different cell lines, such as HepG2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells. Antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus. SREA showed the best antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 54.20 μg/ml and 48.56 μg/ml for DPPH and ABTS, respectively, and also had high TPC (499.06 mg GA/g) and TFC (327.45 mg QE/g). Furthermore, SREA showed significant cytotoxicity comparable to cisplatin with IC50 values of 51.29, 51.41, and 52.89 μg/ml for HepG2, MCF-7, and HeLa cells, respectively. However, none of the extracts showed antibacterial activity. The analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) on SREA found that the main phenolic compounds are chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, quinic acid, and isoorientin. Molecular docking of the major compounds showed that chlorogenic acid (2.21 mM) exhibited the strongest binding affinity, followed by hesperidin (5.83 mM), quinic acid (8.86 mM), and isoorientin (13 mM). These findings indicate the potential of SREA to be used as a natural antioxidant and anticancer agent.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Gluconic Acid Production by Using Recombinant Escherichia coli Waksman pqq+ Cells with a Novel Approach from Biomass Sources
Gül, Abdulkadir; Tanyıldızı, Muhammet Şaban
Gluconic acid (GA) is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, detergent, textile, leather, and concrete industries. However, cost-effective and high-yield production of GA remains a challenge. Due to currently high raw material inputs of GA, various alternative carbohydrate sources are being investigated. Sucrose is one of the cost-effective biomass sources that can be used as feedstock. The most common industrial production of GA is based on wild-type bacteria and fungi, but there are many problems with this production. This study aimed to optimize the production of GA from glucose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose using recombinant E. coli Waksman (W) pqq+ strain. After sucrose was enzymatically hydrolyzed, significant medium components for GA production were determined as glucose, calcium carbonate (CaCO3), peptone, and ammonium phosphate ((NH4)3PO4) using Placket-Burman Design (PBD). Detailed optimization of the medium components that are significant in GA production was carried out using central composite design (CCD), and optimum values of the independent variables examined in maximum GA production (93.5 ± 2.95 g/L) were determined as glucose 95, CaCO3 25, peptone 2, and (NH4)3PO4 1.13 (g/L). Using results obtained in the Erlenmeyer experiments, GA production in the bioreactor was investigated by CCD. The maximum GA efficiency (3.20 ± 0.15 g/L. h) was obtained under conditions where the air supply rate was 10.82 L/min, stirring speed was 656.87 rpm, and CaCO3 concentration was 16.90 g/L. In conclusion, it has been shown that GA can be produced with a high yield with this novel approach using a recombinant strain for GA production from sucrose.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Production and Enrichment of Erucic Acid Methyl Ester Analytical Standards from Natural Oils for Food Control Analysis
Karabaş, Yağmur; Gül, Abdulkadir; Karpuz, Ömer; Akdoğan, Arda; Baltacı, Cemalettin
Foods high in erucic acid (EA), a fatty acid considered a natural toxin, can pose various health risks. Studies have reported that people exposed to high levels of EA are more likely to experience cardiovascular disease, are susceptible to myocardial adiposity, and have increased rates of diabetes. Therefore, in 2019, the European Commission (EC) declared that the maximum EA content in vegetable oils should be no more than 2%. These regulations require EA analysis in import and export food samples. A methyl ester of EA (EAME) standard is required to analyze EA content. In many countries, this analytical standard is not available and is being imported. This study endeavored to economically produce the EAME standard, which is in high demand due to mandated analysis, using natural oils. Initially, the fatty acid amounts in the food samples were analyzed by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC-MS/FID) method. The analyses revealed that mustard seed oil had the lowest EA content, while yellow mustard seed oil had the maximum EA content. The esterification was conducted on the samples containing both high and low EA, resulting in an efficiency of approximately 80%. The crystallization process was subsequently repeated to increase the EA quantity until the highest EAME content was obtained. By this process, 14 different concentrations of EAME ranging from 2.33 to 55.66% were produced. These results demonstrate the first successful production of EAME standards from natural oils that can be used in validation and internal quality control studies for food control analysis.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Anti-inflammatory activities of some Anthemis species used in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases, GC/MS and LC-MS/MS analysis with bioactivity-guided fractionation
Yıldırım, Aybeniz; Gül, Abdulkadir; Başaran, Nihal; Şen, Ali; Bitiş, Leyla; Tanyıldızı, M.Şaban
Recent studies have focused on Anthemis sp. because of their rich chemical composition and application in the treatment of diseases associated with inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the active chemicals responsible for the anti-inflammatory properties of Anthemis cotula, A. tomentosa, A. austriaca, and A. tinctoria var. tinctoria. Therefore, the 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) was used to assess the anti-inflammatory properties of methanol extracts that were extracted from the aerial parts of the mentioned species, with an IC50 value of 23.88 μg/mL, the methanol extract of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects close to the standard (Indomethacin, IC50: 18.05 μg/mL). Compared to the other extracts, the methanol extract of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria demonstrated significantly greater anti-inflammatory activity. A. tinctoria var. tinctoria and A. tomentosa methanol extracts, which were the most active in comparison to other extracts, were fractionated using the bioactivity-guided fractionation method. Their anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated to determine the compounds responsible for the activity. With an IC50 value of 3.44 μg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria (ATiEA) was found to be the most active of all the fractions. After ATiEA was further fractionated using column chromatography, it was found that ATiEA-II, one of its sub-fractions, was more effective than other sub-fractions against the 5-LOX, with an IC50 value of 2.93 μg/mL. Furthermore, the sub-fractions' total phenol and flavonoid contents were examined to confirm their anti-inflammatory properties. The sub-fraction ATiEA-II exhibited higher total flavonoid content (743,86 μg QE/g dry weight) and total phenol content (4659.36 μg GA/g dry weight) than other sub-fractions, which was in line with its anti-inflammatory activity. GC/MS and LC-MS/MS were used to clarify the effective compounds of the sub-fraction ATiEA-II. Experiments on the anti-inflammatory properties of different Anthemis sp. have demonstrated the good anti-inflammatory potential of this species. Specifically, ATiEA-II, a sub-fraction of A. tinctoria var. tinctoria, may contain a novel anti-inflammatory drug molecule.