Kızılözen, Cihangir

In the Dedem Qorqut Kitabı, it is seen that the units forming the repeated lines are sometimes replaced with other units. Researchers have repaired all the units that have undergone changes by using the method of uniformization on the grounds that they were written incorrectly. The form of "ister olsa" that we will focus on is one of these. The form "esen olsa", which occurs five times in the text, was replaced by the units of " ister olsa" once. Researchers corrected the unit written in the form of "ister" as "esen" because they thought it was written incorrectly. Considering the meaning that this form adds to the line in which it is used, it is understood that it is not written incorrectly and should be evaluated as written. When the discourse analysis of the text is made, the meaning that the unit in question adds to the context in which it is used shows that it is written correctly. We see that dozens of units in the text, such as the example we are focusing on, are used and change according to the meaning required by the context. Researchers have achieved unity in the surface structure (sound/form) of the text by correcting the units that differ, but with these corrections they have destroyed the deep structure (meaning) of dozens of lines and eliminated the subtle distinctions in meaning between the lines. In the line we are focusing on, the repair of the "ister" unit as "esen" has destroyed the subtle meaning distinction that the unit in question provides between the lines, thus damaging the deep structure of the text. Of course, when the " ister " unit is corrected as "esen", the meaning of the line is not damaged, but when evaluated in the context above the sentences, it can be said that this repair affects the discourse. In this study, the unit in question has been read by evaluating it within the context above the lines (discourse), not within the line in which it is used.

Kızılözen, Cihangir

Araştırmacılar Dedem Korkut Kitabı’nın Dresden nüshasında geçen bir sözcüğü firāḳbiçiminde okumuşlardır. Oysa söz konusu sözcüğün ilk harfi f değil de t okunacak biçimdeyazılmıştır. Dolayısıyla firaḳ değil de taraḳ olarak okunması gerekiyor. Söz konusu sözcüğünanlamlandırılmasıyla ilgili de sorun vardır. Araştırmacılar, firak biçiminde okuduklarısözcüğe ayrılık acısı anlamı vermişlerdir. Oysa firak, hiçbir kaynakta ayrılık acısı anlamındageçmez. Arapça bir sözcük olan firāḳ (<ferāḳ), bütün kaynaklarda ayrılık anlamındakullanılmıştır. Bu inceleme söz konusu sözcüğün firaḳ değil de taraḳ biçiminde okunmasıgerektiğini savunmaktadır. Ancak Dedem Korkut Kitabı’nda t ile başlayan kalın ünlülü Türkçesözcükler, kalın ṭa ط ile yazılır. Oysa bu sözcük kalın ünlülü olduğu halde ince te ت ileyazılmıştır. Bu incelemede kalın ünlülü olan taraḳ sözcüğünün neden ince te ت ile yazıldığısorununa da açıklık getirilmektedir. Bu açıklamaya göre kalın ünlülü olduğu halde ince te تile yazılan örnekler, Farsça kaynaklarda geçen Türkçe kökenli sözcüklerdir. Öyleyse ت ileyazılan taraḳ sözcüğünün de bir kökteşinin Farsça kaynaklarda bulunması gerekiyor. Buinceleme Türkçe taraḳ ile Farsça derd “dert” sözlerinin kökteş olduğu, her ikisinin de Türkçetar “dar” kökünden çıktığı olasılığı üzerinde duruyor. Özellikle taraḳ ile kökteş olduğudüşünülen Eski Türkçe tark “sıkıntı” ve Pehlevice dert“sıkıntı” arasındaki ses ve anlam ilişkisibunların kökteş olduğunu kanıtlayacak niteliktedir.

Kızılözen, Cihangir

In Persian language there are several words beginning with t- which occur as words beginning with k- in Turkish language without difference in their senses. Moreover, there are several words in Persian language beginning with k- which occur as words beginning with t- in Turkic language without difference in their meanings. As known phonetic values of the t and k consonants are different. Up to now, the problem of initial t-/k- has not been dealt with in the relations of Turkish and Persian languages. In this review we wanted to explain this problem. In our investigation, examining modern and historical Turkic and Persian languages, discusses t-/k- correspondence as it is observed in the words such as kırık “broken”/ terek “fracture”, tāvel “swollen wound” / kabar “swollen wound”, kırış- “to wrinkle” / terenc- “to wrinkle”, kere “butter” / tere “butter”. This study tries to answer the question of the source of this equivalence. Therefore, this equivalence of the words displaying t- and k- in the new Persian and new Turkish dialects are reviewed in ancient and early Persian languages end early Turkish resources too. Also, we searched the root of this words in the Indo-European language family and Altaic language family.

Kızılözen, Cihangir

This study investigates the compound gerundive suffix -AnA in Turkish dialects of Iran. -AnA gerundive suffix indicates temporality and functions as –(y)IncA / -(y)UncA kadar ve –r, -Ar, –xr… -mAz gerundive suffix groups of Standard Turkish of Turkish Republic. Here, it is aimed to answer if this suffix is a gerundive suffix or not by exploring the ways of constructing gerundive suffixes in Turkish. In the dialects having -AnA gerundive suffix, the compound gerundive suffix group AnA + kimi/kimin is also used with the same function. This study also tries to find out which one of these suffixes is more archaic.

Kızılözen, Cihangir

In some Turkic dialects there are several words beginning with t- which occur as words beginning with k- in other Turkic dialects without difference in their senses. Phonetic values of the interchangeable t and k consonants are different. However, in the words we have identified, they are in equal state since they replace each other without changing the senses of the words. Up to now, the problem of initial t- / k- has not been dealt with in Turkic studies and in phonetic classification of the Turkic dialects. This study, examining modern and historical Turkic dialects, discusses t- / k- correspondence as it is observed in the words such as top / kop “many, much”, kay- / tay- “to slide”. This study tries to answer the question of the source of this correspondence. In this respect, the occurences of the words displaying t- and k- in modern languages are reanalyzed in middle and early Turkic resources. Words having t- and k- forms in the contemporary varieties of Turkish language also have two forms in historical Turkic sources and this traces the problem back to the Pre-Turkic. In order to identify whether t- forms or k- forms are original phonemes, the traces of this words in the Altaic languages are investigated. Hence the study which began with evaluation of the initial t- / k- in modern Turkish, through middle and early Turkic, extended to Pre-Turkic.