Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/14585
  ReCRNet: a deep residual network for crack detection in historical buildings

  Reis, Hatice Catal; Khoshelham, Kourosh

  In historical buildings, surface cracks are important indicators of potential structural damage. Natural disasters and indirect human factors, which are frequently encountered in recent periods, negatively affect historical buildings and structures. Fast and cost-effective crack detection methods play a key role in structural health monitoring of historical buildings. This paper presents methodologies for identifying concrete cracks using deep learning. We propose ReCRNet, a deep learning architecture designed for classifying images of cracks. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated and compared with state-of-the-art methods such as AlexNet, VGG 19, linear support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree (DT). The results show that ReCRNet achieves better performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC), in comparison with the other crack classifiers. Accordingly, the proposed approach is recommended for automatic monitoring of historical buildings and building condition assessments.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/13020
  The effects of freeze-thaw cycles and block size on the use of the Gümüşhane Granitoid (Gümüşhane/Turkey) as building stone

  Dağ, Serhat; Alemdağ, Selçuk; Kaya, Ayberk

  The present study aims to examine the usability of the Gümüşhane Granitoid as a building stone taking into consideration the short-term freeze-thaw cycles and mean block volume. A total of 180 specimens were used in the study prepared from the block samples compiled from 10 different areas in the Gümüşhane (NE Turkey) provincial borders. Mean block volume was calculated about 8 dm3 during the discontinuity studies carried out on the Gümüşhane Granitoid; as a result of which, it was determined that the granitoids are suited for obtaining blocks. The annual freeze-thaw cycle map of Turkey was used for determining the number of freeze-thaw cycles to be applied on the rocks in addition to taking into account the weathering of monzogranites. A total of 25 freeze-thaw cycle tests were applied on the rocks with experimental studies repeated at every 5 cycles. It was determined following the freeze-thaw tests that significant changes have occurred especially in the strength and water absorption parameters of the monzogranites and that they have been affected negatively. This indicates that the monzogranites are not suited for outdoor use as building stone in regions such as the Gümüşhane province and regions with similar climate characteristics, but that they can be used in a lot of regions with more moderate climates. As a building stone, monzogranites can be used either as cobblestone, curbstone, or paving stone subject to their mean block volume. It is considered that the widespread of the Gümüşhane Granitoid may provide a substantial economical income to the country.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2021/r/gumushane/12605
  Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic importance of Eocene I-type magmatism in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey

  Vural, Alaaddin; Kaygusuz, Abdullah

  Eastern Pontides are hosted to many granitoids with different composition, size and age ranges from Paleozoic to Cenozoic. Of these granitoids, especially those of the Cenozoic age are commonly observed in the southern part of the Eastern Pontides, and rarely in the northern part. This paper focuses on the Eocene aged Avliyana Granitoid, located south of the Eastern Pontides, intruding into Late Cretaceous and Eocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Avliyana Granitoid is mainly diorite and tonalite and composed of plagioclase, quartz, orthoclase, hornblende, biotite, pyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides. It shows granular, locally poikilitic and micrographic texture. The Avliyana Granitoid has I-type, medium to high-K calc-alkaline, and metaluminous character, and has a narrow SiO2 contents (57–64 wt.%). The rocks are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile element (LILEs), and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs). Chondrite-normalized REE distributions are concave shaped (LaN/LuN = 5.87–11.92) and show negative Eu anomaly (Eu / Eu * = 0.55–0.81). Geochemical results show that plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, and Fe-Ti oxide fractionation are effective in the development of the rocks. The εNd(i) values of the rocks are between – 1.0 and – 0.1, 87Sr/86Sr(i) values are between 0.70531 and 0.70563, and the model ages (TDM) are between 0.79 and 0.93. U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages of the Avliyana Granitoid rocks range from 45.60 ± 0.55 to 44.75 ± 0.36 Ma. In calculations made from zircon and apatite, the crystallization temperatures vary between 714 and 867 °C. The data revealed that the parental magma of the Avliyana Granitoid was derived from the enriched lithospheric mantle, and fractional crystallization and lesser assimilation played a role in the evolution of the rocks.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2020/r/gumushane/14920
  Distinct contamination indices for evaluating potentially toxic element levels in stream sediments: a case study of the Harşit Stream (NE Turkey)

  Saydam Eker, Çiğdem

  This paper revealed that the level of certain potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be reflected in stream and terrace sediments from Harşit Stream in Northeast Turkey. The potential toxicity of these elements was established by determining and interpreting the enrichment factor (EF), contamination index (Pi), ecological risk index (Eri), modified hazard quotient (mHQ), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI). The distribution of PTEs in the sediment samples was non-uniform along the different sites of the stream. The change in concentration was attributed to the release of these elements from different sources (agricultural activities, industrial activities, and gasoline discharges). Results indicated that the stream sediments were locally contaminated by the following PTEs: Pb, As, and Cd based on EF values; Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd, and Hg based on Pi; Pb, Cd, and Hg based on Eri; and Pb, As, Cd, and Hg based on mHQ. According to the HQ and HI values of Pb, risks were posed to human health especially to children. Meanwhile, terrace sediments were locally contaminated as follows: Zn and As based on EF; Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd based on Pi; and Zn and Cd based on Eri. The HQ and HI values of As were found to be > 1, suggesting a high chance of health risk to children. The PTE levels and the local distribution pattern revealed that agricultural activities, industrial functions, and gas stations along the stream were probable sources of toxic element contamination in sediments from the Harşit Stream. These findings can help evaluate the potential toxicity risks affecting living organisms.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2020/r/gumushane/12853
  Geochemical composition of magnetite from different iron skarn mineralizations in NE Turkey: implication for source of ore-forming fluids

  Sipahi, Ferkan; Gücer, Mehmet Ali; Saydam Eker, Çiğdem

  Iron oxide mineralizations in the eastern part of the Pontides (NE Turkey) are hosted in the skarn environments which are the Pontide paleomagmatic arc. These mineralizations always occur in the contacts between granitoid and limestone. Magnetites are hosted in carbonate rocks and generally formed during garnet-magnetite-epidote-quartz phase. Magnetites have high Co (15.8–43.4 ppm for the Kopuz, 11–12.5 ppm for the Eğrikar, and 3.8–1266.7 ppm for the Karadağ) concentrations suggesting that the sulfide decreased from the early to the late phases in the iron skarn mineralization forming systems. The Co/Ni ratios in the magnetites (0.12 to 35.38 for Karadağ, 2.19 to 13.53 for the Kopuz, and 2.39 to 5.21 for the Eğrikar) show the hydrothermal effect on the magmatic source in iron skarns in the study area. Thus, variable Co/Ni ratios reflect interactions between the magma with the host rock during successive alteration stages. Magnetites in this study have Sc-Nb-Mg-Ti depletions and Ta enrichment. In this study, high Co, Ti, and V contents in magnetites suggest the high temperature (300–500 °C) and low ƒO2. The V contents of the magnetite in the Karadağ increase with the decreasing oxygen fugacity of fluid(s) forming magnetites, whereas the V contents of the magnetites in the Kopuz and Eğrikar decrease with increasing oxygen fugacity of fluid(s) forming magnetites. Element patterns and Ni/Cr ratio (< 1) of the magnetite are geochemically similar to those of magnetite in Fe-skarn deposits and partly magmatic accessory magnetite of I-type granites. As a result, the Co, Ni, V, and Ti elements of the magnetite have played an important role in the discriminating and interpreting of skarn mineralizations in the eastern Pontides and support a calcic skarn origin with studies of the mineralization geology.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2018/r/gumushane/10244
  Automatic extraction of sparse trees from high-resolution ortho-images

  Bayram, Bulent; Seker, Dursun Zafer; Jamil, Akhtar; Reis, Hatice Catal; Demir, Nusret; Bozkurt, Salih; Ince, Abdulkadir; Kucuk, Turgay

  Obtaining information about tree species distribution in agricultural lands is a topic of interest for various applications, such as tree inventory, forest management, agricultural land management, crop estimation, etc. This information can be derived from images obtained from modern remote sensing technology, which is the most economical way as compare to field surveys covering large geographic areas. Therefore, in this study, a new method is proposed for extraction and counting of sparse and regular distributed individual pistachio trees from agricultural areas on large scale from high-resolution digital ortho-photo maps, which were obtained using an airborne sensor (Ultracam-X). The input images were first smoothed by applying Gaussian filter to reduce the impact of noise. Normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) were then derived to obtain vegetation areas followed by Otsu's global thresholding algorithm to obtain candidate tree areas. Further, connected component (CC) analysis was applied to segregate each object. Morphological processing was performed to fill holes within tree objects and get smooth contours, which were obtained by using the Moore-neighbor tracing method (MNTM) for each CC, while geometrical constraints were applied to undermine possible non-tree elements from output image. To further improve the segmentation results for sparse trees, a new method was applied, called quadratic local analysis (QLA). QLA helped to segment the trees, which were missed by the Otsu method due to low contrast and resulted in improved accuracy (3-6%). The obtained results were compared with well-known support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Proposed method produced slightly better results (1-5%) than SVM for extraction of pistachio trees and obtained accuracy for QLA and SVM were 96 and 91% for region 1, while 91 and 90% for region 2 respectively.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2018/r/gumushane/13402
  Bearing capacity and slope stability assessment of rock masses at the Subasi viaduct site, NE, Turkey

  Kaya, Ayberk; Bulut, Fikri; Dağ, Serhat

  This study investigates the bearing capacity of rock masses and stability of slopes at the Subasi viaduct site which is a part of the improvement project of the Artvin–Hopa government highway between KM 6 + 500 and 13 + 787 in NE Turkey. The geotechnical studies were performed in three stages. Firstly, the bearing capacity of moderately weathered andesitic tuff was evaluated using the empirical equations. Secondly, the major principal stress and vertical displacement due to the viaduct and traffic loadings at the level of foundations were determined by the finite element method (FEM). The vertical displacement value and comparison of bearing capacity and major principal stress show that any problem is not expected at the viaduct site in terms of the bearing capacity. Finally, the stability of slopes at the viaduct site was investigated using kinematic, limit equilibrium, and finite element method-based shear strength reduction analyses methods. It was concluded that no discontinuity controlled failures at the slopes are expected. However, a circular failure is possible to occur at the face slope excavated in highly weathered andesitic tuff. After support application, the long-term stabilization of face slope has been achieved. Consequently, it is suggested that the empirical, analytical, and numerical methods should be combined for a more reliable construction design.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2018/r/gumushane/11631
  Relationship between the geological environment and element accumulation capacity of Helichrysum arenarium

  Vural, Alaaddin

  This study was carried out to determine the effect of geological environment on the biogeochemical properties of Helichrysum arenarium. Plant samples from Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; Eocene andesite, basalt, and their pyroclasts; and Upper Eocene granitic rocks were collected. Roots, stems, and flowers of the plant were analyzed to determine their major and trace elements, such as Ca, Mg, Al, Na, K, Fe, Mn, U, Sr, P, La, Cr, Ba, Ti, B, W, Hg, Cs, Hf, Rb, Zr, and Ce. This study is one of the few studies in which the element content of H. arenarium is studied in detail and the element accumulation capacities are examined according to the types of rocks the plants grow. Result showed that the plants exhibited different element accumulation capacities according to the lithological environments where they grew. The element concentrations in the root, stem, and flower of the plant were predominantly high in Eocene andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. High values were also observed in plants grown on the Upper Eocene granitic rock. Some elements were also high in plants grown in the Upper Cretaceous andesite, basalt, and pyroclasts. Therefore, the high element contents of plant are related to the element contents of the rocks where the plants grew. Furthermore, the alteration and tectonic influences on the plants are also influential.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2017/r/gumushane/13011
  In situ gamma ray measurements for deciphering of radioactivity level in Sarıhan pluton area of northeastern Turkey

  Çınar, Hakan; Altundaş, Suna; Çelik, Necati; Maden, Nafız

  The present work utilizes in situ gamma ray spectrometric measurement data to map the surface geology of Sarıhan Granitoid and its surrounding area. The study area comprises three different lithological units, namely, Hozbirikyayla Formation (limestone and sandy limestones), Sarıhan Granitoid (consist of quartz monzodiorite, granodiorite and quartz diorite) and the Ophiolitic olistostromal melange (andesite, basalt, sandstone, gravelly sandstone). When lithological units are assessed according to the radioactivity characteristics, natural radionuclide contents (40K and radionuclides from 238U and 232Th series) of Hozbirikyayla limestones and ophiolitic melange rocks are lower than the Sarıhan pluton. The U, Th and K radionuclide contents were found to be 0.8–5.4 ppm, 10.1–33.6 ppm and 1.29–4.41% in the Sarıhan plutonic area and 0.9–5.3 ppm, 1.1–20.3 ppm and 0.04–2.71% in Horzbirikyayla formation, respectively. The element concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K of the Ophiolitic melange are 1.1–4.5 ppm, 1.6–25.3 ppm and 0.09–3.63%, respectively. Radioelement ratio maps are created for the studied area, because the parameters of radioelement ratios, eU/eTh, eU/K and eTh/K, reflect the radioactive characters of the rock and soil. The Hozbirikyayla Formation is characterized by the highest value of eU/eTh and lowest value of eTh/K. While the lowest eU/eTh and eU/K ratios were observed in the Sarıhan Granodiorite, the highest value of eU/K and eTh/K were obtained in the Ophiolitic olistostromal melange. By comparing these maps with the geology, it was found that the radioelement concentrations are in good agreement with the geological properties of the region. In addition to this, the radiation hazard parameters were evaluated to assess the radiation hazard for people living in this area. It has also been found that there is no significant radiologic hazard for humans and the environment in and around studied area.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2016/r/gumushane/13082
  Investigation of the quality and physical-geochemical characteristics of the drinking water in Gümüşhane (Turkey) city central

  Sipahi, Ferkan; Uslu, Sultan

  The physical (turbidity, color, smell, taste, pH, and conductivity) and geochemical properties (Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Al, K, Cl−, HCO3 −, SO4 2−, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr) of the drinking water in Gümüşhane city center were determined. This city center constitutes the study area. The pH levels of the water samples ranged from 6.3 to 8.2, and their conductivities ranged between 240 and 900 μS. These findings were concordant with the drinking water standards of the Turkey Standard Institute and the World Health Organization. The hardness of the water samples in the study area was between 18.1 and 115.1 °Fr. These samples were classified as extremely hard, hard, and quite hard. In addition, an assessment using the criteria for Inland Surface Water Classification indicated that considering certain parameters (pH levels, amount of Na, SO4 2−, Fe, Mn, Al, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cr), the samples belonged to class I (high quality) water. When Cl− amount and conductivity were considered, the samples belonged to the first and second classes (less polluted) of water. The water in the study area was generally classified as carbonated and sulfated (Ca + Mg > Na + K) water classes. This water contained more weak acids than strong acids (HCO3 − + CO3 2− > Cl− + SO4 2−). The pH levels (6.3–8.2) of the water in the study area were unrelated to the varying concentrations of metals in the water. Elements such as Fe, Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu increase in the water through the water–rock interaction in the area in which water rises or through the mixture of water with either mine or industrial wastes. In addition, several water samples belonged to an acceptable water class for drinking and usage.

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