Can, İbrahim; Cihan, Hamit; Ari, Erdal

The purpose of this study was to investigate the load - power relationship during propulsive phase of full back squat (SQ) movement. For this purpose, thirty-two amateur male athletes (age: 20.4± 1.98 years; height: 179.3 ± 7.23 cm; weight: 73.5 ± 9.85 kg) who were actively involved in sports and had strenght at the basic level participated in the study voluntarily.Subjects were asked to perform the one repetition maximal (1RM) strength test and the loads (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 %) corresponding to different percentages of the 1RM values of were calculated. Finally, subjects performed full back SQ movement for the loads corresponding to different percentages of 1RM and the power properties during propulsive phase was determined as mean power (MP), mean propulsive power (MPP) and peak power (PP). The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for dependent groups were used to evaluate the data. According to results; it was concluded that MP and PP values during propulsive phase of full back SQ movement performed for different loads demonstrate a gradual increase between 20 - 70 % of 1RM and then decreases. On the contrary, it was obtained that MPP values demonstratea gradual increasebetween 20-60 % of 1RM and then decreases. It was concluded that maximal power values for MPP parameter was reached at loads lifted in 60 % of 1RM, while maximal power values for MP (236,3 W) and PP (1382,5 W) parameters were reached at loads lifted in 70 % of 1RM. Also, it was seen that there are low level, positive and statistically a significant relationship between MP (r = ,218; p < 0.05) and PP (r = ,264; p < 0.05) parameters during propulsive phase of full back SQ movement with percentage load values of 1RM, while there is no statistically significant relationship between MPP and percentage load values of 1RM (r = ,107; p > 0.05). As a result; it was concluded that maximal power values during propulsive phase of full back SQ movement applied for different loads were reached during lifting performed in the middle loads and concluded that the most powerful relationship between load - power was obtained with PP parameter although it was low.

Can, İbrahim; Cihan, Hamit

The basic purpose of this study was to investigate of the relationships with sprint and jump performance of power parameters during propulsive phase of full back squat exercise and to determine which variable was associated with which loading loading. For this purpose, thirty-two men amateur athletes (age: 20.4 ± 1.98 years; height: 179.3 ± 7.23 cm; weight: 73.5 ± 9.85 kg) who actively involved in sports and have a basic level of force participated in voluntarily to this study. In the study, one repetition maximum (1RM) full back squat (SQ) strength test, vertical jump test, 5 meters and 30 meters sprint test were applied. The descriptive statistics and pearson correlation analysis was used for statistical evaluation of datas. According to statistical analysis results; It was concluded that there are mean level, negative and statistically a significant relationship between mean propulsive power (MPP) values (r = - ,607, p < 0.05) obtained at 70 % of 1RM load values and mean power (MP) values (r = - ,409; r = - ,454; p < 0.05, respectively) and peak power (PP) values (r = - ,445; r = - ,365, p < 0.05, respectively) obtained in the propulsive phase of full back squat exercise performed at 40 % and 70 % of 1RM load value with 5 meters sprint times. It was concluded that there are mean level, negative and statistically a significant relationship between PP values (r = - ,400; r = - ,355, p < 0.05, respectively) obtained at 40 % and 60 % of 1RM load values OG (r= - ,375; r = - ,394, p< 0.05) respectively) values obtained in the propulsive phase of full back squat exercise performed at 40 % and 70 % of 1RM load value with 30 meters sprint times. It was obtained that there are no statistically a significant relationship between power parameters during propulsive phases of full back squat exercise performed in different loads of 1RM and vertical jumping distance (p > 0.05).

Can, İbrahim; Cihan, Hamit; Ari, Erdal

The basic purpose of this study was to investigate of the relationships with sprint and jump performance of velocity parameters during propulsive phase of full back squat exercise and to determine which variable was associated with which loading loading. For this purpose, thirty-two men amateur athletes (age: 20.4 ± 1.98 years; height: 179.3 ± 7.23 cm; weight: 73.5 ± 9.85 kg) who actively involved in sports and have a basic level of force participated in voluntarily to this study. In the study, one repetition maximum (1RM) full squat (SQ) strength test, vertical jump test, 5 meters and 30 meters sprint test were applied. The descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis was used for statistical evaluation of datas. According to analysis results; it was obtained that mean velocity (MV), mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and peak velocity (PV) values during propulsive phase of full back squat exercise performed in different loads were decreased in parallel with load increase. In addition, it was obtained that there was no statistically a significant relationships between 5 meters sprint times and vertical jump performance with MV, MPV and PV values during propulsive phase of full back SQ exercise performed at different loads of 1RM (p > 0.05). Conversely, it was obtained that there was a mean level, negative and statistically significant relationship between 30 meters sprint times with MV during propulsive phase of full back SQ movement performed at 20 % and % 90 of 1RM load values (r = - .412; r = - .399, p < 0.05, respectively) and PV values obtained at 40 % and 60 % of 1RM load values (r = - .402; r = - .370, p < 0.05, respectively). Consequently, it was suggested that movement velocity is not an important component for performance parameters as 5 meter sprint and jumping height.

Can, İbrahim; Cihan, Hamit

Bu çalışmada Yo-Yo aralıklı toparlanma (Yo-Yo AT) testleri ve sportif performans üzerine genel bir değerlendirme yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda literatür detaylı bir şekilde incelenmiş ve yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen sonuçlar belirli alt başlıklar halinde kapsamlı olarak açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Sporcuların fizyolojik özellikleri ve oynanan oyunun fiziksel gereksinimlerini ölçmek için hem laboratuar hem de sporun doğasına uygun olarak saha ortamında yapılan ve spor bilimciler ile birlikte antrenörler tarafından yaygın bir şekilde kullanılan birçok araştırma yöntemi bulunur. Bu yöntemlerin bazıları devamlı egzersizleri içerirken, bazıları aralıklıdır. Müsabaka esnasında yoğunluğun devamlı olarak değişerek sporcuların sprint, yürüme ya da durma gibi farklı egzersiz tipleri yaptığı sporlar aralıklı sporlar olarak tanımlanır. Bu nedenle aralıklı sporlarda mücadele eden oyuncuların spora özel dayanıklılık kapasitelerini ölçmek için aralıklı saha testi olarak Yo-Yo aralıklı toparlanma testleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu testlerde sporcular 2X20 metrelik bir alan içinde koşu hızının işitsel sinyal yoluyla belirlendiği mekik koşuları yapmaktadır. Her mekik koşusu arasında sporcuların yürüme ya da jog olarak yaptığı kısa bir toparlanma dönemi bulunur ve bu kısa toparlanma dönemi, aralıklı bir spordaki egzersiz örneğini yansıtır. Yo-Yo AT testleri kullanılarak kısa bir zaman diliminde sporcuların dayanıklılık kapasiteleri hakkında bilgi elde etmek mümkündür. Ayrıca aralıklı sporların doğasına uygun olmayan devamlı koşu gibi aktivite örneğinin yapıldığı laboratuar testleri ile karşılaştırıldığında, müsabaka anında daha yüksek performans geçerliliğine sahiptir. Literatüre bakıldığında farklı spor branşlarındaki hem kadın hem de erkek sporcuların mücadele seviyesine, pozisyonal farklılıklarına ve dönemsel performans değişikliklerine göre yapılan birçok araştırma görülebilir. Sonuç olarak; Yo-Yo AT testlerinin farklı spor branşlarında, mücadele seviyelerinde ve farklı oyun pozisyonlarında oynayan sporcular arasındaki farklılıklar ile birlikte fiziksel kapasitenin dönemsel ya da sezonsal değişiklikleri arasındaki farklılıkları belirlemede geçerli ve hassas bir test olduğu ileri sürülebilir.

Can, İbrahim; Seyis, Mustafa; Cihan, Hamit

The purpose of this study was to compare aerobic capasities and recovery times according to playing positions of elite male football players. For this reason, twenty-four professional football players who played in Trabzonspor participated in voluntarily to this study. According to playing positions, players were divided to four different groups as three goalkeepers (age: 26,0 ± 2,64 years; height: 188,8 ± 2,88 cm; weight: 79,6 ± 5,13 kg), eight defencive players (age: 27,1 ± 2,69 years; height: 183,5 ± 5,12 cm; weight: 76,3 ± 3,06 kg), eight midfield players (age: 25,8 ± 1,64 years; height: 178,5 ± 8,79 cm; weight: 75 ± 7,63 kg) and five forward players (age: 28,0 ± 1,87 years; height: 181,8 ± 4,81 cm; weight: 73,4 ± 3,78 kg). The football players applied Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level-1 (Yo-Yo IR1) which was a field test and recovery times, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rates, and covered distances of players values were examinated according to positions of players. Kruskal Wallis-H test was used to determine significant difference between groups. According to test results, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between recovery times, maximal oxygen exhaustion values, maximal heart beating numbers, and covered distances according to playing positions of male football players is statistically obtained. The differences between groups was determined with Mann Whitney-U analyze technique. According to test results, it was found that the covered distances (1987,5 ± 260,3m) and maximal oxygen consumption values (53,0 ± 2,17 ml/kg/dk) of midfield players was greater than players who played in other positions. The forward players had better recovery time values (3,38 ± 0,6 dk) than players who played in other positions while goalkeepers had lower maximal heart rate (179,3 ± 8,50 atım/dk) than players who played in other positions. As conclusion, it was statistically determined that aerobic power performance and recovery times of elite male football player was differentiated according to position of football players.

Can, İbrahim; Kale, Rasim; Songün, Yeşim; Cihan, Hamit

The purpose of this study was to determine maximal isometric strength with bilateral and unilateral muscle contractions and investigate maximal strength training whether or not influenced on this bilateral deficit. For this reason, the subjects of this study were 34 amateur soccer player (age = 17 ± 2.51 years) were divided into three groups as bilateral training group (n=14), unilateral training group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The unilateral training group performed maximal knee extansion exercise using each leg unilaterally. The bilateral leg training group was performed to knee extansion exercise using simultaneously bilateral legs. The control group weren't trained. The groups in training continued these resistance exercise as 1 hour a day, 3 days a week, for 12 weeks. The improvement in strength brought by training was compared as bilateral training group and unilateral training group. Bilateral deficit also was calculated between two groups. The strength in the trained limbs during training was mensured in 4th weak (after four weeks) and 12th weak (after twelve weeks). It was determined that maximal isometric strength of two training groups was increased significiantly by strength trainings. There wasn't any significiant difference at strength increase for first four weeks of training period. It was determined that strength was increased significiantly for final weeks of training period. The other important consequence of this study was determined that maximal strength training had significiant effect on bilateral deficit. As a consequence of this study, maximal strength trainings which involved bilateral muscle contractions at knee extansion position were effective for reducing of bilateral deficit

Can, İbrahim; Kale, Rasim; Cihan, Hamit; Ari, Erdal

The purpose of this study was to determine maximal isometric strength with bilateral and unilateral muscle contractions and investigate maximal strength training whether or not influenced on this bilateral deficit. For this reason, 34 amateur soccer player (age = 17 ± 2.51 years) were divided into three groups as bilateral training group (n=14), unilateral training group (n=10) and control group (n=10). The unilateral training group performed maximal leg press exercise using each leg unilaterally. The bilateral leg training group was performed to leg press exercise using simultaneously bilateral legs. The control group wasn't trained. The groups in training continued these resistance exercises as 1 hour a day, 3 days a week, for 12 weeks. The improvement in strength brought by training was compared as bilateral training group and unilateral training group. Bilateral deficit also was calculated between two groups. The strength in the trained limbs during training was measured in 4th weak (after four weeks) and 12th weak (after twelve weeks). It was determined that maximal isometric strength of two training groups was increased significantly by strength trainings (p<0.05). There wasn't any significant difference at strength increase for first four weeks of training period (p>0.05). It was determined that strength was increased significantly for final weeks of training period (p<0.05). The other important consequence of this study was determined that maximal strength training had significant effect on bilateral deficit (p<0.05). As a consequence of this study, maximal strength trainings which involved bilateral muscle contractions were effective for reducing of bilateral deficit.

Can, İbrahim; Seyis, Mustafa; Cihan, Hamit

In this study was aimed to compare according to playing positions of revovering times and aerobic capacity at thepreparatory period and competition season (after 8 weeks) in elite soccer players. For this reason, 24 professional football players(age: 26.7±2.2 years; height: 182.1 ±6.8 cm; body mass: 75.7±5.3 kg) who played in Trabzonspor were divided to four differentgroups as 3 goolkeepers (age: 26.0±2.64 years; height: 188.8±2.88 cm; body mass: 79.6±5.13 kg), 8 defence (age: 27.1±2.69 years;height: 183.5±5.12 cm; body mass: 76.3±3.06 kg), 8 midfield (age: 25.8±1.64 years; height: 178.5±8.79 cm; body mass: 75±7.63 kg)and 5 attack players (age: 28.0±1.87 years; height: 181.8±4.81 cm; body mass: 73.4±3.78 kg) according to playing positions. Theplayers was applied Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level-1 (Yo-Yo IR1) which was a field test and recovery times, maximal oxygenuptake values (VO2max), maximal heart rates (HRmax) and covered distances of players were measured according to playingpositions. The Kruskal Wallis-H Test was used for determination of difference between groups, the Mann Whitney U Test was usedto determine groups which were difference, the Wilcoxon Test was used to compare first and second test measure. Also, descriptivestatistic was used to determine physical characteristics of players. As result of statistical analyze ; it was observed that midfieldplayers had the highest covered distance and VO2max values at both first and second test. Also attack players had the highest HRmaxvalues at both first and second test. In terms of recovery times, attack players had the highest values at prepatory period andgoalkeepers had highest values at competition season. Also the it was observed that the significiant increase at covered distances(respectively 1650 and 1820 m., p<0.05) and VO2max (respectively 50.2 and 51.7 ml/kg/min, p<0.05) values of players and thesignificiant decrease at HRmax (respectively 188 and 184 pulse/min., p<0.05) and recovery times (respectively 3.98 and 3.50 min.,p<0.05) values of players between first and second test. As conclusion, the significant differences were found statistically betweenrecovery time values and aerobic capacity values of elite soccer players which were obtained from tests which were carried out indifferent periods according to playing positions.

Can, İbrahim; Sezgin, Ebru; Cihan, Hamit

Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit kadın futbolcuların oyun pozisyonlarına göre (8 defans, 4 kaleci, 8 orta saha ve 4 hücum oyuncusu) aerobik güç performansları ve toparlanma sürelerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, farklı takımlarda (Trabzonspor A.Ş., Trabzon İdmanocağı) mücadele eden 24 kadın futbolcu (yaş: 20.4 ± 2.6 yıl; boy: 165.8 ± 6.1 cm; vücut ağırlığı: 56 ± 5.5 kg) çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Futbolculara bir saha testi olan Yo-Yo aralıklı toparlanma seviye 1 testi uygulanmış ve futbolcuların koşu mesafeleri, maksimal oksijen tüketimleri, maksimal kalp atım sayıları ve toparlanma süreleri oyun pozisyonlarına göre incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; kadın futbolcuların oyun pozisyonlarına göre koşu mesafeleri, maksimal oksijen tüketim kapasiteleri, maksimal kalp atım sayısı ve toparlanma süreleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılığın (p<0.05) olmadığı Kruskal Wallis-H testi ile belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kadın futbolcuların aerobik güç performanslarının ve toparlanma sürelerinin futboldaki oyun pozisyonlarına göre değişmediği istatistiksel olarak elde edilmiştir