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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10619
  YOLOv8 computer vision for automated offside detection in professional football validated through supervised learning

  Abdel-Fattah, Abdul-Rahman; Belhaouari, Samir Brahim; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Muntean, Raul Ioan; Dhahbi, Wissem; Dergaa, Ismail; Omri, Abdelfatteh El

  Offside calls are integral to maintaining fairness and competitive integrity in football, yet current officiating processes are constrained by limitations in accuracy despite technological advancements. This investigation developed and validated an automated offside detection system using YOLOv8 object detection architecture to address documented limitations of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) systems in offside decision accuracy. Supervised learning validation employed 400 annotated instances from professional match footage. The YOLOv8 medium variant was configured for four-class detection, with a focus on extreme player positions, reducing computational complexity by approximately 70% relative to comprehensive player tracking while accepting accuracy trade-offs in marginal scenarios. The system was optimized for computational efficiency through highly accurate tracking of player positions. Data were partitioned into 40% (n = 160) for training and 60% (n = 240) for testing, with 5-fold cross-validation. The automated system achieved robust performance metrics across 240 test instances: overall accuracy of 83.0%, precision of 85.0%, recall of 87.0%, and F1-score of 86.0%. Confusion matrix analysis revealed true positives (n = 130), true negatives (n = 70), false positives (n = 22), and false negatives (n = 18). Individual case analysis demonstrated 80% agreement with ground truth classifications. System performance significantly exceeded the random classification baseline (p < 0.001). The strategic extreme player tracking approach achieved substantial computational efficiency while maintaining decision accuracy across diverse match scenarios. A YOLOv8-based offside detection system demonstrates proof-of-concept feasibility for decision-support applications in football officiating. Performance (83% accuracy, 95% CI: 79-87%) on 240 test instances remains below professional benchmarks (> 93%), with single-camera constraints and limited dataset size restricting generalizability to proof-of-concept validation rather than operational deployment.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10656
  Comparison of plyometric repeated sprint and plyometric aerobic training on physical performance in youth soccer players

  Selmi, Mohamed Amin; Hammami, Raouf; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Duncan, Michael; Sassi, Radhouane Haj; Morgans, Ryland; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi

  High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and repeated-sprint sets (RSS) are established conditioning methods in soccer, yet their integration with plyometric training among highly trained youth soccer players remains underexplored. This study investigated the effects of an 8-week program combining plyometric training with either RSS (PLYO-RSS) or HIIT (PLYO-HIIT) on physical fitness in young soccer players. Twenty-nine male players (14-15 years) were randomly assigned to PLYO-RSS (n = 14) or PLYO-HIIT (n = 15). Both interventions lasted 20 minutes per session and replaced part of regular soccer training. Physical fitness assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), 15-s repeated vertical jumps (15''RJ), five-jump test (5JT), 10 m and 30 m sprint, maximal aerobic speed (MAS), VO2max, and repeated sprint performance (total sprint time, best sprint, fatigue index). Physiological markers (lactate, rating of perceived exertion, and HRmax) were also monitored. Significant improvements over time were observed in muscle power, sprint speed, aerobic capacity, and repeated-sprint ability (p <= 0.001; eta & sup2;p = 0.339-0.489). However, no main effects or group & times; time interaction effects were observed, indicating no evidence of differential responses between the two training modes. In conclusion, integrating plyometric training with either RSS or HIIT effectively enhances physical fitness in highly trained youth soccer players, offering flexible options for training prescription.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10617
  Short-Term Inspiratory Muscle Training Enhances Functional and Metabolic Health in Older Adults

  Konca, Erkan; Yilmaz, Coskun; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Arslan, Ayla; Ocak, Hakan; Karakulak, Izzet; Sari, Rifat; Uzun, Recep Nur; Soylu, Hakan Huseyin

  Background: Age-related declines in respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory efficiency can impair functional capacity and metabolic health in older adults. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been proposed as a practical intervention to counteract these changes, yet its systemic effects remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of short-term IMT on functional capacity, diaphragm thickness, and liver tissue characteristics in healthy elderly men. Methods: Thirty community-dwelling men aged 60-80 years were randomly assigned to an IMT or control group. The IMT group performed four weeks of breathing exercises using a POWERbreathe (R) device at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure, with a weekly 10% increase in pressure. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included the six-minute walk test (6MWT), diaphragm thickness and liver density via computed tomography, and quality of life (QoL; SF-12). Results: Four weeks of inspiratory muscle training significantly improved diaphragm thickness (11.7%), fatty liver density (FLD) (+16.7%), and six-minute walk performance (+5.3%), with large time x group effects favoring the IMT group. While the physical quality of life showed modest, comparable improvements, mental health outcomes demonstrated a moderate, time-dependent improvement without a significant group-by-time interaction. Conclusions: Short-term IMT improved diaphragmatic function and functional capacity in older men and was associated with favorable changes in a liver-related biomarker; however, given that only a single liver-related metric was assessed, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of overall improvements in liver health.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10594
  Effects of wrestling training on psychological well-being, anxiety, and resilience in adolescent boys

  Özkan, Ridvan; Yilmaz, Coskun; Uzun, Recep Nur; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Akar, Ozge Orhan; Öz, Faik; Çiçekli, Atif; Çiçekli, Aylin; Dal, Suzan; Ursu, Vasile Emil

  Background Wrestling is a physically and mentally demanding combat sport that requires discipline, focus, and emotional control. Although its physiological effects are well documented, its psychological benefits in adolescents remain underexplored. This study aimed to examine whether a short-term, non-competitive wrestling program could enhance psychological well-being, reduce sport anxiety, and strengthen resilience in adolescent boys. Methods Thirty sedentary male adolescents (aged 12-15 years) were randomly assigned to a wrestling training group (n = 15) or a control group (n = 15). The intervention consisted of six weeks of supervised wrestling sessions performed three times per week. Psychological well-being (WHO-5), sport anxiety (SAS-2), and resilience (BPRS) were assessed before and after the intervention using the validated Turkish versions of the scales. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze group & times; time interactions. Results Participants in the wrestling group demonstrated significant improvements in well-being (p < 0.001) and resilience (p < 0.001), alongside marked reductions in total sport anxiety and its subdimensions (p < 0.001), compared with the control group. All effects were large (eta p & sup2; = 0.52-0.94). Conclusion A structured six-week wrestling program produced meaningful psychological benefits in adolescent boys. Regular participation in non-competitive wrestling may serve as an effective approach to promote well-being, emotional stability, and adaptive coping skills during early adolescence, supporting the preventive and developmental role of combat sports in youth mental health.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10499
  Multi-joint isokinetic strength profiling as a predictor of vertical jump performance in elite freestyle wrestlers A cross-sectional principal component analysis

  Sever, Ozan; Ceylan, Halil Ibrahim; Dhahbi, Wissem; Yilmaz, Hasan Huseyin; Özdemir, Kubra; Yazici, Ahmet Gokhan; Jalalov, Ferhad; Günay, Ahmet Rahmi; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar; Stefanica, Valentina

  Wrestling requires coordinated lower-limb strength for explosive techniques. While isokinetic testing isolates joint-specific strength and countermovement jumps assess functional power, comprehensive multi-joint assessments with advanced factor analysis remain unexplored in elite wrestlers. Twenty-one national-level male freestyle wrestlers (22.3 +/- 2.8 years; 76.2 +/- 14.7 kg) completed cross-sectional neuromuscular assessments. Isokinetic concentric strength testing at 60 degrees/s evaluated hip, knee, and ankle joint functions bilaterally using an Isomed 2000 dynamometer. Vertical jump power was assessed through countermovement jumps under bilateral and unilateral conditions using the Optojump system. All strength and power variables were normalized to fat-free mass determined via air displacement plethysmography. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations with Benjamini-Hochberg correction, stepwise multiple regression, and principal component analysis. Bilateral jump performance correlated strongly with knee extension (R = 0.798, P <.001) and hip extension strength (R = 0.664, P =.001), with combined predictors explaining 68.8% of variance (F-2,F-18 = 19.8, P <.001). Principal component analysis identified a primary extensor factor (hip and knee extension, 52.6% variance) and an auxiliary factor (ankle plantar flexion and hip adduction, 19.0% variance). Unilateral jump models demonstrated lower explanatory power (dominant: 39.8%, non-dominant: 25.7%). Multi-joint isokinetic strength assessment, particularly hip and knee extension capacity, provides a robust prediction of vertical jump performance in elite wrestlers. The identified primary extensor strength factor represents a fundamental neuromuscular capacity underlying explosive lower-limb function, supporting targeted strength development strategies for wrestling-specific performance enhancement.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/16151
  An ergogenic approach to enhancing performance in archery: the acute effects of caffeine

  Türker, Ustun; Ates, Zeynep Hazal; Görgülü, Mumine; Kiyici, Fatih; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar

  Background and Study Aim Ergogenic aids are widely used to enhance exercise performance and training adaptations. Among these, caffeine is recognized for its stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and neuromuscular function. Despite their widespread use, the relative effectiveness of such aids in improving performance in precision-based target sports such as archery remains a matter of practical interest. This study aimed to examine the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on shooting performance in university-level archers. Material and Methods A total of 12 licensed university archers (mean age: 22.92 +/- 2.11 years) participated in this study. A single-group pretest-posttest experimental design was employed. Participants completed two laboratory sessions separated by 72 hours under standardized conditions. In each session, anthropometric and hearing assessments were conducted. This was followed by the ingestion of 200 mg of caffeine. After a 60-minute absorption period, archers performed shooting tests at 18 meters. The protocol included practice trials and 10 sets of scoring shots. Data were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA. These methods accounted for within-subject variability across sets. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results Posttest scores were consistently higher than pretest scores across most sets. Statistically significant improvements were observed in Sets 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 (p < .05). Sets 1, 5, and 7 showed nonsignificant differences. Overall performance increased significantly from 6.61 +/- 1.20 to 8.33 +/- 0.39 (p < .001), with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.90; eta 2 = .50). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition (p < .001). No significant set or interaction effects were found. This indicates that performance improvements were consistent across shooting sets. Conclusions Acute caffeine supplementation was associated with improved shooting performance in university-level archers. The findings suggest that caffeine may have potential as an ergogenic aid in precision-oriented sports requiring sustained attention and performance consistency. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations. These include the absence of a control condition and the small sample size. Further randomized placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13800
  Neuromuscular and Kinetic Adaptations to Symmetric and Asymmetric Load Carriage During Walking in Individuals with Chronic Low Back Pain

  Tajik, Raheleh; Dhahbi, Wissem; Mimar, Raghad; Khaleghi Tazji, Mehdi; Ceylan, Halil İbrahim; Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar; Stefanica, Valentina; Hammami, Nadhir

  Aim: This study examined how load size and symmetry affect trunk muscle activation patterns, vertical ground reaction forces, and estimated lumbar spine compression during overground walking in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP) and those without symptoms. Methods: Thirty male participants (15 with CLBP, 15 controls; ages 23–28 years) performed walking tests under four load conditions: symmetric and asymmetric carriage at 10% and 20% of body weight. Bilateral surface electromyography measured activation from seven trunk muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, latissimus dorsi, lumbar erector spinae, multifidus) and the thoracolumbar fascia region, normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contractions (%MVIC). Force plates recorded vertical ground reaction forces synchronized with heel-strike events. A repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections was used to analyze the effects of load configuration and magnitude. Results: Asymmetric loading at 20% body weight caused significantly higher peak vertical ground reaction forces compared to symmetric loading (mean difference = 47.3 N, p < 0.001), with a significant interaction between load magnitude and configuration (p = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.26). Participants with CLBP showed consistently higher trunk muscle activation throughout the gait cycle (peak: 37% MVIC vs. 30% MVIC in controls; p < 0.001, d = 1.68), with maximum recruitment at shorter muscle lengths and 24% less activation at optimal length (95% CI: 18.2–29.8%). The lumbar erector spinae and multifidus muscles exhibited the highest activation during asymmetric 20% loading in CLBP participants (0.282 and 0.263%MVIC, respectively), indicating compensatory neuromuscular strategies. Conclusion: Asymmetric load carriage creates disproportionately high mechanical and neuromuscular demands, effects that are greatly amplified in individuals with CLBP. These findings support rehabilitation strategies that improve load distribution and restore motor control, thereby reducing compensatory strain and enhancing trunk stability.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/12325
  Effects of inspiratory muscle training combined with circadian rhythm-based running programs in male children football players

  Konca, Erkan; Yilmaz, Coşkun; Saç, Ajlan; Dal, Suzan; Halmatov, Medera; Akıllıoğlu, Osman; Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar

  Background: Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been suggested to improve respiratory function and physical performance; however, evidence in preadolescent athletes remains limited. This study examined whether adding IMT to circadian rhythm–based running programs would enhance functional and pulmonary outcomes in preadolescent male football players with at least two years of regular football training experience. Methods: Seventy-five boys aged 10–12 years were categorized into morning-, intermediate-, or evening-type groups based on Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) scores, and each chronotype group was assigned to its corresponding running protocol with or without IMT. Over six weeks, participants completed circadian rhythm–based running sessions, and IMT groups performed graded-load IMT. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included agility, six-minute walk test (6MWT), pulmonary function (FVC, FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC), and respiratory muscle strength (MIP, MEP). Results: Agility and 6MWT performance improved most in the morning running + IMT group compared with evening running + IMT and running-only groups (p < 0.001). FVC and FEV₁ increased in both IMT groups, though gains were modest and smaller in the running-only group. Improvements in MIP and MEP did not differ significantly between groups. Conclusion: Combining IMT with morning running produced the greatest improvements in agility and functional performance, while pulmonary gains were moderate and respiratory muscle strength changes were comparable across groups. IMT may provide additional benefit when integrated into chronotype-aligned morning training in preadolescent football players. Trial registration: Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training Combined with Circadian Rhythm-based Running Programs in Children Football Players, ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06817486, Date: 27-01-2025.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/12194
  Match success in football: insights from raw and possession-normalized key performance indicators in the Turkish professional league

  Sever, Ozan; Öncü, Çağdaş; Öztaşyonar, Yunus; Aksoy, Ömer; Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar

  Background: Match-performance indicators are widely used to explain success in football; however, traditional analyses based solely on absolute key performance indicators (KPIs) may overlook contextual factors such as ball possession and phase of play. This study aimed to examine match-performance indicators associated with winning in Turkish professional football using two complementary approaches: a raw KPI model based on absolute match actions and a possession- and phase-of-play–normalized KPI model accounting for contextual opportunity. Methodology: Match data were obtained from a validated event-based database covering six consecutive seasons, yielding 2,728 team observations from 1,364 win–loss matches. Descriptive comparisons between winning and losing teams were conducted, followed by multivariate binary logistic regression analyses to identify performance indicators independently associated with match success under both modeling approaches. Results: At the descriptive level, winning teams demonstrated higher values for shots, shots on target, accurate passes, opponent-half accurate passes, accurate crosses (%), and opponent-half accurate passes (%), whereas total possession and total passes did not differ significantly between groups. In terms of disciplinary indicators, losing teams received significantly more yellow and red cards, whereas fouls committed were significantly higher in winning teams (p = 0.014). However, the normalized indicator (fouls committed per out-of-possession) did not differ significantly between groups. In the raw KPI model, positive predictors of match success included shots on target (OR = 1.58), accurate crosses (OR = 1.10), opponent-half accurate passes (OR = 1.01), and fouls committed (OR = 1.04). Negative predictors were total crosses (OR = 0.92), yellow cards (OR = 0.89), and red cards (OR = 0.49). In the possession-normalized model, significant positive predictors were shots on target per possession, accurate crosses per possession, and fouls committed per out-of-possession. Significant negative predictors included crosses per possession, accurate crosses (%), yellow cards per out-of-possession, and red cards per out-of-possession. Conclusions: The findings indicate that combining absolute performance indicators with context-sensitive normalized metrics may provide a more comprehensive perspective on match success in football. Offensive efficiency and disciplinary control emerged as key correlates of winning, particularly when evaluated relative to possession and phase-of-play contexts. These findings suggest the potential value of integrating contextualized performance analysis into match evaluation and performance analysis frameworks.

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• MakaleYayıncıda açık erişim2026/r/gumushane/12118
  Effects of different conditioning activities performed after soccer-specific warm-up on post-activation performance enhancement

  Kartal, Alper; Ilhan, Muhammet Taha; Ergin, Esin; Pancar, Zarife; Karaca, Burak; Yildiz, Yasin; Gulsen, Doğukan Batur Alp; Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar

  The post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effect has been widely studied; however, studies conducted under real-world conditions remain limited. Furthermore, investigations into how different conditioning activities (CAs) influence PAPE responses are also scarce. Therefore, this study investigates the acute effects of high-intensity barbell hip thrust (BHT) and back squat (BS) exercises, performed after a soccer-specific warm-up (Wup), on physical performance in soccer players. Seventeen male amateur soccer players participated in the study (mean age: 22.29 ± 3.60 years; height: 1.78 ± 0.06 m; body weight: 73.18 ± 8.44 kg). Participants attended 5 experimental sessions. In the first session, after anthropometric assessments, participants were familiarized with the exercises and tests. In the second session, one-repetition maximum (1RM) was tested for BS and HT exercises. In the following three sessions, two PAPE protocols and one traditional (TRAD) protocol were performed in a randomized order. In the TRAD protocol, players performed physical performance tests including countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m and 30-m sprint, and zigzag agility 16 minutes after a soccer-specific Wup. In the PAPE protocols, players performed CAs (e.g., hip thrust or back squat) at 85% of 1RM for 2 sets of 3 repetitions following a soccer-specific Wup, and completed the tests 8 minutes later. Results from the linear mixed-effects models revealed no significant effect of protocol on any performance variable, including CMJ (F(2,32) = 1.554, p = 0.227), 10 m sprint (F(2,32) = 0.242, p = 0.786), 30 m sprint (F(2,32) = 0.453, p = 0.640), and change of direction (COD) performance (F(2,32) = 0.946, p = 0.399). Marginal R² values indicated that the protocol explained only a minimal proportion of variance in performance outcomes (0.005–0.030), whereas conditional R² and ICC values suggested that between-participant differences accounted for a substantial proportion of variance, particularly for CMJ and 30 m sprint performance. Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons further showed no significant differences between PAPEBHT, PAPEBS, and TRAD protocols for CMJ, 10 m sprint, 30 m sprint, or COD performance (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, neither PAPE protocol performed after a soccer-specific warm-up significantly enhanced or impaired subsequent CMJ, sprint, or COD performance compared with the traditional warm-up. These findings suggest that adding PAPEBHT or PAPEBS protocols after a soccer-specific warm-up may maintain subsequent performance without inducing measurable decrements; however, their ergogenic effectiveness may depend on individual factors such as players’ strength levels, recovery capacity, training status, and physical characteristics.

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