Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2011/r/gumushane/15547
  Factors of land use/cover change: A case study from Turkey

  Sivrikaya, Fatih; Çakir, Günay; Akay, Abdullah Emin

  Land use/cover change impacts ecosystem services and functions such as forest health, biodiversity, and water production. Monitoring and assessing land use/cover changes provides an effective and accurate evaluation of human impact on the forest ecosystems. This study aims to determine spatial and temporal changes in land use/cover at a particular time period in a typical forest ecosystem of Turkey using geographical information systems (GIS). Specifically, the objective of this study is to analyze the main factors driving land use/cover change and the impacts of such changes in local and global perspective. Results showed that the total forested areas decreased from 5089 ha (41% of the study area) to 4426 ha (36% of the study area) during a 21 year period, which figures a net decrease of 663 ha (5%) forest areas and the average annual deforestation rate was 32 ha. Conifer forest (161 ha) completely transitioned to other cover types over 21-year period. Three major factors including distance from villages, distance from roads, and ground elevation were considered in evaluating forest disturbance. The results showed that these factors influence the reforestation/deforestation rates. Besides, forest disturbance was found to be closely related to distance from villages, distance from roads, and elevation.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2011/r/gumushane/15440
  Heat and drought resistance criteria in spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Morpho-physiological parameters for heat tolerance

  Bahar, Bilge; Yildirim, Mehmet; Yucel, Cemal

  This study was aimed at evaluating some morpho-physiological parameters such as stomatal conductance (gs), canopy temperature (CT), canopy temperature depression (CTD) and stay green duration (SGD) in terms of heat tolerance. For this purpose, trials designed according to randomized complete blocks were conducted with twenty-four spring bread wheat genotypes as three replicated in the Research and Application Area of Field Crops Department of Agricultural Faculty of Cukurova University in 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 growth seasons. The measurements of gs were made at two different dates at heading stage in 2003 to 2004 growth season. CT was measured at two growth stages (late milky and soft dough) in 2002 to 2003 (first) season and it was also measured at two different hours at the complete heading stage in 2003 to 2004 (second) season. CTD was measured at two different hours at the complete heading stage in the second season. The other morpho- physiological parameter was SGD, which was determined in the first growth season. As a result: (1) The high gs values were observed at both measuring dates even though there was no significant differences among the genotypes; (2) CT showed significant differences except T2 measurement in 2003 to 2004 season, yet significant negative correlations were found between CT and grain yield (GY) in 2003 to 2004 season and in general mean; (3) Despite not being significant differences among the genotypes, a strong positive correlation was found between CTD and GY; (4) In spite of the fact that genotypes did not show any statistical differences, it was found that SGD had a negative significant correlation with CT but positive non-significant correlation with GY. It is concluded from assessments of all physiological traits that such genotypes as Kauz/Altar 84//Ads, Varona Cno 79, Mon's'/Ald's'//Bow's' and WL6718 can be high yielding even if under heat stressed conditions, and can be used as gene pool in wheat breeding programs for tolerance to heat stress.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2011/r/gumushane/15393
  Applicability of excavatability classification systems in underground excavations: A case study

  Kaya, Ayberk; Bulut, Fikri; Alemdaǧ, Selçuk

  In this study, applicability of the excavatability classification systems in underground excavations is investigated. For this purpose, the entrance portal of the Konakönü (Arakli{dotless}-Trabzon) tunnel, excavated in volcanic rocks within the scope of Black Sea coastal highway project, is chosen as pilot study area. The entrance portal of tunnel is excavated through the rocks of Eocene-aged Kabaköy formation of basaltic-andesitic tuffs, aglomerate and basalt. In excavation, basaltic and andesitic tuffs were ripped by using hydraulic breaker; aglomerate and basalt were excavated by using explosives. Based on the results obtained from field and laboratory studies, rock masses are classified in terms of excavatability. According to Pettifer and Fookes (1994), basaltic and andesitic tuffs are included in "hard ripping", aglomerate and basalt in "blasting required" categories. With reference to Tsiambaos and Saroglou (2009), basaltic and andesitic tuffs fall in "ripping", agglomerate and basalt in "hammer and blasting" categories. It was found out that the classifications made according to these two methods are completely compatible with in-situ excavation works. Also, it is determined that the parameters give the best results for determining excavation class in underground excavations are GSI (Geological Strength Index), I s (50) (Point load strength index) and I f (Discontinuity spacing index).

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• MakaleYalnız künye2011/r/gumushane/13248
  Using landsat data to determine land use/land cover changes in gümüşhane, Turkey

  Döner, Fatih

  Sustainable land use and development require timely, accurate and detailed information of land resources as well as changes in the land resource. 'What is changing in where' question is answered by multiple observations over a period of time. Remote sensing technology provides such a monitoring requirement. The aim of this study was to analyze land use/ land cover (LU/LC) changes between 1975 and 2000 in Gümüs ̧hane, Turkey, using satellite images. Three Landsat images from 1975, 1987 and 2000 were used to determine changes. A post classification technique was used based on a hybrid classification approach (unsupervised and supervised). Images were classified into five LU/LC types; urban, agriculture, forest, pasture and other lands. It is found that significant changes in land cover occurred between the years 1975 and 2000. The results showed an increase in urban, forest and agriculture and a decrease in pasture and other lands between 1975 and 2000. In this period, urban land increased from 1.25 to 3.78% of the total area. While the area of pasture decreased from 26.74 to 23.44% of the total area, the area of forest and agriculture increased from 37.32 to 39.51% and from 8.83 to 13.27%, respectively.

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• MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2011/r/gumushane/13096
  Analysis of support requirements for a tunnel portal in weak rock: A case study from Turkey

  Kaya, Ayberk; Bulut, Fikri; Alemdaǧ, Selçuk; Sayin, Aytuna

  In this paper, engineering geological properties of the entrance portal section of Konakönü Tunnel, located on Black Sea Coastal Highway, Turkey, is studied. Moderately weathered basaltic and andesitic tuffs orderly to be driven by the entrance portal section. Tunnel portal design in weak rock presents some special challenges to the designers, since misjudgements in the design of tunnel can lead to very costly failures. The entrance portal was analyzed by empirical and numerical methods. Both field and laboratory studies were carried out during this study. Field studies involved geological mapping, detailed discontinuity surveying and sampling. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the physico-mechanical and elastical properties of rock units. For this purpose, tunnel stability analyses were performed at the entrance portal section. The RMR (rock mass rating), Q (rock mass quality), RMi (rock mass index), NATM (new Austrian tunnelling method) and GSI (geological strength index) systems were employed for empirical rock mass quality determination and preliminary tunnel portal support design. The parameters calculated by the empirical methods were used as input parameters for the FEM (finite element method) analysis. The results from the two methods were compared and preliminary support designs were carried out. This comparison suggests that for more reliable support design, empirical and finite element methods should be combined.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2010/r/gumushane/15773
  Responses of some wheat genotypes and their F2 progenies to salinity and heat stress

  Yildirim, Mehmet; Bahar, Bilge

  Both heat and salinity cause yield decrease in wheat. Grain yield in wheat has increased as a result of breeding efforts for different stress conditions. However, there are still substantial opportunities to improve grain yield by using conventional breeding under stress conditions, like heat and salt stress. The objective of this study was to investigate heat and salt effects on yield and some agronomic traits of four wheat genotypes and their six half F2 diallel cross progenies grown in pots. Significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield under both heat stress and non-stress condition. There was a mean reduction in yield of 12.6% due to salt stress. The reduction in biomass was higher than grain yield under salt stress while it was lower at heat stress. Grain yield was positively correlated with spike weight, harvest index, grain numbers per plant and biological yield under non stress (NS), heat stress (HS) and salt stress (SS) conditions. Cultivars Seri 82 and Chil's had high yield among parents under both NS and SS. Chil's and its hybrids showed low reduction in yield due to SS; thus, exhibiting salt tolerance. Also, Chil's was found to be good combiner with high General Combining Ability (GCA) effects for grain yield under SS conditions. 84 CZT04 was the most susceptible cultivar under SS. Significant GCA effects of Genç 99 and 84CZT04 provided positive contribution to grain yield under HS. It was impossible to select both heat and salt tolerant genotype with high yield capacity from the used genotypes. However, heat or salt tolerant genotypes can be improved by selection breeding due to genetic variation among genotypes.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2010/r/gumushane/15660
  Optimum design of planar beams based on sensitivity analysis

  Uysal, H.; Asci Demiröz, N.; Uzman, U.

  In this study, the size optimization problem of a beam, in which the beam heights are determined along the beam axis, is considered as a shape optimization problem of a plate in plane elasticity. To achieve the shape optimization, different principles such as structural analysis, sensitivity analysis and mathematical programming are interrelated. The ANSYS that is a reliable finite element package programme is used only for the static analysis. The objective of this optimization problem is to minimize the volume of the beam under the constraints that the maximum value of the von Mises stress in each node do not exceed a predefined value and the beam axis is to remain straight. Design variables are the vertical coordinates of the corner nodal points of design elements. The design sensitivities are calculated through the finite, difference method and linear programming technique is used for obtaining the final shape of a beam. Several examples are solved under different loadings and boundary conditions. The obtained optimum beam volumes and the design variables are given in tables and the optimum beam shapes are plotted. One of the results given is compared with the literature.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2010/r/gumushane/15419
  Heat and drought resistances criteria in spring bread wheat: Drought resistance parameters

  Bahar, Bilge; Yildirim, Mehmet

  Some spring bread wheat genotypes were evaluated for drought resistance using drought tolerance efficiency (DTE) and drought susceptibility index (DSI) under rainfed conditions in this study. Field trials were conducted in the Research Area of Field Crops Department, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University during 2002 - 2003 with high rainfall and 2003 - 2004 with low rainfall growth seasons. High variations were observed for drought resistance parameters both DTE and DSI in this study. While DTE values ranged from 65 - 98%, DSI values changed 0.077 - 1.761. The genotypes with high DTE and low DSI were evaluated as drought resistant; meanwhile, genotypes with low DTE and high DSI were considered as drought susceptible. Thus, genotypes Croc 1/Aegilops squarrosa, Genc 99, Weawer/WL 3926, Oasis/Kauz//*4 Bcn, and Punjab 96 with the lowest DSI and the highest DTE values were accepted drought resistant genotypes which may be used as the genetic sources for drought resistance.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2010/r/gumushane/15418
  Wall traverse with GPSSIT and 3D positioning of urban details

  Corumluoglu, Ozsen

  In an urban environment, sometimes surveying becomes a very hard task, especially measuring some certain points or details on the ground that are surrounded by obstacles such as trees, fences or buildings. On the other hand, in such areas, survey points installed as references on the ground can easily be lost because of city activities. Wall traverse supported by GPSSIT (GPS Sanal Istasyon Teknigi - GPS Virtual Point Technique) and relying on freely chosen Sanal Istasyon Noktalari (SINs) or - virtual points (VIPs) without worrying about installing any control point on the ground provide a reliable resolution. In this study, establishment of wall traverse points by the support of GPSSIT and TS (GPSSIT and total station) and a detail measurement technique with 3D coordinates using these wall points were introduced and applied in a sample area. As a conclusion, standard deviations were found as mp = ± 4.53 cm and mH = ± 3.85 cm in position and height respectively for details.

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