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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2025/r/gumushane/19788
  Labour Market Aspirations of Ukrainian Refugees: Determinants and Challenges

  Kocağ, Esra Karapınar

  This study analyses factors influencing Ukrainian refugees’ migration for work, using household-level data from the UNHCR Survey of Intentions and Perspectives of Refugees from Ukraine. Applying logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM), it examines key determinants, including gender, age, education, residence status, and planned return duration. Results show men are more likely than women to migrate for work (odds ratio: 2.01), highlighting gender-specific barriers. Older individuals and those with higher education levels exhibit lower migration likelihoods. Refugees in private accommodations are less likely to migrate, suggesting housing stability affects mobility. Longer planned return durations increase work-related migration (odds ratio: 1.25), while travelling with a larger family reduces it. These findings highlight the complexity of refugee labour market integration and the need for policies addressing gender disparities, housing stability, and long-term employment prospects to support refugees’ economic inclusion.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/20104
  Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi ve Göç Etme Niyeti Üzerine Hanehalkı Düzeyinde Bir Araştırma: Afganistan Örneği

  Kocağ, Esra Karapınar

  Bu çalışma, göçün tarihinden günümüze kadar devam eden bir süreç olduğu ve uluslararası göstergelerin kadınların güçlendirilmesi veya güçlendirilmesi konusunda oldukça kötü bir tablo gösterdiği Afganistan örneğinde, hanehalklarının göç niyetleri ve kadınların güçlendirilmesi gibi iki önemli kaygı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu ülkedeki kadınların büyük bir hassaslık arz ettiği ve güçlendirilmeleri gerektiği açıktır. Ancak, güçlenmelerinin hane halkının göç etme niyetiyle ilişkili olup olmadığı o kadar açık değildir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma, Afgan toplumunun farklı kesimlerinde hassas bir grup olarak kadınların güçlendirilmesinin hanelerin göç etme niyetini nasıl ve ne şekilde etkilediğini sorgulamaktadır. Bulgular, Women_leader, Women_support, Women_job ve Girls_edu olan kadın güçlendirme ölçütlerinin ayrı ayrı var olduklarında, hanehalklarının göç niyetlerini önemli ölçüde etkilemediğini göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, bu ölçütlerin etkileşime girmelerine izin verildiğinde göç niyetlerini önemli ölçüde etkilediği görülmektedir. Yukarıda belirtilen dört ölçütün sunduğu siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik yönden kadının güçlendirilmesinin olası nüfus hareketlerini açıklamak açısından önemli olduğu söylenebilir. Ayrıca, göç niyetlerini açıklamak için önemli bölgesel farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu bulguların göç politikaları konusunda politika yapıcılar için faydalı olması beklenmektedir.

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• Derleme MakaleYalnız künye2023/r/gumushane/20415
  Investigating life satisfaction: the case of refugees in ethiopia

  Kocağ, Esra Karapınar

  As several vulnerable groups in societies such as elderly people, people with disabilities, and children, refugees also draw attention to address their wellbeing due to increasing number of people seeking refuge across the world. The wellbeing of them is considered by either international institutions or national authorities since they are likely to need assistance to have a decent life. In this respect, this study focuses on life satisfaction which refers to a broad scope of elements of quality of life in the context of refugees in Ethiopia since this country provides an important shelter to considerable number of refugees in Africa. Using microdata from the World Bank’s Ethiopia Skills Profile Survey (ESPS-2017), this study finds that basic human needs, safety concerns, and financial concerns play significant role on refugees’ life satisfaction in Ethiopia.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/20331
  Çevreyi Korumaya Yönelik Bireysel Tercihleri Araştırma: Binomial Lojistik Regresyon

  Kocağ, Esra Karapınar

  Dünya genelinde çevresel bozulma, halk ve politika yapıcılar arasında her ülke için artan bir endişe kaynağıdır. Ekonomik büyüme ve doğal çevredeki bozulma arasındaki ilişki ilgili literatürde geniş bir şekilde tartışılmaktadır. Kuznets (1955) tarafından gelir artışı ve gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki U şeklinde bir ilişkiyi temsil etmesi için önerilen Kuznets Eğrisi, daha sonra araştırmacılar tarafından gelir artışı ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için de kullanılmıştır. Zamanla bu yaklaşım Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) olarak adlandırılıp geniş bir literatür tarafından incelenmiştir. EKC hipotezine yönelik makro yaklaşımlar büyük ölçüde tartışılırken, mikro ekonomik yaklaşımlar oldukça azdır. Bu makale, bu bağlamda, çevresel tercihler hakkında bireysel bir bakış açısı oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çevresel bir gösterge olarak ekonomik büyümeden ziyade çevrenin korunmasına yönelik bireysel önceliği kullanarak, bu tercihi etkileyen bireysel faktörler incelenmiştir. Literatürdeki sınırlı çalışmalar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, bu çalışma, 1995-2020 dönemi için yüzden fazla ülkeden bireysel gözlemlerden yararlanması bakımından bireylerin çevresel tercihlerini açıklayan öncü girişimlerdendir. Lojistic regresyon yaklaşımından elde edilen bulgular, EKC hipotezini destekleyecek bireysel düzeyde net bir kanıt olmadığını göstermektedir. Buna karşın elde edilen bulgular, sürdürülebilir bir toplum için çok önemli olan çevreci tercihlerin daha iyi anlaşılması için faydalı bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Politika önerileri kapsamında, kadınların güçlendirilmesinin, eğitimin ve iş fırsatlarının bir toplumda sürdürülebilir yeşil bir gelecek için yararlı araçlar olabileceği önerilebilir.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/20296
  An Investigation on the Components of the Living Standards: Evidence from Ethiopia

  Kocağ, Esra Karapınar

  Adaption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015 by United Nations member states is an urgent call for action to improve human lives while protecting environment. As any other developed and developing members, Ethiopia is also expected to response the call for action. Ethiopia is a country with high dependency on rain-fed agriculture, severe drought as a result of climate change and wrong human action, widespread poverty, and high dependency on humanitarian aid which requires a careful investigation to deal with its problematic situations. This paper offers a household level investigation on the components of living standards or welfare in Ethiopia, utilising COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Survey of Households 2020. Findings suggest that living area, ownership of dwelling, Access to water and electricity, having a rental income, and the number of household members significantly associated with the level of consumption, that are expected to provide guidance for policy makers.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/14459
  Determinants of Individual Worries on Food Insecurity in Afghanistan

  Karapınar Kocağ, Esra

  According to the United Nations (UN), more than 30 per cent of the world’s population experienced food insecurity moderately or severely in 2020 and Sustainable Development Goal 2 clearly claims to end hunger by 2030. Afghanistan within those regions with severe food insecurity has become prominent as both environmental deterioration due to climate change and ongoing conflict affects this situation twice as much. Using Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES-2018) data that was provided by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), this paper provides evidence on the determinants of individual worry on having enough food with a sample of 998 individuals through a probit model. Findings reveal that having a college degree significantly reduces the probability of being worried not to have enough food. Further, living in a rural area increases this probability, while being in a richer income quintile and having one more adults in the household decreases it. Empirical evidence of this research suggests a few policy implications. Education should be generalised in the society; and production techniques in the rural areas should be improved to increase the level of production and to save the environment. These efforts might increase the wage level that would help to increase household income to alleviate food insecurity.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/14372
  Financial Wellbeing during Covid-19 Pandemic: Concerns about Medical Costs; [Covid-19 Salgını Sırasında Finansal Refah: Tıbbi Maliyetlerle İlgili Endişeler]

  Kocağ, Esra Karapinar

  Financial wellbeing which represents a great concern for individuals regardless of their social status or their current employment situation constitutes an important element of overall individual wellbeing. Within a broader structure of financial wellbeing, concerns about medical costs have gained a vital importance particularly following the pandemic. Identifying what factors influence this growing concern is critical to tackle with the problem and improve individual wellbeing. Hence, this study is expected to shed light on such an important individual and national concern. To that end, this paper utilizes Global Financial Inclusion Database which is based on national representative surveys of about 128,000 adults across more than 120 countries. Empirical analysis in which ordered probit model was applied aims to investigate if there exists an association between financial concerns about medical costs and COVID-19. Findings of the empirical investigation reveal that being in the group of those who are very worried about financial hardship due to Covid-19 outbreak increases the probability of reporting being very worried about medical cost payments by about 34.5 percentage points. Therefore, it is seen that pandemic detrimentally related to individuals’ increased concerns over medical costs. These findings are expected to guide policy makers on the management of healthcare system and measures to improve individual wellbeing.

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• Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2022/r/gumushane/14460
  Dynamics of self-belief to fight against climate change: Evidence from European social survey

  Popescu, Cristina Raluca Gh.; Kocağ, Esra Karapinar

  All prominent leaders, managers, researchers, and specialists worldwide position the positive and constructive contributions for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the centre of their activities and interests due to the power that the international community holds in reaching all SDG targets and achieving a global partnership for sustainable development (SD). The focal point of this study is represented by individuals' self-belief to fight against climate change and utilizes valuable data from the European Social Survey (ESS) Wave 10 in 2020 on two main areas: the impact that large numbers of people limiting their energy use might have on climate change and the causes of climate change which could be represented by natural processes, human activity, or both. The findings show that more than half of those individuals in the sample are taking bold and transformative steps towards a better future for all choosing sustainability, being more likely to have positive attitudes about individual efforts to control climate change, centering on reducing their energy consumption.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/gumushane/14394
  The Determinants of Immigrants’ Skill Composition

  Karapınar Kocağ, Esra; Li, Yutong; Popescu, Cristina Raluca Gh.

  Movements of labor across the world is an ongoing debate in the literature in terms of its drivers and results in sending and receiving areas. Skill composition of immigrant labor has been discussed by several papers, although they generally focused on visa policies or firm level productivity. However, this paper focuses on the relationship between immigrants’ educational attainment and government budgeting on research and development (R&D). Panel data analysis is applied for European countries, along with instrumental variable approach as a robustness check. Findings reveal that higher budget allocation for R&D is associated with higher skill level of immigrants within overall immigrant population. This finding is driven by young immigrants whose ages are between 25 and 34 and female immigrants in these countries, suggesting that this relationship varies among sub-groups of immigrants, which would have significant policy implications. Hence, the novel and original approach of the paper resides in the deciding factors of immigrants’ skill composition.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/gumushane/12595
  Individual Attitudes towards Immigration in Turkey: Evidence from the European Social Survey

  Karapınar Kocağ, Esra; Longhi, Simonetta

  One of the reasons why people hold anti-immigration attitudes is the fear that immigrants “rob jobs” of natives and decrease wages. However, academic literature finds that this is not the case. Nevertheless, in various countries, people still tend to oppose immigration. Opposition to immigration was particularly high in Turkey in the early 2000s, where almost half of the respondents to the Turkish part of the European Social Survey reported they would prefer to allow no immigrants into Turkey. This is although immigration to Turkey is very low. Turkey is becoming an important destination country as conflicts in neighboring countries force many people to flee. Therefore, understanding the opposition to immigration in Turkey is crucial for managing age immigration flows efficiently. For this purpose, we investigate the determinants of attitudes towards immigration in Turkey using the European Social Survey and Turkish population census data. The findings of the ordered probit model reveal that Turkish people tend to hold more negative attitudes towards immigration where the regional share of immigrants is higher. The little chance of contact with immigrants in Turkey through a lower share of immigrants compared to other European countries seems to influence natives’ pro-immigrant attitudes negatively.

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