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- Yüksek Lisans TeziAçık Erişim2026Bâb-ı Âsafî Ruûs kalemi defterlerinden 1522 numaralı Ruûs defteri (1061-1062/1651-1652), s. 142-274, tahlil ve metin
Onur Çakir
Osmanlı Devleti’nin en yüksek yönetim merci olan Divan-ı Hümayun, bürokratik işlemlerini kendisine bağlı kalemler vasıtasıyla icra etmektedir. Ruûs kalemi Divan-ı Hümayunun görevli tevcihatına ilişkin muamelat ile meşgul olmakta, düzenlenen tezkireleri Ruûs defterlerine işleyerek muhafaza etmektedir. Ruûs defterleri yazıldıkları yıllarda, devletin merkez ve merkeze bağlı birimlerinde halihazırdaki görevlere ve görevi tasarrufta bulunan vazifelilere dair kayda değer malumata muhtevidir. Hükümlerdeki özet bilgilerden muayyen bir görev için tevcih gerekçesine, görevlide aranan niteliklere, tavassut eden kişi bilgisine ulaşmak mümkündür. Yerel tarih çalışmaları, önemli kişilerin biyografilerinin oluşturulması ve kurumların kronolojilerinin ortaya konulmasında yine Ruûs defterlerine müracaat edilebilir. Hüküm özetlerinde yer alan, görevi ifa edecek kişiye verilecek günlük ücret bilgisi, Osmanlı maliyesi araştırmalarında kullanılabilir. Osmanlı’nın geniş coğrafyası göz önüne alındığında, birçok ülkenin tarihinin yazılmasında Ruûs defterleri önemli bir arşiv kaynağıdır. İfade edilen hususlar bağlamında, çalışmamızda 1522 Numaralı Ruûs Defteri, mevcut literatüre katkı sağlaması maksadıyla ele alınmıştır. Çalışmamıza konu olan Ruûs defteri, 17. yüzyılın ortasında tutulmuş olup muhtevası muhtelif görevlere yapılan tevcihatla oldukça zengindir. İlmiye, seyfiye ve kalemiye sınıfının üst düzey amirlerinden en alt kademedeki memurlarına kadar birçok görevlinin atamasıyla ilgili kayıtlar defterde mevcuttur. Çalışmamızın giriş bölümünde Divan-ı Hümayun ve kalemleri hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra görevli atamasında yürütülen bürokratik süreç açıklanmıştır. İkinci kısımda defterden elde edilen bulgular analiz edilmiş, son kısımda ise metin transkripsiyonuna yer verilmiştir. İhtiva ettiği bilgilerle yazıldığı yıllarda Osmanlı Devleti’nin idari, iktisadi, askeri ve içtimai hayatının anlaşılmasında önemli bilgiler vermektedir.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Sultan's Law and Islamic Sharia in The Ottoman Empire Court: An Analysis of The Existence of Secular Law
Fatarib, Husnul; Meirison; Saharuddin, Desmadi; Bahar, Muchlis; Karimullah, Suud Sarim
This article aims to describe the impact of legal dualism within the Ottoman Empire. After Constantinople was taken over, Sultan Muhammad Al-Fatih instituted a significant policy, including issuing laws and regulations for the benefit of society; then, there was also a dualism system within the Ottoman Empire, which was visible during the reign of Sultan Sulaiman I. During this time, foreign nationals were mainly recruited, and foreign traders began to gain impunity at the peak of power. This then prompted several questions, such as were the sultans free to create the laws they wanted, or was Islamic law still binding on them? Was Sultan's law an innovation from the Ottoman Empire or a legacy from the preceding dynasty in the form of Capitulation? To address those issues, the authors conducted a comparative historical analysis of various types of literature. We used a descriptive qualitative approach to Qānūn's position, which served as a springboard for foreign intervention in an Empire that was strong but weak in political policies which occasionally strayed outside the corridor of Islamic Sharia which had become customary and national culture. The tolerance separated from the corridors of Islam derailed during the crisis. This became a springboard for legal dualism in a state body with integrity in various dimensions.
- MakaleYalnız künye2014The Licese Mine and Activities of Asia Minor Mining Company in the Licese
Saylan, Kemal
The Ottoman Empire, gave importance managing and running mines in its own territories from its foundation period. The Empire which took advantage of experience of the conquered regions improved mining industry to the competitive level with Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. But the Empire was not able to keep pace with developments since 18th century and fell behind with the industry. It consequently took some steps to stimulate the sector. So that, many native's businessmen of Muslim and non-Muslim aspired that to mines in Licese, but they could not manage a stable. In this period, European companies applied for the Licese mine in the sanjak of Karahisar-i Sarki, as well as the other mines in Anatolia. The most important of these companies is British Asia Minor Mining Company. After Asia Minor Mining Company had purchased the mine in Licese, economy of region revived. Activities of company have changed patterns of work in the region. The inhabitants who previously engaged in farming began to receive a sallary as provision of effort. However, the activities of company in the region caused to security and political problems. In this work, we deal with the status the mines in Licese and the economic, social and political effects of the mining activities of Asia Minor Mining Company in the region.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2014The New French Policy in Southern Black Sea: Pascal Fourcade and Sinop Consulate (1803-1809)
Yilmaz, Ozgur
The French Revolution and the invasion of Egypt created a crisis period in Ottoman-French relations and also arrested the French initiatives to trade in the Black Sea from the 17th century. However, on 25 July 1802 with the Treaty of Paris, the French were also given the right to trade in the Black Sea. In this way, France added the Black Sea to his privileges. With the 2nd and 3rd articles of the treaty, France has obtained the right to create consular agents on various points of the Black Sea. In this context, by a decision of 21 September 1802, a general consulate in Sinop and two consular agents in Trabzon and Eregli, depended to consulate general of Sinop, established. Pascal Fourcade was appointed as consul to Sinop and arrived to the city in the October of 1803. Fourcade was welcomed in a good way in Sinop; but the anarchy reigned in Anatolia after the Tayyar Pasha's exile, and intrigues of Russian colleague, Konuchenco, Fourcade stayed in difficult situations in the city. In fact, the preference of Sinop, as a general consulate centre was not in accordance with the terms of the period. Although Sinop had one of the best ports of the Southern Black Sea, the city was not as active as in the past on a commercial basis. It is known that Sinop was one of the places that mostly affected by Ottoman-Russian wars. Sinop had profited commercial relation that took place between the north-south ports of the Black Sea under the Ottoman dominance over the Black Sea. Especially in trade with Crimea, Sinop was the main port for Anatolian products. However, ever-expanding dominance of the Russia over the Black Sea, not only affected commercial relations between Black Sea ports but also started a decline period for southern Black Sea ports as Sinop and Trabzon that had strong commercial affairs with northern Black Sea. In this state Sinop was a small coastal town in the beginning of 19th century. But as the French consul stated, Sinop would became a strategic position as a port for trade of Anatolia and Iran in case of favourable conditions. Fourcade had very high expectations for the future of the city. The most important task of French consul was to achieve new markets for French goods; receive raw materials coming from Iran and Anatolia and establish warehouses for goods in Sinop. In this regard, Fourcade was describing the city as a trading port that had a very bright future and comparing the city to Alexandria and Baghdad, and also trying to show that Sinop was better port than Samsun and Trabzon. Fourcade's these expectations were not only connected to the creation of favourable conditions for trade and establishment of the necessary infrastructure. In fact, the realization of these plans depended on Tayyar Pasha's power, the governor of southern Black Sea region. As Fourcade's words, the main purpose of the consul was to establish good relations with Tayyar Pasa and convince him to gains of future French trade in his region. In the spring of 1804, Fourcade met with Tayyar Pasha and achieved positive results for his future plans; but because of obstructions of Russian consul in Sinop Fourcade did not realize his plans that emerged after the consul and Tayyar Pasa's interview in Bafra. Moreover defeat of Tayyar Pasha by Yusuf Pasha and exile to Sohum in 1805 created a real period of solitude for Fourcade in Sinop. Fourcade was met in early days in Sinop with Russian jealousy. When he arrived to Sinop, the city had been hosting Russian consuls since 1785. So, the biggest obstacle to plans of French consul was the Russian colleague Konuchenco. As the agent of Russia who did not want another European power in Black Sea, Konuchenco showed all his effort to fail Fourcade's mission in Sinop. In this context it is difficult to say that French Foreign Ministry predicted Russian rivalry in the Black Sea ports. Whereas with the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca, Russian had gained to right to trade in Black Sea and soon after the treaty they established a consular network in the port cities. Sinop was one the port cities that the Russian preferred to create a consular agent. Russian consuls in Sinop were so powerful that they could change kadi of Sinop. There were also very strong relations between Russian consul Konuchenco and Tayyar Pasa who had territories in Crimea consigned to Battal Huseyin Pasa, father of Tayyar Pasa, in his exile in Russia. In the first two years of consulate, Fourcade complained so often the relations between Tayyar Pasa and Konuchenco and Russian dominance over the Sublime Porte that seen in Sinop. Indeed, until the expulsion of Russian consul in February 1807, a diplomatic war had taken place in Sinop. Both consuls followed each other tightly and try to stop each other's activities. In this way, in the early years of the 19th century Sinop lived a provincial diplomacy period that created by presence of French and Russian consuls in the city. After the Tayyar Pasha's exile to Sohum, all the balance in Anatolia had changed. In the period of Tayyar Pasa's reign in the region, Fourcade had only to try to establish good relation with Tayyar Pasa for French trade; but after 1805, Fourcade rested between a multiple powers in Sinop. In this state the turmoil reigned in Anatolia after the Tayyar Pasha's exile was a real obstacle for Fourcade's plans. Furthermore the consulate was attacked by Greek sailor under the Russian protection in 1806 when Fourcade was in Kastamonu. But aggression of 1807 was more drastic for French consulate in Sinop. Fourcade and chancellor of consulate, Bernage, were injured by Laz sailors who participated the turmoil ended Selim III' reign, debarked in Sinop in way of their homeland. The expulsion of Russian consul Konuchenco from Sinop by Ottoman-Russian War broke out in 1806 was really created a liberty atmosphere in the city. But Russian-French rapprochement and the Treaty of Tilsit reversed this atmosphere against to French in Anatolia. These new conditions that clearly seen in aggression of 1807, showed also the future of the Fourcade's mission in Sinop. Although Fourcade's Sinop consulate did not obtain significant result for French trade; his six-year consulate left us very valuable documents that exist in French foreign ministry archives in Paris and Nantes. These consular reports and detailed travel voyages accounts are very valuable sources for Southern Black Sea region at beginning of the 19th century. Fourcade, like an archaeologist and geographer travelled in his consular district and prepared detailed reports on Sinop, Kastamonu, Ladik and Amasya region. A portion of them were published; but there are also some reports are not reached until now. It is the Fourcade's archaeological activities that make the Sinop consulate worthwhile in the world of science. But beyond this, archival sources on Fourcade's six-year consulate, gives us valuable information about on the situation of Anatolia in Age of Ayans at the beginning of the 19th century, Russian impact on the Black Sea and history of Ottoman-French relations in the Black sea. This study aims to make a review on Fourcade's Sinop consulate by using resources of the French archives.
