Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
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- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Optimization of expropriation costs on the highway projects in Türkiye
Çelik, Kemal
Expropriation is widely used to introduce highway projects into the society. Expropriation is the registration process of real estate and equities owned by natural and legal persons on behalf of the administration for public interest, provided that property and easement right amount shall be paid in cash or in advance or by equal installments. In what situations and by which institutions expropriation is carried out are restricted by the law. In accordance with the Article 3 of the Expropriation Law Number 2942 amended by the Law Number 4650, the expropriation process shall not be started without an adequate allowance provided by the administration. The exercise of the right of property shall not be against public interest.” Project areas are required to be converted into public property after the development plans for the public projects are prepared. Areas regarded as private property but intersected by highway, railway or waterway routes can only be occupied after expropriation. Without expropriation, projects based on transportation in improvement areas can be opened to public with the application of the provisions of the Development Law Number 3194, while those in areas having no development plan can be opened to public with the application of the relevant provisions of the Agricultural Reform Law Number 3083 on Land Consolidation in Irrigated Areas and Law Number 5403 on Soil Conservation and Land Use. In this article, opening highways, railways, and waterways to public in Türkiye using the implementation of development plans is discussed. For the real estate coinciding with the route of public investments, if land and land lots are arranged in accordance with the Article 18 of the Development Law Number 3194, state withholding up to 45% may be imposed. The objective function in the state withholding can be stated as f= costmin= f(a,b). Land acquisition increases as the ratio of state withholding increases, resulting in the minimization of the expropriation costs. Public projects such as highway can be opened to public free of charge with development plan implementation in improvement areas and with land consolidation in rural areas having no development plan.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2019Gümüşhane ve çevresinde pontus rum faaliyetleri
Çelik, Kemal
Birinci Dünya Savaşı yıllarında, Rumların çoğu, Osmanlı Devleti’nin yanında yer almamış, bölgeyi işgale girişen Çarlık Rusya kuvvetiyle işbirliği yapan Pontus Rum çeteleri, bağımsızlık için silahlanmışlardır. 18 Nisan 1916’da Trabzon’a giren Ruslar, başlarında metropolit ve papazları olan Rum ve Ermeniler tarafından sevinçle karşılanmışlardır. Bu işgalle birlikte Pontusçu Rum çeteleri ve Ermenilerin Trabzon ve çevresindeki mezalimleri başlamıştır. Gümüşhane halkı bu dönemde katliama tabi tutulmuş, zulme uğramış, bölgenin Batısındaki şehirlere göç etmiş, ekonomik yönden güçsüz ve fakir hale düşmüştür. Mondros Mütarekesi’ni takiben, Rum Pontus çalışmaları canlandırılmıştır. İtilaf devletlerinin Doğu Karadeniz bölgesine gönderdikleri subayları ve Yunanlılar, yöre Rumlarını desteklemişlerdir. Orta ve Doğu Karadeniz kıyıları Rusya’dan gelen silahlı Rum göçmenlerle dolmuştur. Genel Af ile hapisten tahliye edilen ve dağdan inen Pontus çetecileri, İngiliz subaylarının izniyle silahla dolaşmış, Müslüman halka karşı baskın, soygun, zulüm ve cinayetlerini arttırmışlardır. Cumhuriyetin ilanından günümüze kadarki yakın dönemde, Yunanistan ve Rumlar, Ermeni soykırım iddiası ile yakın dönemdeki Kürt Sorunu öne çıkarıp bağlantı kurarak, soykırımı tanıması ve tazminat ödemesini talep ettikleri Türkiye’nin, bu soykırımı tanımaması halinde AB’ye kabul edilmemesi yönünde, Avrupa Parlamentosu, İngiltere, Almanya, Moskova’da sergiler düzenlemiş ve Avrupa ülkelerinde propagandalar yapmışlardır. Doğu Karadeniz’de Rum nüfus sayısı çok abartılmıştır. Avrupa ve Amerika’daki sürekli Türkiye’yi suçlayan Pontusçu çalışmalar yanında; asıl önemlisi ve dikkati çeken nokta Doğu Karadeniz’deki çocuk ve genç nüfus başta olmak Türkiye’deki Türkleri kendilerinden şüpheye düşürecek ölçüde, aslında Rum oldukları yalanına inandırmak yönündeki Pontus Rum faaliyetleridir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2017A Case Study on the Selection and Conversion of Urban Transformation Areas
Çelik, Kemal
Urbanization is the process of the people migrates from small residential area to larger urban centers, often motivated by growing economically. Growth in large centers has not been planned. It is avoidable fact that the vast majority of the housing in our country has not been built in compliance with the public housing laws. This situation, which everyone agrees but cannot be irrepressible in spite of the laws, creates a risk of disaster in terms of poor quality and causes a distorted urbanization. The necessity of planned intervention in order to remove unplanned urbanization and a blot on the landscape and create more habitable areas reveals the concept of 'Urban Transformation'. Accordingly, urban transformation is to provide that make it a place for more livable standards by establishing the integrity of urban areas subjected to collapse in terms of physical, social and cultural with the city. In this study, the change of construction in Yenimahalle in Gümüşhane was investigated. Images for 1946, 2004 and 2014 were obtained with the purpose of analyzing the suitability of UT. The obtained data were converted into 3D with the SketchUp program. Processing of legal draw distances on 1/1000 scaled the master plan application revealed unplanned urbanization. Urban transformation modeling study was carried out in this area. 3D version of this model was revealed and then new situation after the emergence of this model was compared with old one. It was also investigated whether there is a suitable area for urban transformation.