Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2024/r/gumushane/12763
  Comparison of histogram-curve fitting-based and global threshold methods for cloud detection

  Günen, M. Akif

  The goal of this research is fit the best curve to the image histogram using polynomial (i.e., linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic), Fourier and Gaussian with two different term numbers, and Bezier functions, and then compare their performance with nine automatic state-of-the-art thresholding methods: Shanbhag, Triangle, Huang, Intermode, IsoData, Li's, Maximum entropy, Moment, and Otsu. The visible bands of the Landsat-9, Landsat-8, and Sentinel 2 satellite images are averaged to create an index map, which was used to perform the cloud detection. Since many satellites system only has visible bands, the average index map was used. Three different images which include various cloud types were clipped from each satellite imaging. Thresholding methods were evaluated using statistical tools such as structural similarity index measure (SSIM), peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and universal image quality index (UIQI), accuracy, Cohen's kappa, precision, recall, F-Measure, and G-Mean. The histogram-based approaches that performed the best after Li's method were Bezier (96.71% accuracy and 99.83% SSIM), 2nd Gaussian (97.62% precision), Quartic (80.56% kappa, 16.16% PSNR, 82.45% F-Measure, and 89.52%), and 2nd Fourier (81.08% recall and 89.27% G-Mean), according to the average statistics of all images. Additionally, methods other than Shanbhag yielded favorable results (more than 90% accuracy).

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• MakaleYalnız künye2023/r/gumushane/12633
  Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis with recovered paper consumption, human development index, urbanization, and forest footprint

  Aydin, M.; Koc, P.; Tumay, M.

  The aim of this study, which covers the period from 1991 to 2017, is to analyze the relationships between recovered paper consumption, human development index, urbanization rate, and forest footprint in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis in the 10 countries that consume the most recovered paper. Considering that wood is the raw material of paper, the study investigates whether the increase in the consumption of recovered paper has a positive effect on the forest footprint. Therefore, unlike other studies, the dependent variable of the EKC model is the forest footprint. The study is original in that it is the first to analyze the effects of recovered paper consumption on environmental degradation in the context of the EKC hypothesis. To analyze the relationships between the variables, we use panel cointegration tests based on AMG and CCE estimators, which allow analysis on both a country and group basis. According to the results, the EKC hypothesis is valid only in the Netherlands. While there is a statistically significant and negative relationship between recovered paper consumption and forest footprint in the Netherlands, there is a statistically significant and negative relationship between urbanization and forest footprint in Italy. Economic and ecological benefits and costs must be considered to measure the net benefit of waste management programs. In addition, to analyze how environmental impacts change over time, ecological footprint and gas emissions during waste generation or disposal should be measured similarly to carbon emissions.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2022/r/gumushane/14498
  Radio-elemental microzonation (RELMIC): a case study of Karadeniz Technical University Campus and surroundings (Trabzon, Turkey)

  Altundaş, S.; Çınar, H.

  In situ radioactivity measurements were performed to describe and map the relationship between the radioactive concentration distribution on the surface and geological formations in the Karadeniz Technical University (KTU) campus and surrounding area located on the shore of the Black Sea in NE Turkey. The concentrations of radio-elements (eU, eTh, and K) and dose rate values were measured using a portable gamma-ray spectrometer with NaI(Tl) crystal at 150 points in the study area with a duration of 5 min for each measurement point. In addition, the geochemical radio-element ratios (eTh/eU, K/eU, and eU/eTh) give information about the origin of the rocks, and radiological hazard parameters for humans and the environment were also calculated. Average values of eU, eTh, and K concentrations, and dose rate, were calculated to be 3.59 ppm, 13.46 ppm, 0.84%, and 65.38 nGy/h, respectively. While the highest concentrations of radio-element and dose rate values were recorded at outcrops of Eocene-Neogene basaltic rocks and red clays, which are the weathering product of the Kabaköy formation, the lower anomaly zones coincide with brown and reddish brown forest and agricultural soils of volcanic origin in the study area. According to the average radio-element ratios, it was concluded that the rocks in the study area do not completely originate from the crust, but formed as a result of the mixture of upper mantle and continental crust. All the calculated hazard parameters seem to be lower than the internationally recommended values, and there is no cancer risk in and around the campus area.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/14826
  Effects of puzzolanic materials in surface paste disposal by pilot-scale tests: observation of physical changes

  Bascetin, A.; Adiguzel, D.; Eker, H.; Odabas, E.; Tuylu, S.

  There are only a few pilot schemes, especially among scientific studies carried out to solve numerous environmental and ecological problems created by water during tailing storage on the surface. It is extremely important to establish precautions that can be taken, especially in the tailing storage process by examining the physical, chemical, mineralogical, and geotechnical changes that develop due to the effect of moisture in the tailing and surface water. In this study, 2 different pilot-scale designs of storage with no additions (reference) and with binder additions (cement and fly ash) to some layers were observed in field conditions for about 1 year to determine the effects of seasonal changes on paste material. The results of the measurements revealed that the water content of the reference design was ~ 10% higher than that of the design with cement addition at the substrates that provide stability and sudden temperature changes at the top layer of the reference design was found to be ~ 35 °C. Maximum sudden temperature changes in layers with cement addition and layers with cement and fly ash addition were observed to be ~ 15 °C. As a result, the use of cement has made the material more resistant to external factors. However, the study also revealed that fly ash could be used instead of cement with a substitute rate of 50% to reduce the cost for long-term storage in terms of industrial applications.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2019/r/gumushane/15037
  A fuzzy logic embedded energy management software with multi-agent system for a stand-alone PV power plant

  Ozden, T.; Kesler, S.; Okumus, H.I.

  The worst scenario projected for an off-grid photovoltaic power system is the time interval that the solar irradiation amount is in short to supply the load throughout the day, and this situation is resulted in energy deficiency. Nowadays, an off-grid power generating system, which is designed to consider the worst scenario encountered only during a certain period of time, brings through big financial problems in terms of the initial installation costs. This study proposes a smart software to perform energy management considering users’ comfort and their criteria, which are taking some information from the agents communicating with the consumption units wirelessly and the battery agent. All loads and agents in this system are initially defined by the user according to the importance of the consumption loads such as critical, essential, significant, lesser, and insignificant loads. The proposed energy management software includes fuzzy logic-based decision maker to manage load suspension or put the suspended load into effect again according to the state of the sources. The total amount of consumption is kept less than the total existing energy so that the energy to be consumed by the critical loads is always provided. Considering the existing amount of energy and consumer preferences, the total amount of load units is maximized at each sampling step. The proposed system, which is attained without compromising the user comfort, enables more efficient energy consumption. Also, for supplying the critical loads in case of lack of energy is possible.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2019/r/gumushane/12991
  Preliminary investigations on two different procedures to calculate the efficiency and performance ratio of PV modules

  Ozden, T.; Akinoglu, B.G.

  Short- and long-term outdoor performances of the photovoltaic (PV) modules are extremely important in reaching their economic viabilities. Such information is very valuable for the investors, customers and researchers of PV technologies. Two different procedures are possible, and both are used by many researchers. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no comparative investigation to evaluate these two procedures. One of the methods uses instantaneous I–V curves of PV modules taken in a specified instant of time, while the others simply use the integrated energy values of the input and the yield of PV modules. In fact, both have advantages and disadvantages. In the present work, we outlined the advantages and disadvantages of both methods and compared them using the data of two different cell-type modules which are installed at GÜNAM’s outdoor test facility. In the analysis, the data that we used are taken under the same outdoor test conditions and ambient weather conditions. The outcomes of these preliminary analyses can be summarized as follows: (1) The procedure that uses instantaneous I–V curves seems dependent on the specified time intervals and ambient weather conditions at that instant; (2) accordingly, we will propose how to determine an optimal time interval to reach better performance results; (3) using the integrated values, we achieved the variations in performances with different integration time periods; (4) preliminary comparisons of these two procedures resulted in key conclusions on performance and degradation calculations of PV modules.

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