Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2025Snow cover detection using remote sensing techniques over different climate zones of Türkiye
Çakir, Günay; Bozali, Nuri; Sivrikaya, Fatih
Snow-covered land surfaces can be easily mapped using remote sensing technologies. Accurate estimation of snow cover on the land surface allows for the construction of water resource management today. Using Landsat TM/ETM + satellite images, this study tried to assess how much snowfall covered the soil in Trabzon, Gümüşhane, and Bayburt provinces between 1999 and 2023. Satellite images were classified into three categories using the ERDAS 9.1 TM software. These classes are classified as snow-covered surfaces, other places, and data loss (cloud-shadow). When performing image analysis, it was important to verify that the cloudiness rate in the images was less than 15%. Images with cloudiness rates of more than 15% were not used. Seasonal and annual trend analysis of snow-covered areas (SCA) over three distinct regions (Trabzon, Gümüşhane, and Bayburt) were examined using the Mann-Kendall test. When three distinct study regions were examined together, Bayburt had the highest SCA rate, followed by Gümüşhane and Trabzon. In all three fields, the highest SCA was recorded in 2000, while the lowest SCA was recorded in 2017. The trends noticed that SCA on both annual and seasonal scales did not reach the statistical significance level of 0.05. Although snowfall in Trabzon, Gümüşhane, and Bayburt was beneficial in the autumn and spring seasons, no statistically significant association was found. The research concluded that the existing data are inadequate to make any statements on the impact of global warming in the area. However, the study figured out that satellite data may be effectively used to identify snowy places as a result of the study. Comparable investigations need to be undertaken in regions with varying climates, utilizing diverse remote sensing data and classification methodologies.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2024Orman Ekosisteminin Su Üretim Değerinin Galyan Su Üretim Havzasında Değerlendirilmesi (Atasu Barajı)
Çakir, Günay; Sivrikaya, Fatih; Bozali, Nuri
Orman ekosistem hizmetleri; tedarik, düzenleyici, destekleyici ve kültürel hizmetleri bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. İnsanlar ve canlıların ekosistemden doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak elde ettiği faydalar çok çeşitlidir. Ekosistemin sunduğu düzenleyici hizmetler sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve insan yaşamı açısından önem arz etmektedir. Aynı zamanda ekosistem hizmetleri insan refahı ile yakından ilişkilidir. Yaşamın en temel taşlarından birisi de su kaynaklarıdır. Dünya yüzeyinde kullanılabilir suyun çok az olması ve su kaynaklarının insanlara sunduğu hizmetlerin artması bu önemi daha da artırmıştır. Su döngüsünün faydalı bir biçimde kullanılması için evapotranspirasyon süreçlerinin de belirlenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Faydalı suyun depolanmasında barajlar inşa edilmektedir. Baraj havzaları içerisinde mevcut arazi örtüsünün korunması ya da geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, bazı ülkelerdeki içme suyu havzalarındaki ormancılık çalışmaları ile ekosistem hizmetleri arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınarak Trabzon ilinin içme suyu ihtiyacının yaklaşık %70’ini sağlayan Galyan (Atasu Baraj) havzasındaki orman ekosisteminin sürekliliği açısından değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur. Orman ekosistemi ile su üretiminin karşılıklı etkileşimlerine değinilmiştir.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2023Giresun ilinde Covid-19 pandemisinin ekoturizmi nasıl etkilediğinin belirlenmesi
Çakir, Günay; Kır, Haşim
Ekoturizm, insanların doğal ortamlarda eğlenerek ve doğa harikalarını hayranlıkla izleyerek vakit geçirdikleri bir aktivite türüdür. Doğal güzelliğin en önemli özelliklerinden biri sosyal ve kültürel sakinliği sağlama potansiyelidir. Türkiye'de Mart 2020'de Covid 19 pandemisi salgını haini almaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışma, Giresun'un ekoturizm destinasyonlarını 2018-2021 yılları arasında kaç kişinin ziyaret ettiğini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Özellikle 2020 yılında bölgeye gelen turist sayısı azalmıştır. Giresun İli'ne gelen ziyaretçiler, İl Turizm Müdürlüğü tarafından kentin girişinde kayıt altına alınmaktadır. Turizm acentelerinin kayıtları hem yerli hem de yabancı turistlerin tespitini kolaylaştırmaktadır. Giresun iline 2018 yılında 182313 turist ve 2020 yılında 105064 turist gelmiştir. Covid-19 pandemisi nedeniyle turist sayısında iki yılda 77249 azalma olmuştur. Pandemi kısıtlamalarına rağmen yerli turistler temiz hava ve güzel bir yaşam tarzı sağladığı için eko-turizm mekânlarını tercih etmişlerdir. Giresun'a uzak bölgelerden gelen yerli turistler ekoturizm bölgelerinde konaklamışlardır. Bölgemizde çok sayıda ekoturizm destinasyonu bulunmasına rağmen altyapı, ulaşım alternatifleri ve konaklama imkânlarının yetersizliği nedeniyle çok sayıda ziyaretçinin çevre illere yöneldiği de tespit edilmiştir.
- MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2017Analysis of the changes in forest ecosystem functions, structure and composition in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Keleş, Sedat; Durusoy, İdris; Çakir, Günay
We used geographical information system to analyze changes in forest ecosystem functions, structure and composition in a typical department of forest management area consisting of four forest management planning units in Turkey. To assess these effects over a 25 year period we compiled data from three forest management plans that were made in 1986, 2001 and 2011. Temporal changes in forest ecosystem functions were estimated based on the three pillars of forest sustainability: economics, ecology and socio-culture. We assessed a few indicators such as land-use and forest cover, forest types, tree species, development stage, stand age classes, crown closure, growing stock and its increment, and timber biomass. The results of the case study suggested a shift in forest values away from economic values toward ecological and socio-cultural values over last two planning periods. Forest ecosystem structure improved, due mainly to increasing forest area, decreasing non-forest areas (especially in settlement and agricultural areas), forestation on forest openings, rehabilitation of degraded forests, conversion of even-aged forests to uneven-aged forests and conversion of coppice forests to high forests with greater growing stock increments. There were also favorable changes in forest management planning approaches.
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Orman amenajman planlarıyla kadastro bilgilerinin birlikte değerlendirilmesi: Ağva ve Beykoz Örneği
Çakir, Günay; Guler, Alptug; Zengin, Hayati; Değermenci, Ahmet Salih
Kentsel ve kırsal alanda arazi hukunun en önemli amaçlarından birisi arazilere ait mülkiyet ve sınırlarının doğru belirlenmesidir. Yerleşim alanlarına sınır teşkil eden ormanların kadastro haritalarının hazırlanmasındaki bazı problemler; genel arazi kadastrosu, orman kadastrosu ve orman amenajman ekipleri tarafından yapılan çalışmaların tutarsızlıklarından kaynaklanır. Bu çalışmada iki farklı özelliğe sahip (Ağva ve Beykoz) bölgede orman amenajman planlaması ve kadastral durumlar arasında oluşan çelişkileri belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. İstanbul İli Ağva ve Beykoz ilçelerinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar sonucunda genel arazi kadastrosu, orman kadastrosu ve orman amenajman planı verileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Beykoz ve Ağva Orman İşletme Üniteleri, sosyal (nüfus, kent ve kırsal) ve arazi kullanımı yönünden farklı özelliklere sahip alanlardır. Arazi çalışmaları ve altlık haritalardan sağlanan verilerin analizleri Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) yazılımıyla sağlanmıştır. Ağva Orman İşletme Ünitesinde köylerden kente göç olmuştur. Bu nedenle 6831 Sayılı Orman Kanunu'nun 2B maddesine göre Ağva'daki köylere ait bazı parseller eylemli orman arazisi olarak ayrılmıştır. Beykoz'da sosyal özellikler sonucunda ormanların tahribi ise fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada farklı kadastral verilerin eşzamanlı değerlendirilmesi ve CBS ortamında uygulanan konumsal analizlerle uyumsuzluklar giderilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kadastral (mülkiyet) durumunun belirlenmesinde genel ve orman kadastro ekiplerinin birlikte çalışması, mülkiyete konu olan problemleri büyük ölçüde azaltmış ve orman amenajman planları için sağlam altlıklar oluşturmuştur.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2016Assessing the effects of long-term recreational activities on landscape changes in Abant Natural Park, Turkey
Çakir, Günay; Müderrisoğlu, Haldun; Kaya, Latif Gürkan
Natural, protected areas offer many possibilities for recreation in rural areas such as camping, one of the most popular activities. The system established for protected areas in Turkey aims to provide a foundation for conserving areas for recreation. One such area, Abant Natural Park, is convenient for visits from Turkey’s two most populated metropolitan areas, Istanbul and Ankara. It also attracts tourists from other regions and countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the vegetation loss and land cover changes due to picnic/camping, transhumance, and construction over 40 years (1966–2004) in the park using data on visitor numbers, vegetation patches, corridors and connectivity. For evaluating landscape variables, remote sensing data and aerial photos were used. When aerial photos were imported into the ERDAS Imagine program, ground control points identified, and individual images orthorectified, land degradation was not found in the use of camping areas. Moreover, manmade areas (road, car park and hotel) observably increased, thus decreasing the forest lands. The findings show that the land use types that have had the greatest ecological impact are transhumance and construction of hotels, which also require infrastructure development. The intensity of the ecological effects mandates precautions to lessen the impacts and the need for continuing assessment to ensure sustainable use of the area.
- MakaleYalnız künye2015The effects of land use type on soil erodibilty indices in Galyan-Atasu Dam Watershed, Trabzon, N.E. Turkey
Yilmaz, Murat; Usta, Ayhan; Çakir, Günay; Kahveci, Seda Nur Ince
Erodibility indices together with other soil properties of Atasu Dam watershed in Trabzon, Turkey, were analyzed according to land use regimes (grassland, cultivated land, coniferous forest land and broadleaf forest land) and the granite parent material from which the soil develops. The findings could be applied to future management plans with the aim of enhancing the ability of Atasu Dam to supply water for drinking, domestic use and irrigation to the region. Forty sample plots having the same northern aspect were selected from bordering lands. Cross-section soil samples from depth levels of 0-10 cm and 10-30 cm were gathered from the selected sites. Particle size distribution, soil organic matter (SOM), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), water dispersible clay (WDC), clay dispersion ratio (CDR), clay flocculation index (CFI), exchangeable cations, exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soil reaction (pH) analyses were performed. A variance analysis was carried out in order to determine if the obtained results varied according to land use type. Soil samples from a variety of sites in areas with granite as parent material were applied to erodibility indices and the sites were found to be susceptible to erosion. Some other characteristics were also found to be effective on the erodibility indices, including the relationship of soil organics, which was also considered to be to a factor of interest in this study. Soils that were developed from granite parent material in areas covered by forest were observed to be more susceptible to erosion. These results were fairly significant in the context of the study area of the Galyan-Atasu Dam watershed. This study suggests that incorporating these findings in planning and management-related activities can potentially lead to improvement of the basin and contribute to the economic life of the dam.
- MakaleYalnız künye2015Determination to Results of Forest Management Planning Applications with Land Use Changes from 1971 to 2008 in Yalova-Turkey
Çakir, Günay; Özdemir, Mehmet
The forest conservation organizations in Turkey have recommended changing the classical forest management systems to protect forest biodiversity since 2006. This study discusses the spatio-temporal analysis of forest management activities and land use changes in Yalova Forest Ecosystems, Turkey. We focused on the Yalova City because (a) it is located in a highly urbanized area, northwestern Turkey, (b) forest is a governmental ownership and producing of many non-wood forest product and wildlife species, (c) governmental organizations are encouraged to be decreased clear-cuts to protect forest ecosystems; (d) GIS databases are available in Yalova; (e) Yalova Forestry Administration has a membership of the Mediterranean Model Forest Network in 2011, and (f) many new forest policies will be developed in Turkey after the membership of the model forest. This study used forest management plans of Yalova Forest during 1971–2008 periods and analyzed data in geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that the rate of forest area in the Yalova steadily increased from 53.4 % in 1971 to 61.2 % to 62.5 % between 1994 and 2008 respectively.
- MakaleYalnız künye2013Providing by innovation to Turkish forest policy and sustainable forest ecosystem through Mediterranean Model Forest Network: A case study in Yalova
Çakir, Günay; Özdemir, Mehmet
International agreements have been changed in the environmental approaches to protection and planning systems. It is one of the changing forestry activities that multi-purpose planning and decision-making techniques. In addition, the Model Forest Networks has been aimed to share more beautiful forest environments for future generations. Forestry activities into model forests have been integrated to change to different concepts. International Model Forest Network wants to ensure that people ensuring the development of economic and socio-cultural field, and the sustainable management of the environment. Yalova has been accepted for membership of the model forest network in 2011. It is described to occurring in the process of accession to the model forest stages. Model forest area covers in the province of Yalova. The forests in Yalova have been targeted by the operation such as economic, ecological, and socio-cultural services and values. In this sense to model forest, it can be counted income sources not only the production of wood and non-wood products but also eco-tourism, thermal tourism, local markets and beekeeping activities exhibited cultural values. The promotion of all activities in the international arena is great to contribute to related forest sectors including creation of market conditions, sociological, economic and ecological sense. The first approach to model forest network prepared the strategic plan for the operation of participatory approaches. Creation of strategic plans in model forest will be reached more easily to determine all targets. Since we identified deficiencies of for planning in the model forests, we will be more reliable to prepare ecosystem-based multi-purpose forests plans. If the model forest applications are protected natural ecosystem, this model forest network will continue to be spread in Turkey and the world.
- MakaleYalnız künye2013Ecological and economical advantages of solar water heating systems used by forest villagers in Gumushane, Turkey
Çakir, Günay
Clean and safety energies are crucial for our world energy requirements. Therefore, the environmental awareness on the topic will also increase the use of clean energy especially in rural and urban areas. A solar energy water heater solar system is one of the clean energy systems and has the best environmental impact in the region. This study concentrates on analyzing the solar energy heater systems having ecological impacts and economical advantages used by 891 single forest villagers in Gumushane province. Average energy saving were calculated for monthly and yearly for the families use solar heating water systems. Thus, we came to the conclusion of that it is highly important economically and ecologically having advantage of solar energy water heater systems for Gumushane province. The results of this study can be summarized as followings solar water heating systems; a) reduce the rate of burning wood and carbon emission, b) save 75 kW electric energy, c) total wood saved 1291.5 m3 and d) 1635 $/year for per forest villager house.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2011Factors of land use/cover change: A case study from Turkey
Sivrikaya, Fatih; Çakir, Günay; Akay, Abdullah Emin
Land use/cover change impacts ecosystem services and functions such as forest health, biodiversity, and water production. Monitoring and assessing land use/cover changes provides an effective and accurate evaluation of human impact on the forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine spatial and temporal changes in land use/cover at a particular time period in a typical forest ecosystem of Turkey using geographical information systems (GIS). Specifically, the objective of this study is to analyze the main factors driving land use/cover change and the impacts of such changes in local and global perspective. Results showed that the total forested areas decreased from 5089 ha (41% of the study area) to 4426 ha (36% of the study area) during a 21 year period, which figures a net decrease of 663 ha (5%) forest areas and the average annual deforestation rate was 32 ha. Conifer forest (161 ha) completely transitioned to other cover types over 21-year period. Three major factors including distance from villages, distance from roads, and ground elevation were considered in evaluating forest disturbance. The results showed that these factors influence the reforestation/deforestation rates. Besides, forest disturbance was found to be closely related to distance from villages, distance from roads, and elevation.