Gökçür, Engin

Türkmen Türkçesi, Türk dili ailesinin Güney-Batı kolunda yer alır. Güney-Batı Türkçesininbatı kollarını Gagavuz ve Türkiye Türkçeleri teşkil ederken Azerbaycan ve Türkmen Türkçeleri isedoğu kollarını teşkil eder. 1884’ten 1991’e kadar Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’ninbağımsızlığı altında kalan Türkmen Türkleri 1991’de Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasıylabağımsızlığına kavuşmuştur. Bir süre Sovyetler Birliği’nin bağımsızlığı altında kalanTürkmenistan’da Türkmen Türkçesi üzerine yapılan dil incelemelerinde Rus Türkoloji çalışmalarınınetkisi söz konusudur. Bu nedenle Türkmen Türkçesinde bazı gramer konularının TürkiyeTürkçesindeki incelenme yönteminden farklı ele alındığı görülür. Türkmen Türkçesinde gramerterimlerinin oluşumunda Türkçe sözcüklerin yoğunluğu göze çarpar. Gramer çalışmaları uzunca birsüre Rus Türkoloji çalışmalarına göre ele alındığı için Türkmen Türkçesinde kullanılan terimlerin birkısmı Rusçadan alınmış ve uzun zaman böyle kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkmen Türkçesinde 760civarında gramer terimi tespit edilmiştir. Bu terimlerin tespiti için Türkmen Türkçesi üzerinehazırlanan sözlüklerden ve gramerlerden istifade edilmiştir. Yararlanılan eserler kaynakça bölümündegösterilmiştir

Gökçür, Engin

Bir sözcük ya da kavramın ilgi ve benzetme neticesinde söz konusu anlamının dışında farklı bir anlam ifade edecek şekilde kullanılmasına metafor adı verilir. Metaforlar daha somut ve göreceli olarak yapılandırılmış bir alanla (hedef) daha soyut ve yapılandırılmamış bir alan (kaynak) arasındaki kavramsal eşleştirme süreci olarak nitelendirilebilir. 17. yüzyıla kadar yerleşik hayata geçemeyen Türkmen Türklerinin dil ürünlerinde göçebe yaşam tarzının izleri belirgin bir şekilde görülür. Türkmen Türkçesinde metaforla oluşturulan birleşik adlarda Türklerin yaşam tarzının, hayata bakış açılarının, kültürel değerlerinin yansıması görülür. Bu bağlamda insanoğlunun günlük yaşamında en çok kullandığı temel kavramlarla ilgili organ, renk ve sayı adlarının Türkmen Türkçesinde metafor yoluyla oluşturulan sözcüklerin çoğunluğunu oluşturduğu görülür. Halı, kilim, battaniye, giyim eşyaları, başörtüsü gibi el sanatlarına bağlı eşyaların ve nakışların adlandırılması benzetmeye dayalı metaforların kavramlaştırma ve somutlaştırma olanakları ile sağlanmıştır. Bunun yanında bitki, eşya, nesne, yer ve hayvan adlarının teşekkülünde yine metaforlaştırılan kavramların kullanıldığı görülür. İnsanların fiziksel ve karakter özelliklerinin de benzetme amacı güdülerek birtakım metaforlarla ifade edildiği görülür. Türkmen Türkçesinde metafor yoluyla oluşturulan birleşik adlar, birleşiği oluşturan unsurlarına göre üç başlık altında incelenmiştir. Birinci başlık altında birinci bileşeni metaforik kullanılan birleşik adlar; ikinci başlık altında ikinci bileşeni metaforik kullanılan birleşik adlar incelenmiştir. Üçüncü başlık altında ise her iki bileşeni metaforik kullanılan birleşik adlar ele alınmıştır. Bu gruptaki birleşik adlar kendi içerisinde 8 alt başlıkta incelenmiştir. Makaledeki veriler Türkmen Türkçesi üzerine oluşturulan sözlüklerden elde edilmiştir.

Gökçür, Engin

Turkmen Turkic is in the south-west branch of the Turkic language family. Gagauz and Turkey Turkish constitute the western branch of the south-western Turkic while Azerbaijan and Turkmen Turkic constitute the eastern branch. The Turkmen Turks, which were under the rule of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics from 1884 to 1991, gained their independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In Turkmenistan, which was under the rule of the Soviet Union for a while, the influence of Russian Turcology on the language studies on Turkmen Turkic is in question. Therefore, some grammar topics in Turkmen Turkic are dealt in a different way from Turkey Turkish. The density of Turkish words is prominent in the formation of grammatical terms in Turkmen Turkic. Because grammar studies have been dealt according to Russian Turcology for a long time, some of the terms have been taken especially from Russian and and these terms have been used like this for a long time. In this study, around 760 grammatical terms in Turkmen Turkic were determined. For the determination of these terms, dictionaries and grammar works prepared on Turkmen Turkic were used. The works that are used in this study are given in the bibliography.

Gökçür, Engin

Oghuzs lived in an area from the Caspian Sea to middle of Syr Darya in 10th century. Rejecting the tyranny of Ghaznavids, Turkmens, under the leadership of the governors Tuğrul and Çağrı, settled in present day Azerbaijan and Anatolia by defeating Ghaznavid army in 1040 (Sümer, 1999: 87-149). While some Turkmen tribes stayed in Transoxania, Khorasan and Mangyshlak in 13th century as a result of Mongol invasions, other Turkmen tribes settled in Azerbaijan and Anatolia. After this event the history of Turkmens in Turkmenistan and in Anatolia has changed in terms of different aspects. Some of common idioms used by Oghuz tribes lived together until 13th century is still used in two written language. Some of these idioms are the same in terms of sound and form and they are used nowadays. Other idioms have common features with Turkmen Turkish in terms of basic concepts and order. Although the words, forming these idioms which have a lot in common with idioms in Turkish, are different, the basic perspective of idioms are common. Within this context, the order of formation of idioms are common in idioms like “ağzı bişmek- ağzı yanmak; bite gahar edip yorğanı o:da bermek-pireye kızıp yorgan yakmak; bir okda iki tovşan a:vlamak - bir taşla iki kuş vurmak; eşekden yıkılan ya:lı bolmak - eşekten düşmüşe dönmek; gaş oñarcak bolup göz çıkarmak - kaş yapayım derken göz çıkarmak; gökdä:ki dileğiñ yerde govuşmak - gökte ararken yerde bulmak; üstünden da:ğ ayrılan ya:lı bolmak - üstünden da:ğ kalkmış gibi olmak” In this paper, common idioms in Turkmen Turkish and Turkish will be submitted in terms of perspective and form in Turkmen Turkish and Turkish.

Gökçür, Engin

One of the most characteristic peculiarity of Turcomen Turkish is that it has greatly protected the main long vowels in main Turkish. Not having been in main construction of words, but as a result of different vowel events the vowels having been exposed to be longer ones are called secondary long vowels by us. Many forms at a level of affix and word in historical periods of Turkish language have changed as a result of affixations and omissions within the period of Turkmen Turkish and nearly become unrecognizable. Vowels that take the task of omission of affixes and words in new forms are exposed to change. There are several reasons of long vowels which either being formed in origin of vowels or during connection of origin- suffix. In composing of secondary long vowels sometimes omiting of voice in construction and sometimes syllables’s is coming together have been effective. We can say that especially syllables’s coming together in connection of origin-suffix and stress that aims to strengthen suffix are effective in composing of long vowels

Gökçür, Engin

Turkmen Turkish constitutes Oguz group of Turkish language’s eastern branch but Azerbaijan and the Turkey Turkish constitutes the western branch. A part of Oguz Turkey has used the same literary language up to the 17th century in the Anatolia, Syria, Iran and Iraq geography. After this century Ottoman Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish created two different literary languages. Gagauz Turks today live mainly including the Gagauz Autonomous State, northeastern Bulgaria, Ukraine, Romania and Greece. Gagauz consisting of a combination of Peceneks, Uz, Kuman-Kipchak and Oguz tribes in different periods of history. Gagauz live under the independence of the Ottoman Empire in Balkans until the 18.th century. After the 18th century following the weakening of the rule of the Ottoman Empire in the region with various reasons they migrate to Russia. Until 1990 under the independence of the Romanian and Russian they managed to survive. The Soviet Union is fragmented in the 1990s. Then, in 1994, the Gagauz Autonomous Republic is known. Until the 18th century, Turkmens used the Chagatay Turkish which has been Central Asian Turks’common written language. After the 18th century Turkmen poets and writers wrote the woks which formed the infrastructure of the Turkmen Turkish. Today the foundation of Turkmen Turkish include the Teke, Yomud, Ersarı, Çavdur, Sarık, Salur, Gökleñ’s tribes language producs. Modern Turkmen literary language basically is based the Teke dialect which is spoken in the Ahal and Marı district. Turkmens depending the understanding of the Oguzsized units could not have written literature for a long time. Therefore since 13th century they have had their rich products of old tradition. As well as some typical characteristics of Eastern Turkish, some phonetic and morphological characteristics of Oguz group of Turkish literary language are seen in Turkmen Turkish. Because Kipchak and Chagatai languages have been effective in Turkmen Turkish which is located in the west group of Turkey written languages over years, some part of the sound change which has been seen in the Azerbaijan and the Turkey Turkish has not been seen in this written language. Therefore, a large number of protected phonetic elements in the northern and eastern group of Turkish literary language have been protected in Turkmen Turkish as well. In this article these protected phonetic elements in Turkmen Turkish are expressed with examples by a comparative method. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT

Gökçür, Engin

Turkmen Turkish is located in South-Western groups of Turkish language family. From this point it constitutes the eastern arm of the Oghuz group of the Turkish languages. Turkmen Turkish, have used the Chagatai Turkish’s literary language, which is common in Turkey until the 18th century. The foundation of Turkmen Turkish language were created with the language of works wich penned after the 18th century. Turkish words creates the foundation of Turkmen vocabulary. In addition, the words taken from Russian, Arabic, Persian and Mongolian also creates quite a large proportion. The words taken from Arabic and Persian language are adapted to the characteristics of Turkmen Turkish.While the words taken from Arabic and Persian adapting to the Turkmen language features they have been undergone tremendous changes in formal terms. Such that, some of these words have become unable to be deteched. Particularly as a result of the different sounds such as consonant assimilation, the impact celebrities on the consonants, consonants fall, vowel-consonant harmony, majority of the words have been changed. Especially allophonic changes in words taken from Arabic and Persian words have made it beyond recognition. In this study were examined the sound events seen in the vowels of words borrowed from Arabic and Persian which located in Turkmen Turkish literary products and its dictionaries Turkmen Turkish forms the eastern arm of Oghuz group of Turkish language, whereas Turkey Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish constitute the western branch one. Part of the Oghuz Turks has used the same literary language in the region of the Anatolia, Syria, Iran and Iraq until the 17th century. Ottoman Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkish have created two different literary languages following the century. Turkmen Turkish have used the Chagatai Turkish literary language which has been common written language of the Central Asian Turkish until the 18th century. After the 18th century, language features that form the basis of Turkmen Turkish have been formed. Compared to other dialect groups in the west, an important part of the vocabulary and some phonetic and morphological elements of the old and middle Turkish period have been preserved in Turkmen Turkish. In this respect, Turkish words constitute the foundation of the Turkmen vocabulary. In addition, the words taken from Russian, Arabic, Persian and Mongolian also create a quite large proportion. The words taken from Arabic and Persian language are adapted to the characteristics of Turkmen Turkish. Today, many words of Arabic and Persian origin that protect the essential features in Turkey Turkish have lost their properties in the Turkmen Turkish and are linked to Turkmen language characteristics. In the study, the sound events seen in the consonants of words borrowed from Arabic and Persian which are located in Turkmen Turkish literary products and its dictionaries are examined. There are 21 consonants in the Turkmen alphabet adopted January 1, 2000. These consonants are: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, z, k, l, m, n, n, p, r, s, s, t, w, y, z. In these consonants /ž/ mark meets "j" sound; and / j / mark meets /c/ sound. And in these consonants /g/ mark meets the sound it represents /g/ and /ğ/which articulation of it is located in the front and back of the palate ın Turkey Turkish. And another used sound is nasal (n). This consonant had been used historical periods of Turkish language and it continues to be used in the contemporary Turkish dialects except Turkey Turkish. Except this, / w / consonant in writing is not essentially a dental-labial consonant it is a double-labial consonant. In Turkmen Turkish / s / and / z / sounds, unlike the voice used in Turkey Turkish always pronounced lisp. But this does not transcribed. The words from Arabic and Persian are attuned to the language features of Turkmen Turkish. Today in Turkey Turkish many words of Arabic and Persian origin that protects the essential features lost their properties in the Turkmen Turkish, and they are connected to the language peculiarities of the Turkmen language. In Turkmen Turkish at the end of the words, voiced consonant in not mostly available. Therefore voiced consonants at the end of words taken from Arabic and Persian mostly devoiced: TK vaacıp ~ TR vacip < AR vâcib; TK ecaap ~ TR hicap < AR ḥicâb “shame”; TK galıp ~ TR kalıp < AR ḳâlib “mold”; TK nesiip ~ TR nasip < AR nasîb “grant”; TK tääç (TDS. täç) ~ TR taç < AR tâc “crown”; TK renç “torment, worry” < FA renc; TK şaat ~ TR şad < FA şâd “happy”; TK şaayaat ~ TR şahit < AR şâhid “witness”, TK bent ~ TR bent < FA bend “obstacle”; TK cilt ~ TR cilt < FA cild “skin”; TK övlat ~ TR evlat < AR evlâd “child”. In words taken from Arabic and Persian “ng, nk” consonants at the end of the words have turned to nasal consonants “ñ, ññ” in the Turkmen Turkish: TK ceñ ~ TR cenk < FA ceng “battle”; TK leñ “lame, limping” < FA leng; TK tüpeñ ~ TR tüfek < FA tufeng “rifle”. Continuous dental-labial consonants /f/ in Arabic and Persian words have turned to discontinuous labial consonants /b/ and /p/ in Turkmen Turkish: TK nebis ~ TR nefis < AR nefs “soul, life”; TK nebit ~ TR neft < AR neft “naphtha”; TK cübüt ~ TR çift < FA cuft “double”; TK parḫ ~ TR fark < AR farḳ “difference”; TK parz ~ TR farz < AR farz “obligatory”; TK pähim ~ TR fehim < AR fehm “comprehension, understanding”; TK pığaan ~ TR figan < FA fiġân “cry, howl”. The sounds (ع (and hemze (ء (acts as consonant in Arabic. This sounds left their place to the vowels ın Turkmen Turkish. Except this, in some cases, it has led to the extension previous vowel. This throat sounds, in some usages, handed over their functions to the semi-vowels /g/, /ğ/, /h/, /y/, /v/ and the consonant /l/ : TK ılım ~ TR ilim < AR ʿilm “science” ; TK määlim (TDS. mälim) ~ TR malum < AR maʿlum “known”; TK nääne ~ TR nane < AR naʿnaʿ “mint”; TK şugla ~ TR şule < AR şu’le “light”; TK şıgır ~ TR şiir < AR şiʿr “poem”; TK hasaa ~ TR asa < AR ʿaṣâ

Gökçür, Engin

11. yüzyıldan itibaren Orta Asya’dan Abbasi Devleti'nin başkentiBağdat’a kadar olan bölgede konuşulan Oğuz Türkçesine Batı Türkçesidenilmektedir. Bu dönem zamanla iki kola ayrılmıştır. Bunlardan biriAzerbaycan ve Doğu Anadolu sahasını içine alan Doğu Oğuz kolu, diğeriOsmanlı sahasını içine alan Batı Oğuz koludur. Azerbaycan ve DoğuAnadolu sahasının içinde bulunduğu Doğu Oğuz kolu ile Osmanlısahasının içinde bulunduğu Batı Oğuz kolu 16. yüzyıla kadar “BatıTürkçesi” adı altında tek yazı dili ile temsil edilmişlerdir. Azerbaycantopraklarının 15. yüzyılda Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunluların; 16.yüzyılda da Safevî Devleti’nin egemenliğine girmesiyle Azerbaycan veOsmanlı yazı dilleri 16. yüzyılda birbirinden ayrılmıştır. Bu nedenle BatıTürkçesi, aralarındaki bazı ses ve şekil bilgisine yönelik farklılıklarla 16.yüzyıldan günümüze iki yazı dili hâlinde ulaşır. Doğu Anadolu ağızlarıise 16. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar Batı Oğuz kolu içinde bulunmasınarağmen ses ve şekil bilgisi açısından Doğu Oğuz kolunun özelliklerinigünümüze değin bünyesinde taşımıştır.Doğu Anadolu illerinin dil ürünleri üzerine yapılan çalışmalardabölge ağızlarının genelde Azerbaycan Türkçesinin etki alanı içindeolduğu görülür. Dolayısıyla bu makalede Doğu Anadolu Bölgesindekiillerin (Erzurum, Elazığ, Erzincan, Kars, Iğdır, Ardahan, Muş, Bitlis veVan) ağız çalışmaları incelenmiş; bu çalışmaların ses ve şekil bilgisiaçısından Azerbaycan Türkçesiyle benzerlik taşıyan unsurları tespitedilmiştir.