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Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/10430
  Agricultural value-added, fertilizer and pesticide use, and environmental load capacity: evidence from BRICS-T countries

  Akyol, Mehmet; Zuhal, Mustafa; Mete, Emrullah; Lorente, Daniel Balsalobre; Barut, Abdulkadir

  The agricultural sector plays a vital role in ensuring food security and supporting sustainable economic growth. However, climate change and global warming pose significant challenges to the long-term viability of agricultural production, underscoring the need for sustainable agricultural practices. Adopting clean technologies and environmentally responsible policies is essential for balancing economic and agricultural sustainability while minimizing ecological harm. Supportive and protective agricultural inputs are widely used to enhance productivity, yet excessive, unregulated use can lead to environmental degradation. This deterioration negatively impacts ecosystems, reducing biodiversity and straining natural resources. The Load Capacity Factor (LCF) serves as a critical metric for assessing the environmental footprint of agricultural activities. This paper investigates the effects of agricultural value-added, pesticide use, and fertilizer application on LCF in BRICS-T countries. The findings indicate that these variables exhibit long-term cointegration, with varying short- and long-term impacts. To ensure the sustainability of agricultural production while safeguarding ecosystems, it is essential to integrate clean technologies, precision farming, and regenerative agricultural practices into policy frameworks. Sustainable agricultural systems and environmentally conscious policies are fundamental to securing resilient food production and long-term economic stability.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19626
  The impact of agricultural value added, urbanisation and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality in MINT countries

  Akyol, Mehmet; Bakkaloğlu, Ayşen

  In this paper, the effects of agricultural value added, urbanisation and energy consumption on environmental quality in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey) countries were analysed for the period between 1992-2019. In the first stage of the study the panel analysis was used then the existence of horizontal cross-section dependence between the variables was tested and then the CIPS test, was used to test the stationarity of the series. In the paper where the existence of homogeneity was tested with the Delta test, the long-run relationship between the series was tested with the Pedroni panel cointegration test. Finally, the effects of agricultural value added, urbanisation and energy consumption on the environment were analysed by fully modified least squares estimator (FMOLS) analysis. According to the FMOLS results, the increase in agricultural value added and urbanisation rate has a negative impact on environmental quality, while renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on environmental quality. The results of the study show that more environmentally friendly policies should be developed and implemented in the agricultural production process in the country group in question, renewable energy investments and consumption should be increased, and the urbanisation rate should be taken under control and environmentally friendly new generation city plans should be put into effect urgently.

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• MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2025/r/gumushane/16807
  DO ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATIONS, TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH AFFECT THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES? PANEL AUGMENTED MEAN GROUP AND COMMON CORRELATED EFFECT ESTIMATIONS

  Akyol, Mehmet; Soyyigit, Semanur

  This study assessed the environmental technological innovation (ETI) of the 13 countries with the highest industrial added value (China, the United States, Japan, Germany, India, the United Kingdom, South Korea, France, Russia, Italy, Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia) over the period between 1992 and 2019. The objective is to evaluate the impact of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, trade openness (TO), and economic growth (EG) on the ecological footprint (EFP). In this study, a panel data analysis was conducted utilizing the second-generation PANIC unit root test, the Westerlund cointegration test, the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, and the common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) and augmented mean group (AMG) estimator methods. The results of the analysis demonstrate that, according to the CCEMG, ETI exerts a mitigating influence on EFP in Indonesia. In numerous countries, CO2 has been observed to increase EFP, whereas in a select few countries, EG has been found to have a similar effect. Conversely, in China and South Korea, TO has been identified as a factor contributing to an increase in EFP, while in the United States, it has been identified as a factor that contributes to a decrease in EFP. The AMG indicates that ETI results in a decrease in EFP in Brazil and Indonesia, while simultaneously producing an increase in Mexico. While CO2 is observed to increase EFP in numerous countries, EG is seen to increase EFP in many countries, although this is only the case in India. TO is found to decrease EFP in China, India, South Korea, and Brazil, while simultaneously increasing it in Germany. The empirical evidence suggests that policies aimed at limiting uncontrolled economic growth, prioritising environmentally friendly technological innovations, improving international trade processes and policies with the objective of reducing emissions, and developing environmentally friendly processes and products in production are likely to be effective.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2023/r/gumushane/16624
  The Relationship between Urbanization, Energy Consumption and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Panel Ardl Analysis for Newly Industrialized Countries

  Akyol, Mehmet

  An increase in the world population, technological advancement, and economic concerns bring along an increase in urbanization and energy consumption. Increasing urbanization speed and energy consumption cause environmental problems. The main hypothesis of this study is based on the idea that urbanization rate and energy consumption increase carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. To test this hypethesis, the study ana-lyzed the relationship between urbanization, energy consump-tion, and carbon dioxide emission specific to newly industrialized countries. Panel ARDL method was utilized in this study that scrutinized the years between 1990 and 2018. According to the long-term results of the analysis, urbanization negatively affects carbon dioxide emission in the country group aforementioned; energy consumption and economic growth that is control vari-able have a positive effect on carbon-dioxide emission. Regarding short-term results, only the energy consumption positively af-fects carbon dioxide emission while other variables are statisti-cally insignificant. The results of the analysis reveal the necessity of policies towards smart city applications in reducing carbon dioxide emissions in newly industrialized countries. In addition, turning to renewable sources in energy consumption plays a key role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/gumushane/17196
  Çevresel inovasyon, ekonomik büyüme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi üzerine etkisi

  Akyol, Mehmet; Mete, Emrullah

  Enerji sanayi devriminden bu yana ülkelerin ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayabilmek için en önemli girdi olmuştur. Ancak enerjinin tükenebilir olması ve çevreye zarar veren kaynaklardan üretilmesi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarını ve tüketimini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı çevresel inovasyon, ekonomik büyüme ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi üzerinde etkilerini araştırmaktır. Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinden 10 ülkenin 2000-2018 dönemine ait verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada Gengenbach Urbain ve Westerlund (2008) panel eşbütünleşme analizi ve Emirmahmutoğlu ve Köse (2011) panel nedensellik analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme analizi sonuçlarına göre çevresel inovasyon ve ekonomik büyüme yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini negatif yönlü, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ise pozitif yönlü etkilemektedir. Nedensellik analizi sonuçlarına göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümenin nedeni olduğu, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin nedeni olduğu ve çevresel inovasyonun yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin nedeni olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/16006
  The Effect of Foreign Trade By Technology Intensity on Economic Growth: The Case of Turkey

  Akyol, Mehmet; Mete, Emrullah

  In today's international trade conditions, countries need to complete their technological developments in order to increase their competitiveness and economic growth. High technology exports are very important, especially for countries aiming for export-oriented growth. In this study, the effect of export and import performance according to technology intensity on the economic growth were analyzed for Turkey. In this context, data for the period 2002-2018 were analyzed with the ARDL boundary test approach. According to the analysis results, it was determined that low, low-medium, medium-advanced and advanced technology exports and imports and economic growth are co-integrated.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/gumushane/17581
  The Impact of Public R&D Supports on the Increase of Agricultural Productivity: The Case of the EU Member Transition Economies

  Soyyiğit, Semanur; Akyol, Mehmet

  Physical, environmental and political events in the world, increase the importance of the agricultural sector. Developing countries, as well as developed countries, implement a number of policies to increase agricultural production and productivity. One of these policies is agricultural R&D activities. In this study, the effect of publicly supported agricultural R&D expenditures on agricultural productivity was analyzed. Cyprus, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and Slovenia, which are called transition economies and became a member of the European Union in 2004, were included in the analysis. In the study covering the period between 2005 and 2016, it was concluded that public R&D expenditures for agricultural production had a partial positive effect on agricultural productivity.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/gumushane/17580
  Şgücü Verimliliği, İhracat ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği

  Akyol, Mehmet; Mete, Emrullah

  Günümüzde kaynakların kıt olması ve teknolojik gelişmelerin herülkede gerçekleşmemesi nedeniyle verimlilik ülkeler için ekonomikgelişmeyi sağlayan önemli bir enstrüman olmuştur. Genel olarak işgücüverimliliğindeki artışın ülkeler için ihracat, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlarve ekonomik büyüme gibi makro ekonomik enstrümanları hareketegeçirdiği kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada iş gücü verimliliği ile ihracatve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar arasındaki ilişki geçiş ekonomileri ülkeleriiçin 2005-2019 döneminde incelenmiştir. Dumitrescu ve Hurlin panelnedensellik analizinin kullanıldığı çalışmada, işgücü verimliliği ile ihracatarasında bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilemezken, işgücü verimliliğindendoğrudan yabancı yatırımlara doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespitedilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları söz konusu ülkelerde işgücü verimliliğinindoğrudan yabancı yatırımların nedeni olduğunu ifade etmektedir.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2021/r/gumushane/16833
  The Impact of Environmental Technological Innovations on CO2 Emissions: The Case of OECD Countries

  Akyol, Mehmet; Mete, Emrullah

  Global warming and climate change, caused by greenhouse gas emissions, have compelled all countries to reconsider their production factors. Developing technologies to reduce emission volumes has been one of the priority targets for countries. This study investigated the impact of environmental technological innovations on CO2 emissions in 18 OECD members. The panel generalized method of moments (GMM)was employed in the study to produce estimates for the period between 2005 and 2018. Energy consumption, economic growth (GDP), and technological innovation data were used as independent variables in the study, CO2 emissions were used as dependent variable, whereas the number of patents preventing climate change was used as a technological innovation indicator. The analysis results showed that a 1% increase in patent applications for preventing climate change reduced CO2 emissions by 0.02%. However, a 1% increase in energy consumption caused an increase of 0.56% in CO2 emissions. Finally, the 1% increase in the GDP growth rate caused an increase of 0.002% in CO2 emissions.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2020/r/gumushane/17964
  Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Malları İhracatı ve Beşeri Sermaye Arasındaki İlişki: G-7 Ülkeleri İçin Panel Hata Düzeltme Modeli Analizi

  Akyol, Mehmet

  Bilgi çağının yaşandığı günümüzde teknolojik ilerlemelerin hız kazanması bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin önemini arttırmaktadır. Birçok ülke bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri sektöründe üretim gücü ve ihracat artışı sağlamak adına sektöre yönelik fiziksel ve beşeri sermaye yatırımlarını arttırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri ürünleri ihracatı ile yüksek öğretim mezunu istihdam arasındaki uzun ve kısa dönemli ilişkiler havuzlanmış ortalama grup tahmincisi, dinamik sabit etkiler tahmincisi ve ortalama grup tahmincisi aracılığı ile analiz edilmektedir. Çalışma G-7 ülkelerini (Kanada, Almanya, Fransa, İtalya, İngiltere, Japonya ve ABD) kapsamakta ve veri eksikliğinden dolayı Japonya analize dahil edilmemektedir. 2003-2018 yılları arası dönemin değerlendirildiği çalışmada Hausman testi ile havuzlanmış ortalama grup tahmincisinin sonuçlarının geçerli olduğuna kanaat getirilmiştir. Havuzlanmış ortalama grup tahmincisi sonuçlarına göre bilgi ve iletişim teknolojisi ürünleri ihracatı ve yüksek öğretim mezunu istihdamı arasında uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığı doğrulanmıştır.

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