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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13769
  Enhanced Sensorless Current Control in Boost Converters for EV Fast Charging: Equilibrium Optimization-Tuned Cascaded ANN-Fuzzy Logic Control

  Altan, Aytac; Yanarates, Cagfer; Alzaidi, Mohammed S.

  Efficient current control in boost converters is critical for electric vehicle (EV) battery charging applications, where dynamic operating conditions challenge conventional control strategies. This paper presents a novel cascaded artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic (ANFIS) controller designed to enhance current regulation in boost converters. The performance of the proposed approach is validated through comparison with single PI, cascaded PI, and single ANFIS control schemes. To improve system performance, a sensorless current estimation technique is implemented, reducing hardware dependency and enhancing robustness, while lowering system cost. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed cascaded ANFIS controller maintains consistent current levels under rapid load changes, providing improved transient response and steady-state accuracy. Specifically, the proposed method achieves a settling time of 23 ms, compared to 185 ms for single PI and 66 ms for single ANFIS control, corresponding to an 87.6% improvement over PI. In addition, overshoot is reduced from 37.25% (PI) and approximately 20% (ANFIS) to negligible levels, while a fast rise time of 3.62 ms is obtained. These improvements reduce current deviation and transient stress, contributing to more stable and reliable charging operation. Although charging time, efficiency, and battery lifetime are not directly measured, the results indicate strong potential for improved practical charging performance. The proposed approach provides valuable insights into the integration of intelligent control methods in power electronics and supports the development of high-performance EV charging systems.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13522
  In-depth Analysis of the Control Unit for Multiple Voltage Rails to Drive a Variety of ICs

  Yanarateş, Cağfer; Altan, Aytaç

  Generating a negative output voltage rail from a positive input voltage is possible by reconfiguring an ordinary buck regulator into an inverting buck-boost (IBB) topology. Rather than operating considerations such as voltage and current stresses, the main challenge associated with this transformation arises from differences in the small-signal closed-loop characteristics. The most critical distinction is the presence of a right-half-plane (RHP) zero in the control-to-output transfer function of the IBB, which introduces non-minimum-phase behaviour, reduces the achievable phase margin, and may lead to instability and poor load transient response. For conventional PI controllers, the buck and IBB converters resulted in settling times of 5.0 ms and 6.8 ms, with overshoots of 13.65% and 8.46%, respectively, thus demonstrating the performance limitations of fixed-gain designs. As a solution, an auto-tuned PI controller with adaptive features has been proposed, which operates effectively in both the buck and IBB topologies. The proposed scheme achieves a significantly faster settling time of 2.27 ms with overshoot and undershoot below 2%, thereby ensuring superior robustness and dynamic performance compared to conventional approaches.

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• MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2026/r/gumushane/13454
  Measurement-aware zero-phase iterative learning control for robust regulation of nonideal boost converters in electric vehicle fast charging

  Altan, Aytaç; Alzaidi, Mohammed S.; Yanarateş, Cağfer

  Integrating battery energy storage with DC-DC boost converters for electric vehicle fast charging exposes the regulator to ageing-induced parameter drift, periodic load pulses, and, critically, the nonidealities in the output-voltage sensing chain. This paper proposes a measurement-aware, zero-phase iterative learning control scheme for robust output-voltage regulation of a nonideal boost converter whose parameters are matched to those of a commercial Texas Instruments TPS6102x battery regulator. The controller combines an inner proportional-integral stabilizing loop with an outer zero-phase learning law that updates a feedforward correction based on the sensor-captured output trajectory; a forward-backward robustness filter suppresses the amplification of measurement noise and quantization across successive trials without introducing phase lag. The averaged small-signal model is validated against a 960 kHz switched simulation, with agreement within 0.2% at the operating point and a transient-waveform correlation of 0.91, while the bandwidth limitations imposed by the lightly damped resonance and the nonminimum-phase dynamics on feedback are quantified from the loop frequency response. Because feedback alone is bandwidth-limited, the learning feedforward recovers the intrinsic converter speed for the repetitive task and reduces the periodic tracking error by more than an order of magnitude relative to a fairly tuned baseline. A bounded-error convergence theorem shows that, under real sensing, the tracking error converges to a neighbourhood whose size is proportional to the measurement-disturbance level; this is confirmed numerically, with the asymptotic error scaling approximately linearly with the noise standard deviation once the noise dominates the filter bias. Systematic sweeps of converter resolution, noise, and sensor delay show that the zero-phase measurement-aware law remains bounded where a naive learning law diverges, and a 500-sample Monte Carlo study confirms robustness to component tolerances, load variation, and parasitic aging. The primary physical task is the rejection of a repeating high-current charging pulse: over successive charging cycles the scheme reduces the periodic output-voltage sag from 35% to below 0.01%, whereas the best feedback comparator leaves a 17% residual, and the sinusoidal reference used elsewhere serves as a spectral diagnostic that isolates the feedback-bandwidth ceiling at a single known frequency. The learning law is further verified in closed loop on the cycle-by-cycle switched large-signal converter, where it converges and stays bounded. A per-unit scale-invariance analysis then establishes the conditions under which the design obtained on the low-power benchmark transfers to fast-charging power levels, as confirmed on a 400 V, 6.1 kW stage that reproduces the benchmark convergence exactly.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19580
  Optimizing Reflow Soldering Oven Temperature Control: A Mathematical Approach with First-Order Modelling and PI Controller Design

  Altan, Aytaç; Yanarates, Cagfer

  This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the identification and control of a reflow soldering oven, with the primary goal of developing a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller to ensure precise temperature regulation and high-quality solder joints in circuit board manufacturing. The study begins by examining the generic thermal profile of a reflow soldering oven, offering insights into its temperature dynamics and control requirements. A mathematical model of the oven is derived using a first-order transfer function with transport delay, based on system response analysis. This model serves as the basis for designing and tuning the PI controller. The design process involves a systematic approach, including model validation and performance analysis under various operating conditions. The optimization of temperature control focuses on minimizing overshoot, compensating for steady-state errors, and ensuring robust responses to disturbances. Comprehensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the system's performance and stability, taking into account potential disturbances, noise, and time delays. The effectiveness of the developed PI controller is validated through comparisons with a simple Proportional (P) controller, and its accuracy is verified using the pole placement method. The results demonstrate significant improvements in temperature control, highlighting the controller's ability to precisely maintain desired thermal profiles.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/14149
  Solving the Dynamic Stability Challenge of Automatic Gain-Controlled Phase-Locked Loops: A Robust Alternative via Enhanced SRF-PLL Design and Implementation

  Yanarateş, Cağfer; Altan, Aytaç

  This study presents a robust alternative to conventional phase-locked loop (PLL) architectures through the design and real-time implementation of an enhanced Synchronous Reference Frame Phase-Locked Loop (SRF-PLL) for single-phase inverter systems. Targeting the inherent dynamic stability limitations of Automatic Gain-Controlled PLLs (AGC-PLLs), the proposed SRF-PLL demonstrates superior performance in transient response and tracking accuracy. Comparative evaluations under diverse dynamic operating conditions—including phase angle jumps, voltage sags/swells, frequency steps, noise, and harmonic distortion—highlight its resilience and adaptability. Experimental results reveal a substantial improvement in dynamic response, achieving 2.5 to 6 times faster settling times depending on the operating condition. Moreover, peak-to-peak oscillations were significantly suppressed, with deviations reduced from 2° to nearly 0° under a 5 Hz frequency step scenario, even in the presence of 3rd order harmonic injection. For a 40° phase angle step, the proposed system achieves a fivefold improvement in attenuation time (0.03 s vs. 0.11 s) compared to the AGC-PLL. Under voltage sag conditions with noise and 3rd order harmonic injection, the enhanced SRF-PLL reduces the attenuation time from 0.2 s to 0.08 s. During voltage swell scenarios, it further improves the response time from 0.025 s to 0.01 s. These findings confirm the practical benefits and efficiency of the enhanced SRF-PLL for applications requiring precise and reliable phase tracking and synchronization.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/12546
  Optimizing control strategies for DC-DC boost converters: Real-time application of an adaptive gain scheduled ISA-PI controller with hybrid state-space and linear parameter-varying modelling

  Yanarateş, Cağfer

  This paper introduces an innovative sophisticated control scheme for a DC-DC boost converter (DCBC), employing an adaptive gain scheduled ISA-PI controller. Addressing the inherent non-minimum phase behaviour arising from a right-half plane zero and the complexities associated with nonlinear dynamics during continuous conduction mode (CCM), the proposed adaptive gain scheduled ISA-PI controller incorporates the distinct adjustable parameter within the controller structure. This parameter is instrumental in enhancing the adaptability of the controller to varied operating conditions. The adaptive ISA-PI controller seamlessly integrates the real-time duty cycle value, replacing traditional tuning variables with precision. The dynamic adjustment of this sole controllable parameter is facilitated through a carefully designed look-up table, employing the loop-shaping method. Verification of the proposed control system’s effectiveness is conducted using MATLAB/Simulink, incorporating a comprehensive comparative analysis against single proportional integral (PI) controllers. The assessment centres on evaluating the system’s precision in tracking desired signals and regulating plant process variables with optimal efficiency, minimizing delays and overshoot. Experimental validation is further undertaken using MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow on a dSPACE Real-time-interface (RTI) 1007 processor, DS2004 High-Speed A/D, and CP4002 Timing and Digital I/O boards. The experimental results confirm the superior performance of the proposed adaptive gain schedule ISA-PI controller, which has a unique configurable parameter. This controller demonstrated a twofold improvement in tracking speed and significantly improved disturbance rejection, confirming its effectiveness.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/19994
  Dc regulation and loop gain analysis of a dc-dc switch mode power supply: a case study on a synchronous pwm controlled buck converter

  Altan, Aytaç; Yanarates, Cagfer

  This study investigates the DC regulation of a DC-DC buck converter operating with pulse width modulation (PWM), taking into account the internal resistance of the coil and the on-resistance of the switching device. The effect of these parameters on the input/output disturbances is analyzed in continuous-conduction mode under constant frequency voltage mode control. The study also explores the effect on loop gain using the IRU3037 8-pin IC synchronous PWM controlled buck converter. The transfer function of the IRU3037 IC is derived from datasheet values using state-space averaging and AC small signal methods. A Type II compensator is then designed based on the derived transfer function. In addition, the step response characteristics of the open-loop and closed-loop circuits are investigated by time domain analysis.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/19903
  Compact analysis of the necessity of padé approximation for delayed continuous-time models in lqr, h-infinity and root locus control strategies

  Altan, Aytaç; Yanarates, Cagfer

  This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the need for the Padé approximation for continuous-time models with delays, focusing on its critical role in addressing the control challenges posed by time delays. Time delays, often referred to as dead times, transport delays or time lags, are inherent in a wide range of industrial and engineering processes. These delays introduce phase shifts that degrade control performance by reducing control bandwidth and threatening the stability of closed-loop systems. Accurate modelling and compensation of these delays is essential to maintain system stability and ensure effective control. This paper highlights the difficulties that arise when using advanced control techniques such as root locus (RL), linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and H-infinity (H_∞) control in systems with delays. Representing delays in exponential form leads to an infinite number of state problems, complicating the design and analysis of controllers in such systems. To address these challenges, the Padé approximation is proposed as an effective method for approximating time delays with rational polynomials of appropriate order. This approach allows for more accurate simulation, system analysis and controller design, thereby mitigating the problems caused by delays. The paper also provides a detailed comparative analysis between the Padé approximation and Taylor polynomials, demonstrating the superiority of the former in achieving accurate delay modelling and control performance. The results show that the use of Padé approximation not only improves the accuracy of system models, but also improves the robustness and stability of control strategies such as RL, LQR, and H_∞. These results highlight the importance of the Padé approximation as a valuable tool in the design of delay-affected control systems, offering significant advantages for both theoretical and practical applications.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/14275
  Investigating the impact of discretization techniques on real-time digital control of DC-DC boost converters: A comprehensive analysis

  Yanarateş, Cağfer; Zhou, Zhongfu; Altan, Aytaç

  This paper provides a thorough comparative analysis of discretization techniques commonly utilized in digital control applications for DC-DC boost converters (DBCs). Given the crucial role of DC-DC converters in various industries such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices, it is imperative to optimize their performance through efficient digital control. This study aims to improve the understanding of the effects of discretization methods on control system behaviour. It investigates their impact on the performance, stability and accuracy of control algorithms in the context of DBC, using dSPACE real-time interface (RTI) and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation for validation. This approach replicates real-world conditions, allowing performance to be evaluated in a controlled environment. The analysis examines behaviour in the time and frequency domains, providing insight into the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Experimental validation using MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow on dSPACE RTI 1007 processor, DS2004 high-speed A/D and CP4002 timing and digital I/O boards ensures that the comparative analysis provides practical benefits for DBC digital control applications.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/12613
  Enhanced Hysteresis Droop Control for Equivalent Load Sharing in Parallel PWM DC-DC Converters: Optimized Slew Rate by Resonant Filtering

  Yanarates, Cagfer; Altan, Aytac

  In this study, enhanced hysteresis droop control for equivalent and fast load sharing in parallel PWM DC-DC converters is presented. The basis behind the work encompasses power system stability, reliability, efficiency, reduction of losses and decrease in the operational cost. In this context, phase management, which constitutes the biggest problem, and the resulting factors such as ripple cancellation, thermal stress, transient response behavior and complexity, is aimed to manage with the proposed control scheme. Performance evaluation of the proposed system is based on sensitivity analysis against possible disturbance and noise, and comparative analysis with PI controller against uncertainty and parameter variations using mathematical modeling and simulation techniques. The results show that the proposed controller has improved performance in both noise attenuation and disturbance rejection at typical switching frequencies of DC-DC converters ranging from 100 kHz to a few MHz. Additionally, applying the proposed control technique considering 10% parameter variations led to the largest difference being recorded at 4% while this difference was 18.68% in conventional PI control. According to the findings of the simulation, the proposed control scheme reduces the settling time by a factor of 4.89, whereas it takes 775.862 μs seconds with the PI controller. Furthermore, with the suggested controller, the overshoot - which was 36.09% with the PI controller - is reduced to just 1%.

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