Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/14199
  Honeybee Silk: A Promising Value-Added Biomaterial with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antihyaluronidase, and Microstructural Characteristics

  Yildiz, Oktay; Değirmenci, Atiye; Boyraci, Gulsum Merve; Aksoy, Canan

  Bee products with their huge potential are becoming more valuable beyond food industry. Honeybee silk is non-utilized biomaterial in any commercial applications and even burned during the processing of beeswax. Although studies concerning insects silks are commonly on spider and silkworm silks, honeybee silk remains unexplored. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) were used to identify chemical composition via elemental mapping of the native form of honeybee silk. Honeybee silk, in the form of thin layer inside the honeycomb cells, was processed through a series of steps to separate it from beeswax. Protein content was evaluated and revealed a composition of approximately 11.69%, indicating its strong biopolymeric origin. Amino acid analysis of honeybee silk performed by RP-HPLC revealed the presence of both polar and nonpolar amino acids, indicating a well-balanced amino acid profile. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-hyaluronidase properties of processed honeybee silk were presented. The methanolic extracts of honeybee silk were found to have higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays than the aqueous extracts. While no antimicrobial activity was found for aqueous extracts, methanolic honeybee silk extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilluscereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans. The hyaluronidase inhibition values (IC50) were found as 0.0094 and 0.0079 g/mL for aqueous and methanolic honeybee silk extracts, respectively. The aforementioned findings indicate that honeybee silk as a promosing value-added product is worthy of attention from pharmaceutical industries and future studies.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/13736
  Utilizing Pollutant Waste Cheese Whey into Low-cost Broth for Bacterial Growth and Protein Production

  Alkowlani, Amir Towfiq Hasan; Beldüz, Ali Osman; Çanakçi, Sabriye; Bektaş, Kadriye İnan; Ay, Fulya; Özyurt, Taner; Yıldız, Oktay

  Cheese whey (CW), an abundant and nutrient-rich byproduct of cheese production, accounts for approximately 85% of milk volume and is generated globally in quantities reaching 145–200 million tons annually. Despite its biochemical complexity and high organic load, CW remains underutilized in microbial biotechnology. Its pollutant potential is up to 100 times higher than domestic sewage due to extreme biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), high nutrient content, and acidity. Untreated discharge causes severe oxygen depletion, damages aquatic ecosystems, degrades soil, and contributes to climate change. This study evaluates CW as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to synthetic bacterial growth media. Ten bacterial strains were cultured for 17 h in different forms of CW fresh, aged (up to two years), and dried and compared with standard Luria Bertani (LB) medium. Bacterial growth was assessed using optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀), and protein yields were measured in µg/µL. CW supported growth ranged from OD₆₀₀ 2.36–4.46, comparable to 2.53–4.16 in LB, with protein yields between 0.19 and 0.43 µg/µL versus 0.18–0.44 µg/µL in LB. These findings demonstrate that CW can effectively support bacterial proliferation and protein production, offering a novel valorization route for a major agro-industrial pollutant while reducing environmental harm and fermentation costs.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13486
  Isolation and Preliminary In Vitro Characterization of a Honey-Derived Bacillus licheniformis Isolate

  Usta, Mehtap; Zengin, Kübra; Kara, Yakup; Nalçacıoğlu, Remziye; Demirbağ, Zihni; Yıldız, Oktay; Kolaylı, Sevgi

  Background/Objectives: Despite its hostile physicochemical environment characterized by high osmotic pressure, acidic pH, and low water activity, honey serves as a unique ecological niche for resilient microorganisms. This study aimed to recover bacterial isolates from honeys of different botanical origins and to characterize the probiotic-associated properties of a honey-derived Bacillus licheniformis isolate. Methods: A total of 20 bacterial isolates were recovered from four honey samples, including two blossoms and two honeydew honeys. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the recovered isolates had taxonomic assignments consistent with Bacillus licheniformis. Because 16S rRNA sequencing does not provide sufficient resolution to establish strain-level diversity or clonality, one isolate, designated Blhoney, was selected for subsequent molecular and functional characterization. Results: In vitro assays revealed that Blhoney exhibits robust tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal stress, including extreme acidity (pH 1–3), bile salts (0.3–1%), pepsin, and pancreatin, maintaining viability for up to 24 h. Phenotypic antimicrobial testing demonstrated measurable inhibition zones for erythromycin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, streptomycin, and spectinomycin, whereas no measurable inhibition zones were observed for penicillin G, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, or ceftazidime. However, MIC determination and standardized breakpoint interpretation were not performed; therefore, these findings were interpreted solely as preliminary phenotypic inhibition-zone observations. Although the isolate did not display direct antagonistic activity against the tested bacterial pathogens under experimental conditions, its persistence under the tested gastrointestinal stress conditions supports further investigation of its probiotic-associated characteristics. Conclusions: Overall, these findings indicate that the honey-derived Blhoney isolate exhibits preliminary probiotic-associated characteristics under the tested in vitro conditions. However, further strain-level genomic and safety characterization is required before its potential probiotic application can be established.

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• Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10235
  Therapeutic Bioactivity Exerted by the Apis mellifera Bee Venom and Its Major Protein Melittin: A Scoping Review

  Erdogan, Perihan Mutlu; Bilgili-Tetikoglu, Funda; Çelik-Uzuner, Selcen; Yildiz, Oktay; Kolayli, Sevgi; Mossialos, Dimitris

  Honey bee (Apis mellifera) products have been extensively utilized in traditional medicine. Bee venom (BV) is one of the major bee products with a high concentration of the small peptide melittin (MEL) and exerts bioactivity ranging from anti-microbial to anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer. This scoping review aims to sum up research articles on the bioactivity exerted by BV and MEL published in PubMed and Scopus from 2010 onwards. PRISMA guidelines were implemented to analyze the relevant literature; we ended up with 425 research articles. Bioactivity of BV and MEL was grouped as (i) anti-inflammatory (85), (ii) immunomodulatory (37), (iii) anti-microbial (179), (iv) anti-cancer (170), and (v) anti-oxidant (32). Although there is a significant body of research on the anti-cancer and anti-microbial activity of BV and MEL, their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties have received comparatively less attention. Many studies on the immunomodulatory effects of BV or MEL have focused on cancer. However, the effects on Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease have not been extensively studied regarding the anti-inflammatory effects. Given the critical role of the immune system and inflammatory response in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, senescence and against infections, it is paramount to further explore the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory potential of BV and MEL.

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