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Koleksiyondaki öğeler
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Scopus SJRQ3Schiff Base Synthesis with a New Reliable Method and Investigation of Their Inhibition Effects on Glutathione S-Transferase and Cholinesterase Enzymes
Balcı, Neslihan; Çelik, Hülya; Türkan, Fikret; Çelebioğlu, Neslihan; Çelik, Tuba; Bursal, Ercan
The principle purpose of this study is to synthesize some Schiff base derivatives with a new microwave irradiation technique and investigate their enzyme inhibition effects. Related Schiff base compounds (1 a–1 h) were synthesized from 4-fluoro aniline and some substituted benzaldehyde derivatives (3 a–3 h). The chemical structures of Schiff bases were elucidated by various spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR). The inhibitory effects of the synthesized compounds against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase were investigated. The in vitro enzyme study determined the best enzyme inhibitors for AChE, BChE, and GST enzymes as 3 h, 3 b, and 3 e compounds, respectively. The results were compared with the standard drugs tacrine for cholinesterase and ethacrynic acid for GST enzymes. Molecular docking results demonstrated the low binding energy values between −5.8 kcal/mol and −8.7 kcal/mol with hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic, and hydrophobic interactions at the active catalytic sites of the enzymes.
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İncele - Kitap BölümüYalnız künye2023Digitalization in management: The case of the metaverse
Battal, Fetullah; Öz, Halil H.
When the historical development of management is examined, it is seen that every age has created a management and organizational structure suitable for its own conditions. Therefore, today, management and organizational structures are experiencing a digital transformation as a necessity of the age. From this point of view, this study was carried out as a conceptual analysis in order to conceptually examine new terms such as digital management, digital transformation, and digital leader that emerged with digitalization in management structures to explain the change in management structures by comparing them with previous management structures and to eliminate the ambiguities about the concept of digitalization. In addition, another aim of this study is to compile explanations in the literature about the metaverse, which is described as a three-dimensional virtual world, and to evaluate the innovations, opportunities, concerns, and criticisms brought by the metaverse application.
AtıfOpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ1Investigation of the Relationship Between Nursing Students’ Attitudes Toward and Beliefs About Individuals With Obesity, Their Empathy Level, and Body Image Flexibility
Tuncer, Gülsüm Zekiye; Tuncer, Metin; Duman, Zekiye Çetinkaya
Negative attitudes and beliefs leading to discrimination against individuals with obesity and to their exclusion can cause these individuals to experience various biological, psychological, and social problems. Nursing students constitute the group that will provide care, services, and counseling to individuals with obesity in the future. The present study was aimed at determining the relationship between nursing students’ attitudes toward and beliefs about individuals with obesity and their empathy and body image flexibility levels. This study that has a cross-sectional correlational research design was conducted with 445 students studying at Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Nursing between February 2023 and July 2023. The Sociodemographic Information Form, Beliefs About Obese Persons (BAOP) scale, Attitudes Toward Obese Persons (ATOP) scale, Body Image Flexibility Scale (BIFS), and Toronto Empathy Scale (TES) were used as data collection tools. In order to ensure explanatoriness in the analysis of the data, the multiple regression/ correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the scores for the overall BAOP and ATOP scales, which were dependent variables, and BMI and the scores for the overall TES and BIFS, which were the independent variables. The mean scores that the students participating in this study obtained from the overall BAOP and ATOP were 23.89 ± 4.49 and 72.48 ± 11.19, respectively. The mean scores they obtained from the overall TES and BIFS were 51.61 ± 8.80 and 52.19 ± 15.28, respectively. The results demonstrated that higher levels of empathy and body image flexibility were significantly associated with lower levels of negative beliefs about individuals with obesity (B = −0.107, p =.026; B = 0.271, p <.001) and positive attitudes toward individuals with obesity (B = −0.143, p =.002; B = 0.343, p <.001). In the study, as the students’ empathy and body image flexibility levels increased so did their positive perceptions toward individuals with obesity. Nurses should acquire empathic skills during their education in order to demonstrate an equitable and inclusive approach to care and to provide positive health experiences to individuals with obesity. In order for young people studying at university to be more responsive to others, they should be encouraged to develop body image flexibility for their own and others’ bodies. It is also recommended that topics on combating stigma and discrimination to prevent negative attitudes toward and beliefs about individuals with obesity should be added to the curriculum of nursing students.
AtıfScopus1OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Analysis of The Causality Relationship Among Digitalisation, Unemployment Rate, and Divorce Rates: A Research on Türkiye; [Dijitalleşme, İşsizlik Oranı ve Boşanma Oranları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Araştırma]
Koç, Pınar; İzgi-şahpaz, Kadriye
This study investigates the relationship between digitalisation, unemployment, and divorce rates in Türkiye by using the Fourier Toda Yamamoto Causality Test from 2007 to 2021. International Digital Economy and Society Index (I-DESI) has been used to indicate digitalisation. The results suggest that there is unilateral causality from digitalisation to divorce rates. However, there is no causality linkage between digitalisation and unemployment rates for the period 2007-2021. Moreover, there is no causal connection between unemployment rates and divorce rates. The findings show that digitalisation affects divorce rates by disrupting family communication.
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İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Scopus SJRQ3The Effects of Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) Fruit Extract on Performance, Carcass and Some Serum Parameters of Broilers Reared Under Heat-Stress Conditions[2]
Kaya, Hacer
Background: The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of heat stress (HS) and hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) fruit extract (HFE) on performance, carcass characteristics and serum parameters in broiler chickens. Methods: Experimental treatments included two different ambient temperatures (24°C: thermoneutral conditions, or 35°C: HS conditions) and three different HFE (0, 0.2 and 0.4 ml/L) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. A total of 300 1-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allotted 1 of 6 treatments with five replicates. A total of 300 1-day old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 6 groups with five replications of 10 birds each. HFE supplementation had no effect on growth performance, carcass characteristics and visceral weight in stressed groups (P>0.05). It was also determined that it has a lowering effect on serum malondialdehyde (MDA), free fatty acid (FFA), triacylglyceride (TAG), total lipid (TL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) (P<0.05), but it has no effect on other parameters (P>0.05). Result: As a result, it is thought that the addition of HFE to the drinking water of broiler chickens exposed to HS has no effect on the performance characteristics, HFE has a hypolipidemic effect and would be beneficial in order to strengthen the immune system.
AtıfScopus2WoS2OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ3Effect of Isothermal Treatment on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Alloy Zn – 40% Al – 2% Cu – 2% Si
Savaşkan, Temel; Hekimoğlu, Ali Paşa; Azaklı, Zeki
The effect of isothermal exposure at temperatures from 100°C to 250°C for 8 hours on the structure, mechanical and tribological properties of the Zn – 40% Al – 2% Cu – 2% Si alloy produced by chill casting is studied. The isothermal treatment eliminates dendritic segregation yielding a coarse-grained polyhedral structure containing an α-solid solution with fine inclusions of silicon and zinc-rich phase. Increase in the temperature of the isothermal exposure leads to decrease in the hardness and strength and increase in the ductility, in the coefficient of friction and in the wear magnitude while reducing the average roughness of the alloy surface.
AtıfScopus5WoS5OpenAlex5İncele - Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ4Assessment of Effectiveness of School-Based Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis
Türkkan, Tuğba; Odaci, Hatice
The sexual abuse of the child is a wide-ranging and complex problem with physical, emotional and psychological consequences, with social, moral, cultural and legal dimensions, and when the prevalence rates are analyzed, it is seen that it is a serious problem for all societies. One of the most common strategies used to prevent child sexual abuse is school-based initiatives. So, the purpose of this integrative literature review is to systematically evaluate the evidence of the effectiveness of school-based child sexual abuse prevention programs. In this context, the current study includes 22 articles that meet the criteria for inclusion. The Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) statistical program was used to calculate the effect sizes of the studies included in the meta-analysis. The mean, standard deviation, sample size, p, t, or f value data reported in the primary studies were used to calculate the effect sizes of the studies included in the meta-analysis. As a result of the analyzes carried out within the scope of the study, it was concluded that school-based education practices aimed at preventing child sexual abuse are highly effective, and that after the prevention programs, the knowledge and skill levels of the children increased widely and these increases were statistically significant. As a result, it can be said that the knowledge and self-protection skills of children can be increased by participating in school-based sexual abuse prevention programs.
AtıfScopus1WoS2OpenAlex2TR Dizin1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Agus Moh. Najib’s Project and Ushul Fiqh Redesign: Interlinking of Islamic Law and Legal Sciece
Karimullah, Suud Sarim
This study devels into the transformational efforts of Agus Moh Najib, a prolific Muslim intellectual and professor of ushul fiqh at UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, in revitalizing and reforming the conceptual framework of ushul fiqh, which is the cornerstone of Islamic law in response to the complex challenges of modernity. The research conducted is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive-analytical review of various sources of literature that is equipped with a philosophical study through the data analysis method used is content analysis. The findings of this study highlight the ongoing process of redesigning ushul fiqh initiated by Agus Moh Najib is directed to bring closer and interconnect between Islamic law and legal science in general. He also sits the position of Islamic law in proportion between the sacred dimension and the profane dimension. Redesign of ushul fiqh as the foundation for jurisprudence and Islamic law is an urgent step to be done because the changing conditions and situations, time and place as a result of these factors, have invited a variety of serious problems related to jurisprudence and Islamic law. In contrast, the method of ijtihad developed by reformers of legal thinkers in answering various issues of modern times has not been satisfactory.
AtıfScopus2OpenAlex2İncele - DüzeltmeAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ4Correction to: Wear Resistance of Aluminum Alloy A356 After Thorough Anodic Oxidation (Metal Science and Heat Treatment, (2023), 65, 5-6, (379-385), 10.1007/s11041-023-00941-y)
Başyiğit, A.B.; Azakli, Z.; Gümrük, R.; Bican, O.
On the title page, author Dr. Aziz Bariş Başyipit should be spelled as Aziz Bariş BAŞYIĞIT. The original article has been corrected.
- MakaleYalnız künye2024Scopus SJRQ2Disease Burden and Sexual Life Experiences of Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Phenomenological Study
Uzun, Sevda; Toker, Sema; Erer, İmren
This study aimed to examine the disease burden encountered by individuals with COPD, with a comprehensive investigation of the effect of the disease on sexual life. In this study, a phenomenological research design, a qualitative research type, was employed. The study involved 36 individuals diagnosed with COPD. The data collection process involved conducting individual, face-to-face interviews. Colaizzi’s phenomenological analysis method was utilized for the data analysis. The analysis of the data yielded two categories (burdens of the disease and sexual life) and six primary themes (physical effects, mental effects, social effects, difficulties during sexual activity, the spouse’s perspective on the problems, and dealing with sexual problems). The outcomes of this study highlighted the significant burden of COPD on patients and its adverse impact on their sexual lives. Given the complex nature of COPD, a thorough and professional assessment of patients’ sexual well-being, coupled with timely identification of sexual dysfunctions and appropriate interventions, is of utmost importance.
AtıfScopus1WoS3OpenAlex1İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ1Radio-elemental microzonation (RELMIC): a case study of Karadeniz Technical University Campus and surroundings (Trabzon, Turkey)
Altundaş, S.; Çınar, H.
In situ radioactivity measurements were performed to describe and map the relationship between the radioactive concentration distribution on the surface and geological formations in the Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) campus and surrounding area located on the shore of the Black Sea in NE Turkey. The concentrations of radio-elements (eU, eTh, and K) and dose rate values were measured using a portable gamma-ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) crystal at 150 points in the study area with a duration of 5 min for each measurement point. In addition, the geochemical radio-element ratios (eTh/eU, K/eU, and eU/eTh) give information about the origin of the rocks, and radiological hazard parameters for humans and the environment were also calculated. Average values of eU, eTh, and K concentrations, and dose rate, were calculated to be 3.59 ppm, 13.46 ppm, 0.84%, and 65.38 nGy/h, respectively. While the highest concentrations of radio-element and dose rate values were recorded at outcrops of Eocene-Neogene basaltic rocks and red clays, which are the weathering product of the Kabaköy formation, the lower anomaly zones coincide with brown and reddish brown forest and agricultural soils of volcanic origin in the study area. According to the average radio-element ratios, it was concluded that the rocks in the study area do not completely originate from the crust, but formed as a result of the mixture of upper mantle and continental crust. All the calculated hazard parameters seem to be lower than the internationally recommended values, and there is no cancer risk in and around the campus area.
AtıfScopus1WoS1OpenAlex1İncele - BildiriYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ4Quantum Convolutional Neural Network for Agricultural Mechanization and Plant Disease Detection
Genemo, Musa
Agricultural research is essential in addressing the challenges of food production and meeting the needs of a growing population. Severe crop disorders can lead to food insecurity, potentially causing disastrous effects on agricultural production, such as yield losses, reduced crop quality, and even complete crop failures. By leveraging computer vision techniques, it is possible to develop systems that detect signs of crop diseases at an early stage, facilitating prompt intervention and management. Environmental changes, such as rainfall and biosolids, can cause plants to become inflamed by microorganisms. While manual observation and assessment of leaf conditions have traditionally been used for crop disease detection, there is increasing interest in leveraging technology to automate and enhance the process. Manual detection of crop diseases based on leaf conditions is subjective, time consuming, and vulnerable to errors. Utilizing computer vision methods to detect plant diseases helps improve plant health. The concept of applying quantum convolutional neural networks (QCNNs) for agricultural mechanization and plant disease detection is an interesting area of research that combines quantum computing and deep learning techniques. However, it is important to note that quantum computing is still in its early stages, and practical implementations of QCNNs for real-world applications, including agriculture, are not yet widespread. The proposed work of paper focuses on the detection of leaf blight disease by classifying leaves into late blight, early blight, and healthy leaves. This work is divided into two stages: segmentation and classification. For segmentation, MobileNetV2 is used, and an emerging quantum machine learning technique named QCNN is used for classification. The main objective is to provide and propose an effective and fast automated technique to detect and classify blight disease, which will help farmers identify blight disease easily. The proposed model achieved a classification accuracy of 0.969. Furthermore, the results were further validated against recent findings in the field. The presented outcome implies that the model’s performance is remarkable.
AtıfScopus12OpenAlex8İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2024Scopus SJRQ3The aroma profile of butter produceusing different starter cultures; [Aromatski profil maslaca proizvedenih korištenjem različitih starter kultura]
Şengül, Mustafa; Akgül, Halil İbrahim; Ürkek, Bayram
The aroma of fermented dairy products is greatly influenced by starter cultures and by the lactic acid bacteria strains that are used as starter cultures. Experimental butter samples were produced using no starter culture, by a commercial starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides), by a prepared bacteria mix (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis EM1, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris EM28, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis G49, Leuconostoc mesenteroides B3), and by a prepared bacteria mix fortified with Lactobacillus rhamnosus B19 (L. rhamnosus B19). The aroma profile of the butter samples was investigated using a gas chromatography mass spectometry method (GC-MS). A total of 92 components were determined in the butter samples, including acids (12), alcohols (20), aldehydes (9), alkanes (6), esters (8), ketones (19) and several other aroma compounds (18). The sample containing the prepared starter culture had the most detectable aroma components, while the lowest number of aromatic components were found in the sample without a starter culture. 2,3-butanedione (diacetyl) was not detected in the sample without a starter culture. 2-Butanone 3-hydroxy-(acetoin) content was the highest in the sample containing the commercial starter culture and the lowest in the sample without a starter culture.
AtıfScopus6WoS3OpenAlex6İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ1Reply to discussion of “Innovative approaches to the trend assessment of streamflows in the Eastern Black Sea basin, Turkey”*
Akçay, Fatma; Kankal, Murat; Şan, Murat
In this reply we thank the authors for their comments on our article “Innovative approaches to trend assessment of streamflows in the Eastern Black Sea basin, Turkey.” They stated that the trend slope calculations in our study are incorrect. A response to the discussion on this topic offered.
- MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ2Effect of Reduced Fineness of Fly Ash Used on the Alkali–Silica Reaction (ASR) of Concrete
Eker, Hasan; Demir Şahin, Demet; Çullu, Mustafa
This study aimed to determine the effect of fly ash added to concrete with high calcium content (C class) and different fineness on durability properties such as the alkali–silica reaction (ASR). By substituting ultra-fine fly ash for cement at specific proportions in concrete mixes and increasing the fly ash fineness, fly ash filled the spaces between cement grains or aggregates in concrete and accelerated the hydration process. Thus, the mechanism of ASR development was reduced. Class C Afşin Elbistan ash was used and was ground in a ball mill for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 45 min, and Blaine fineness values of 1555, 1632, 2347, 2589, and 2766 cm2/g were obtained, respectively. For each fly ash fineness, the effect of mixtures with 10%, 30%, and 50% replacement of cement on the ASR mechanism was observed during curing periods of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days compared to concrete without fly ash admixture. Furthermore, the effect of the increased fineness and substitution rate of fly ash with high calcium content in cement on the microstructure was revealed by microscopic mineralogical images. The prepared fine fly ash added to concrete mixes at different replacement ratios showed ASR reducing properties compared to the concrete mix without additions. The fly ash fineness and the substitution rate in the concrete had a reducing effect on the ASR, and this effect resulted in values lower than the reference concrete value.
AtıfScopus21WoS21OpenAlex24İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ1Do earthquake survivors want to escape the threats of earthquakes and why?
Özdemir, Ahmet; Mızrak, Sefa
Destructive earthquakes and the possibility of experiencing destructive earthquakes may cause people to move from their area to safer ones. However, despite high earthquake risk, people may not want to leave the area they reside for various reasons. The objective of this study was to investigate whether earthquake experience, earthquake insurance, satisfaction with city, self-efficacy, risk perception, social support, post-earthquake insecurity and price gouging was correlated with relocation willingness in an earthquake-prone area. Data were collected using a survey from 1114 people residing in Kocaeli (Türkiye), where a devastating earthquake occurred in 1999. 610 people who participated in the study were affected by this earthquake and 504 people were not affected. In order to better understand the impact of earthquake exposure on relocation willingness, ordinal logistic regression analyzes were performed separately for the earthquake affected and unaffected sample. The result showed that the relocation willingness of the unaffected participants was higher than the relocation willingness of the affected participants. People who were psychologically affected by the earthquake were more likely to relocate. Satisfaction with the city reduced the participants' relocation willingness mostly. The fear of earthquakes and perceived insecurity after a future earthquake increased all participants' relocation willingness. It is hoped that this study will guide scientists and disaster managers working in regions where destructive disasters may occur to improve strategies related to relocation policy and earthquake risk reduction.
AtıfScopus10WoS9OpenAlex10İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ2The effect of environmentally‑friendly practices on hotel customers: The case of Trabzon, Turkey; [El efecto de las prácticas de responsabilidad ambiental de los hoteles en los clientes: El caso de Trabzon, Turquía]
Çalık, İsmail
The goal of this study is to find out how green product quality, green hotel image, green customer satisfaction, and green customer loyalty are interconnected. Customers staying in green hotels in Trabzon make up the population of the study. The survey approach was utilized to collect the data used in the study. The convenience sampling method was utilized in the study, and 304 people were contacted. Prior to arriving at the hospitality facility, approximately two‑thirds of the participants did not know whether the facility was an environmentally‑friendly hotel. Green product quality, green customer satisfaction, and green customer loyalty are all positively related, according to the findings. Furthermore, there is a relationship among green corporate image, green customer satisfaction, and green customer loyalty. Finally, enhancing green consumer satisfaction increases green customer loyalty.
AtıfOpenAlex1İncele - MakaleYalnız künye2023Scopus SJRQ3Phenolic Components, Mineral Composition, Physicochemical, and Bioactive Properties of Opuntia ficus-indica with Different Drying Methods
Capar, Tugba Dursun; Dedebas, Tugba; Kavuncuoglu, Hatice; Karatas, Seyda Merve; Ekici, Lutfiye; Yalcin, Hasan
Cactus pear fruit (Opuntia ficus-indica) have nutritional and antioxidant properties due to the presence of vitamins, fibers, minerals, and polyphenols. The present paper aims to examine the effects of drying methods (sun, oven, vacuum, and freeze) on the bioactivity and antimicrobial quality of prickly pear fruit. Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant (DPPH) and antimicrobial activity, mineral content, phenolic compounds, and color values were investigated. The highest antioxidant activity (DPPH) and color values were observed in the freeze-dried samples, which were very close to the values for fresh samples. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the freeze-dried sample was 503.53 mg GAE/100 g. The most abundant phenolic compound was p-hydroxybenzoic acid (210 ppm) identified in fresh and freeze-dried fruit extract, which may be more effective antimicrobials than the rest. The mineral content of freeze- and vacuum-dried samples was very close to that of fresh fruit. This study indicates that freeze-drying of prickly pear fruit improved the bioactive and antimicrobial properties without leading to nutritional loss.
AtıfScopus5WoS4OpenAlex3İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2023Scopus SJRQ2Intentionally Changing Everything: Deliberate Constructing in Corruption Case
Kamsi, Kamsi; Julianto, Very; Billah, Mu'tashim; Karimullah, Suud Sarim
The handling of corruption cases lacks consistency in the emphasis on the element of intention or deliberation. While some experts propose the concept of deliberation theoretically, its practical application in the field contradicts these theoretical studies due to the absence of clear indicators of intent. Deliberation, as explored in this research, is analyzed through the lenses of criminal law and psychology. The research employs the Forum Group Discussion (FGD) method, coupled with professional judgment from legal practitioners and academics. The findings reveal a shared perception among law enforcers regarding the deliberate nature of corruption cases. These law enforcers interpret relevant articles using a combination of scientific theory and the theory of Possibility in Certainty. From a psychological perspective, deliberate behavior is conceptualized as a construct that can be measured through the lens of scientific theory. The convergence of these perspectives highlights a unified approach among law enforcers in assessing intentionality in corruption cases.
AtıfScopus4OpenAlex3İncele - MakaleAçık Erişim2022Scopus SJRQ2Optimization insulation thickness and reduction of CO2 emissions for pipes in all generation district heating networks
Terhan, Meryem
District heating systems are provided solutions for the increasing energy problems in high-population cities. Energy costs go up depending on increasing heat loss in DHS's distribution network. Heat loss from the network consists of 5–20% of transferred energy, and this loss is higher than the other losses in the heating system. In the study, heat losses from the pipes such as supply-return pipes, hot water and circulation pipes into heat canals are investigated based on energy, exergy, economic and environmental. Optimum insulation thicknesses, energy savings, reduction of CO2 emissions, the first investment costs and payback periods of the pipes in the network of all-generation district heating systems are investigated by using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) method for fuel types like natural gas, fuel oil and coal. Optimum insulation thicknesses are calculated for different nominal sizes of pipes and various insulation materials such as glass wool, and rock wool for the different climatic zones. According to the results of the study, the heat losses from pipes in the 4th generation DHS network are decreased between 38.19% and 33.33% from the warmest climate zone to the coldest climate zone according to the 3rd generation. Energy savings, reduction of CO2 emissions, payback periods and optimum insulation thickness values of supply and return pipes in the network are respectively changed between 7.80–98.86 $/m, 39.61–322.32 kg CO2/year, 0.028–0.38 years and 0.025–0.0105 m depending on various fuel types, insulation materials, nominal size pipes, climatic zones and all generation types.
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