Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Kaygusuz, Abdullah

The Middle Eocene Arslandede Pluton, exposed in the Bayburt region on the southern margin of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), has been investigated in terms of its geology and mineral chemistry. The pluton exhibits a NW-SE elongation and covers an area of approximately 7 km². It comprises a broad compositional spectrum ranging from monzodiorite to quartz monzonite. Major rock-forming minerals include plagioclase (An25-48), orthoclase (Or69-88), quartz, amphibole (Mg# = 0.63-0.73), biotite (Mg# = 0.52-0.62), pyroxene (Mg# = 0.70-0.75), and Fe-Ti oxides. Crystallization conditions, estimated via amphibole-plagioclase thermometry and Al-in-hornblende barometry, suggest crystallization temperatures of 737-812 °C and pressures of 0.09-1.61 kbar, corresponding to depths of 0.3-6.0 km. These results indicate that the pluton was emplaced at shallow crustal levels and subsequently solidified under low-pressure conditions. Comparison with other Middle Eocene plutons in the region reveals similar crystallization conditions, suggesting a common tectonic setting during the post-collisional extensional regime in the Eastern Pontides.

Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Aydınçakır, Emre; Yücel, Cem; Vural, Alaaddin; Saydam Eker, Çiğdem; Cicerali, Derya

The Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt (EPOB) in northeastern Turkey is a well-preserved continental magmatic arc in the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt and contains many Eocene I-type high-K plutons. Employing LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon geochronology, the crystallization ages of the investigated Yaylalıköy and Taşbaşı plutons were established to be Lutetian (Middle Eocene), ranging from 47 Ma to 46 Ma. These plutons exhibit a compositional spectrum ranging from diorite to granodiorite, characterized by I-type, metaluminous, and high-K geochemical signatures. Notably, they are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), displaying pronounced negative Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.58–0.96). Isotopic signatures reveal homogeneous and moderately low initial 87 Sr/86 Sr(i) ratios (0.704643–0.705034) and positive εNd(i) values (0.24 to 1.67) for the investigated plutons. These isotopic signatures are consistent with mantle origin, as evidenced by their position within the mantle array on isotope ratio diagrams. Lead isotope compositions exhibit limited variations, with initial ratios of 206 Pb/204 Pb(i) (18.55–18.64), 207 Pb/204 Pb(i) (15.61–15.64), and 208 Pb/204 Pb(i) (38.46–38.75). Zircon εHf(i) values are positive (2.32–6.20), plotting between the depleted mantle and chondritic evolution lines. Additionally, these rocks display low zircon δ18 O values (+4.54 to + 6.53‰), comparable to mantle composition. The petrographic characteristics of the investigated plutons suggest that fractional crystallization with minimal assimilation and/or magma mixing played a dominant role during their solidification. The integration of geochemical and isotopic data, alongside regional geological constraints, advocates for enriched lithospheric mantle as the source for the parental magmas of the studied plutons. These magmas subsequently underwent differentiation within a deep-seated magma chamber, followed by emplacement into the crust.

Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Kaygusuz, Abdullah

The Kazıkbeli pluton, located in the Kürtün (Gümüşhane) region of the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey, was studied by employing zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb and zircon Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating revealed that the gabbroic diorite and granodiorite components of the pluton solidified during the Lutetian epoch of the Middle Eocene, at approximately 46.10 ± 0.26 Ma and 45.37 ± 0.29 Ma, respectively. The pluton is composed of calc-alkaline rocks, ranging from gabbroic diorite to granite (SiO2 = 55.3 to 72.4 wt%). These I-type rocks are typically metaluminous but exhibit peraluminous tendencies in some cases. They are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and display concave chondrite-normalized rare earth element patterns (LaN/YbN = 4.39 to 6.67) with negative Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.45 to 0.80). The initial εNd values ranged from 1.85 to 2.24, and the initial 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios ranged from 0.70458 to 0.70484, consistent with a mantle source in the isotope ratio diagram. The initial 206Pb/204Pb(i), 207Pb/204Pb(i), and 208Pb/204Pb(i) ratios ranged from 18.505 to 18.571, 15.595 to 15.601, and 38.560 to 38.590, respectively. They have positive εHf(i) values (5.75 to 8.03), located between depleted mantle and chondrite evolution values. Fractional crystallization of plagioclase, hornblende, and Fe-Ti oxide minerals played a significant role in the magma evolution, while assimilation and magma mixing may have had a minor influence. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the primary magma source for these plutonic rocks was an enriched lithospheric mantle. Subsequent differentiation within crustal magma chambers, with limited crustal contamination, shaped the final magmatic evolution.

Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Aydınçakır, Emre; Yücel, Cem; Vural, Alaaddin; Siebel, Wolfgang; Jeong, Youn-Joong

The Eastern Pontide Orogenic Belt (EPOB) hosts numerous plutonic bodies with different dimensions, compositions and ages ranging from Paleozoic to Late Eocene in NE Turkey. U-Pb zircon dating suggests that the Arslandede pluton crystallized at 44.50 ± 0.29 Ma, corresponding to the Lutetian (Middle Eocene) period. Rocks of this pluton have monzonitic character, with compositions ranging from monzodiorite to granite (SiO2 = 49˗71 wt%). The studied monzonitic rocks have I-type, metaluminous and shoshonitic character and are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs). The rare earth elements (REEs) have concave up shape (LaN/YbN = 6.64–11.57) and show negative to slightly positive Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.37–1.24). 87Sr/86Sr(i) values of 0.704801–0.705102 and εNd(i) values of 1.01–1.34 correspond to the mantle series on isotope ratio diagrams. Positive εHf(i) values (5.01–14.91) plot between the depleted mantle and the chondritic evolution lines. The petrological features of the rocks from the Arslandede pluton show that fractional crystallization with low rates of assimilation and/or magma mixing were effective during crystallization. All data show that the magma source of the pluton derived from an enriched lithospheric mantle and emplaced into the crust after differentiation in a deep seated magma chamber contaminated by relatively small proportions of crustal rocks.

Güloğlu, Zikrullah Samet; Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Aydinçakir, Emre; YÜCELc, Cem

The Eastern Pontides host a diverse suite of plutonic rocks spanning a wide range of ages and compositions. Among these, the Middle Eocene Kazıkbeli pluton, located in the Kürtün district of Gümüşhane, stands out due to its distinctive petrological characteristics. This study aims to unravel the petrological implications of petrographic and mineral chemical data to determine the physicochemical conditions (temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity) under which the Kazıkbeli magma crystallized and was emplaced. By integrating mineral chemical data, we seek to quantify emplacement pressure, crystallization temperature, and oxygen fugacity. A comprehensive understanding of the genetic relationships and physicochemical properties of the Kazıkbeli pluton rocks, as determined through geological, petrographic and mineral chemistry, is crucial for elucidating the geological evolution of the Eastern Pontides. The Kazıkbeli Pluton exhibits a predominant NE-SW orientation and encompasses an area of roughly 46 km2. Modal mineralogical analysis reveals a compositional spectrum ranging from gabbroic diorite to monzogranite, with granodiorite and tonalite being the most prominent rock types. Textural variations encompass fine-to medium-grained, porphyritic, poikilitic, and occasionally graphic textures. The primary mineral assemblage of the pluton comprises plagioclase, orthoclase, quartz, amphibole, biotite, and Fe-Ti oxides. Accessory minerals include zircon, apatite, sphene, and allanite. Plagioclases are labradorite to oligoclase (An26 to An66) in composition. K-feldspar minerals exhibited an orthoclase composition (Or80 to Or97). All amphiboles belong to the calcic amphibole field and exhibit a magnesio-hornblende (Mg#=0.63-0.73) composition. Biotites crystallized as solidified melt products with compositions between annite and phlogopite endmembers, plotting close to the magnesium-rich (Mg#=0.52-0.58) end of the phlogopite solid solution series. Calculated crystallization temperatures derived from amphibole and biotite data range from 712°C to 824°C. Pressure estimations calculated using amphibole-plagioclase, amphibole and biotite suggest a range of 0.04 to 2.06 kbar. Oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) values calculated using amphibole and biotite fall between -12.5 and -16.1. Amphibole-based water content estimations indicate a range of 3.7% to 5.7% for the pluton. Biotite compositions within the studied Kazıkbeli pluton rocks exhibit characteristics suggestive of a potential mantle origin. Geobarometric calculations based on mineral chemistry data with geological and petrographic features indicate the emplacement of the Kazıkbeli Pluton at relatively shallow depths within the crust (~1 to 8 km).

Aydınçakır, Emre; Yücel, Cem; Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Bilici, Özgür; Yi, Keewook; Jeong, Youn-Joong; Güloğlu, Z. Samet

The Eastern Pontides in NE Turkey hosts a very limited number of plutonic rocks from the Jurassic period. Here we submit new geochemical, Sr-Nd-Pb and zircon Lu-Hf isotope data, and zircon U-Pb ages for plutonic rocks in this region. Zircon U-Pb dating for the Alemdar and Işıkdere plutons yielded an age of 175–170 Ma (Middle Jurassic). The Alemdar and Işıkdere plutons have I-type, medium to high-K calc-alkaline series, and metaluminous to slightly peraluminous characteristics. On PM-normalized diagrams, the plutons are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) with pronounced depletion of high field strength elements (HFSEs, Ta, Nb, Ti). Chondrite-normalized plots for the plutons show variable enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) with depletion of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The rocks of the Alemdar Pluton have homogeneous ISr values (0.70585 to 0.70673), low εNd(i) values (−3.9 to −1.6), pozitif εHf(i) values (+3.3 to +9.1), and Hf single-stage model ages (563–712 Ma), whereas those of Işıkdere have high ISr values (0.70666 to 0.70673), low εNd(i) values (−3.9 to −3.8), εHf(i) values (−3.1 to +1.1), and Hf single-stage model ages (791–969 Ma). These values imply that they have different sources. These results suggest that the magma of the Alemdar was formed by the partial melting of a relatively depleted lithospheric mantle wedge interaction of the OIB-like melts, while those of Işıkdere have derived from the partial melting of an enriched mantle metasomatized by slab-derived sediments and then modified by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination in crustal magma chambers. Considering the available data, we conclude that the studied plutons were related to extensional tectonic events during the Middle Jurassic in response to the roll-back of the Paleotethys oceanic slab in the final stage of oceanic closure. These rocks are an example of the formation of deep subduction products following Early Jurassic subduction.

Zikrullah Samet Güloğlu

Bu çalışmada, Doğu Pontidler'in kuzeyinde Kürtün (Gümüşhane) yöresinde yer alan Kazıkbeli Plütonu'nun petrografisi, mineral kimyası, zirkon U-Pb jeokronolojisi, tüm-kayaç ve Sr-Nd-Pb izotop jeokimyası ile zirkon Lu-Hf izotop jeokimyası verileri kullanılarak petrolojisi irdelenmiştir. Kazıkbeli Plütonu KD-GB uzanımlı olup, yaklaşık 46 km2 lik bir alanda yayılım gösterir. Plütonu oluşturan kayaçların bileşimleri gabroyik diyoritten granite kadar değişmekte olup, başlıca mineralleri plajiyoklas (An25-65), ortoklas (Or1-3), kuvars, amfibol (Mg#=0.63-0.73), biyotit (Mg#=0.52-0.58) ve Fe-Ti oksitler oluşturur. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zirkon yaşlandırmasına göre plütonu oluşturan kayaçların kristalizasyon yaşları gabroyik diyoritler için 46.06 ± 0.24 My ve granodiyoritler için 45.55 ± 0.26 My olup, Lütesiyan (orta Eosen) dönemine karşılık gelmektedir. Kazıkbeli Plütonu I-tipi, yüksek K'lu kalk-alkali, genellikle metalümin az oranda da peralümin karakterlidir. Ana ve iz element değişimleri, kayaçların gelişiminde plajiyoklas, amfibol ve Fe-Ti oksit fraksiyonlaşmasının etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Kayaçların εNd(i) değerleri 1.85-2.24, 87Sr/86Sr(i) değerleri ise 0.70458-0.70484 arasındadır. Kayaçların 206Pb/204Pb(i), 207Pb/204Pb(i) ve 208Pb/204Pb(i) içerikleri sırasıyla 18.50-18.57, 15.60-15.61 ve 38.56-38.59 arasındadır. Kayaçların εHf(i) değerleri 5.75-8.03 arasında değişmektedir. Tüm veriler, incelenen plütonik kayaçların ana magmasının litosferik mantodan türediğini, kabuksal kayaçların katkısının nispeten az olduğunu göstermektedir. İncelenen kayaçların kristallenmeleri esnasındaki katılaşma sıcaklıkları (706-828 °C), basınçları (0.6–0.9 kbar) ve oksijen fugasitesi (ƒO2) değerleri (-12.5 ile -13.8) birbirine oldukça yakındır. Tüm bu veriler Kazıkbeli Plütonunu oluşturan kayaçların nispeten sığ derinliklere yerleşmiş olduklarını ifade eder.

Kaygusuz, Abdullah; Yücel, Cem; Arslan, Mehmet; Sipahi, Ferkan; Temizel, Irfan; Çakmak, Gökhan; Güloglu, Z. Samet

The Eastern Pontides comprise many intrusive bodies varying in composition, size and age from Palaeozoic to Cenozoic. Especially Cenozoic aged bodies are commonly observed in the southern part, while they are rarely exposed in the northern part of the Eastern Pontides. In this study, the petrography and mineral chemistry of the Cenozoic aged Çiçekli, Somarova, Sorkunlu, Şaşurluk, Aydintepe, Kemerlikdagi and Pelitli plutons located to the north of Bayburt are determined, and the crystallisation conditions of the studied bodies were estimated by means of thermobarometer calculations. The studied plutons extend mostly in NE-SW directions and are approximately ellipsoid in shape. The contacts between the plutons and surrounding rocks are sharp, and plutons commonly contain mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) of different sizes. Petrographic and mineral chemistry studies reveal some disequilibrium textures reflecting the magma mixing process. Based on modal mineralogy, the plutonic rocks are gabbroic diorite, diorite, tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite in composition. The rocks have fine to medium granular, porphyric, monzonitic, poikilitic, occasionally myrmekitic and micrographic textures. The main minerals are labradorite and albite (An68-02), magnesiohornblende and actinolite (Mg# = 0.6-0.9), diopside and augite (Wo44-46), clinoenstatite (En53-57) and Fe-Ti oxide minerals. Crystallization temperatures calculated from amphibole, biotite, clinopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite minerals are 405°C to 1161°C, pressure values are 0.1 to 2.7 kbar, and oxygen fugacity (log10 fO2) is -20 to -12. Estimation of water content calculated by using amphiboles is between 2.9 and 6.8%. Based on obtained data, it is suggested that the studied plutons were emplaced at shallow depths (∼ 1-8 km).

Zikrullah Samet Güloğlu

Bu çalışmada, Bayburt yöresinde yer alan Arslandede Granitoyidi ve içindeki mafik magmatik anklavlar (MMA)'ın mineralojik-petrografik bileşimi ve tüm kayaç jeokimyası ortaya konularak, kayaçların oluşum mekanizmaları ve kökenleri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Doğu Pontid Güney Zonu'nda yer alan inceleme alanının tabanında Eosen yaşlı andezit ve piroklastitleri bulunmaktadır. Bu birim Eosen yaşlı Arslandede Granitoyidi tarafından kesilmiş olup, tüm bu birimler Kuvaterner yaşlı alüvyonlar ile uyumsuz olarak örtülürler. Granitoyidi oluşturan kayaçlar ince-orta taneli olup, plajiyoklas, ortoklas, kuvars, hornblend, biyotit, klinopiroksen, apatit, zirkon ve opak mineralleri içerirler. Arslandede Granitoyidi'nin yüzeyleri elips şekilli olup, yaklaşık 24 km2'lik bir alanda yüzeylenmiştir. Monzogabro, monzodiyorit, monzonit, kuvarslı monzonit ve granit bileşimli kayaçlardan oluşurlar. Granitoyidi oluşturan kayaçlarda magma karışımını gösteren dengesizlik dokuları gözlenmiştir. Arslandede Granitoyidi içinde koyu renkli mafik magmatik anklavlar (MMA) görülmüştür. Anklavlar içinde yer aldıkları ana kayaçlardan daha ince taneli ve daha koyu renkli olmalarına rağmen, onlarla benzer mineralojik, petrografik ve jeokimyasal özellikler sunarlar. MMA'lar diyorit ve monzodiyorit bileşimli olup, monzonit ve monzogranit bileşimli ana kayaçlar içerisinde gözlenirler. Arslandede Granitoyidi'ni oluşturan kayaçlar genel olarak I-tipi, yüksek K'lu-şosonitik karakterli olup, yüksek SiO2 içeriklerine (% 49.49-71.21) sahiptirler. Kayaçlar metalümin karakterli olup, büyük iyon yarıçaplı litofil elementlerce zenginleşmişlerdir. Kondrite göre normalleştirilmiş nadir toprak element dağılımları konkav şekilli (LaN/YbN= 7.11-11.57) olup, negatif Eu anomalisi (EuN/Eu*=0.37-0.91) gösterirler. Ana ve izelement değişimleri, granitoyidin gelişiminde plajiyoklas, hornblend ve Fe-Ti oksit fraksiyonlaşmasının etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Mafik magmatik anklavlar (MMA); orta-yüksek metalüminli olup (A/CNK=0.75-0.90) ve ana kayadan daha düşük A/CNK ve SiO2 (% 53.93-58.83) ve daha yüksek Na2O/K2O (1.42-2.27) oranlarına sahiptirler. SiO2 içeriğine karşılık ana oksit ve iz element içerikleri karşılaştırıldığında mafik anklavlar ana kayaçları ile düzgün bir yönseme sunarlar. Kayaçlar BIYLE, HNTE ve ANTE'ce zenginleşmiş, YÇAE'ce (Nb, Ti) fakirleşmiş olup, ana kaya ve anklavlar birbirine uyumlu bir yönseme gösterirler. MMA'lar ana kaya içerisinde soğumuş olan eş yaşlı mafik magmanın küçük kütlelerini temsil eden magma karışım (mixing/magma mingling) ürünleri olarak kabul edilebilirler. Arslandede Granitoyidi ve içlerindeki MMA'larda zirkon ve apatitlerde yapılan hesaplamalarda kristallenme sıcaklıkları ana kayaçlarda 671-836 °C, MMA'larda ise 647-836 °C arasında değişmektedir. Petrografik ve jeokimyasal özellikler, Çakırbağ Granitoyidi'ne ait kayaçların ana magmasının litosferik mantodan türediğini ve kabuk kayaçlarının katkısının nisbeten az olduğunu gösterir.