Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları
Yayınlar
- MakaleAçık Erişim2021Determination of Some Nutrient, Mineral Element and Heavy Metal Levels of Cow Milk Produced in Gümüşhane
Bayram, Bahri; Merve0kur, Merve Okur
In this study, the effects of mining enterprises operating in Gümüşhane on the nutrient and mineral content as well as heavy metal levels of the cow milk produced in the province were investigated. Milk samples were taken twice in June 2021 from dairy cattle farms located in the closest distance to the mining enterprises operating in the city center and from dairy cattle enterprises located in Köse, Kelkit, and Şiran counties, which do not have a mining enterprise. Dry matter, non-fat dry matter, fat, protein, and lactose contents of the samples taken from Gümüşhane city center were determined as 12.83%, 9.28%, 3.59%, 3.12%, and 4.43% respectively. In addition, the same values were 12.81%, 9.38%, 3.43%, 3.6%, and 4.49% for the samples taken from the counties, respectively. Furthermore, Na, Mg, K, Ca, and Fe concentrations of milk samples from the Gümüşhane city center were 370.9 mg/L, 107.6 mg/L, 1552.0 mg/L, 321.0 mg/L, and 1806.0 µg/L, respectively. The same parameters obtained from the milk samples of the counties were 411.6 mg/L, 106.2 mg/L, 1555.5 mg/L, 323.4 mg/L and 1006.6 µg/L, respectively. From the results obtained, it was concluded that mining enterprises had no effect on the nutrient content of milk produced in the province. While the Na and K levels of the cow milk taken from the city center were lower than the milk from the counties, the Fe content was higher. In order to reach a definite conclusion about the effects of mining enterprises on the nutrient content and heavy metal levels of the milk produced in Gümüşhane province, also, mineral and heavy metal levels of the region’s soil and plant cover should be examined regularly.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018Relationships between GH/AluI Polymorphism and Some Performance Traits in Holstein Cows
Aksakal, Vecihi; Sönmez, Zeynep; Bayram, Bahri; Özdemir, Memiş
The aim of this study is to determine the genotype and allelic frequencies of Growth Hormone (GH) gene, to present the genetic variation, and to research the relationships between the GH genotypes and some milk production traits of 115 organically grown Holstein cows. It was seen that GH gene LL, LV ve VV genotype frequencies is 0.41, 0.49, ve 0.10 respectively, and is stable according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium genetic balance test in the cattle population. Moreover, Lactation milk yield averages were found to be 7136 kg, 7470 kg and 8017 kg for the LL, LV and VV genotypes, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship between the actual lactation milk yield, 305d milk yield, peak daily yield, lactation length averages of different genotypes. In the study, GH/AluI polymorphism was found to be insufficient for improvement of the milk yield traits alone
- MakaleAçık Erişim2018The effect of apple cider vinegar and mushroom stalk supplementation on laying hens
Karaalp, Musa; Aksakal, Vecihi; Sarikaya, Sevim Beyza Ozturk; Urusan, Hilal; Bayram, Bahri; Zulkadir, Ayhan
The aim of this trial was to study the effects of consuming water with apple cider vinegar (ACV) and feed including mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) stalk (MS) on performance and certain egg characteristics. The hens were separated into four treatment groups (with 4 replicates and 6 hens per replicate). The experimental groups were control (not consumed ACV and MS), ACV (3 ml/l drinking water), MS (20 g/kg feed) and ACV+MS (combination). At the end of the experiment, among the performance criteria tested, body weight, feed intake, egg production and weight of eggs, and feed efficiency were not affected by the treatments (P>0.05). Treatments had no effect on physical external and internal egg characteristics. The amount of yolk malondialdehyde of the ACV and MS groups was lower than the control group (P<0.05) in stored eggs (28 d) (P<0.05).
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Siyah Alaca İneklerde Güç ve Ölü Doğumun Takip Eden Laktasyon Performansına Etkisi
Topal, Mehmet; Aksakal, Vecihi; Bayram, Bahri
Bu çalışmada, Siyah Alaca ineklerde güç ve ölü doğumun takip eden laktasyon performansına etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gümüşhane ili Kelkit ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren özel bir sığırı işletmesinde 2005-2006 yılları arasında doğum yapan 326 Siyah Alaca ineğin 591 doğum ve süt verim kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, ölü doğum ve güç doğumla birlikte, buzağılama yılı ve mevsimi, doğum sırası ve doğum tipi gibi değişkenlerin 305 günlük süt verimi ve sağılan gün sayısına etkisi de araştırılmıştır. Siyah Alaca sığırlarda güç doğum ve ölü doğum ortalaması sırasıyla, %8.7 ve %9.1 olmuştur. Güç doğum yapan ineklerin 305 günlük süt verimi (608.6 kg) ve sağılan gün sayısı (23.1 gün) normal doğum yapanlara göre önemli oranda daha düşüktür (P<0.01). Ölü doğum gerçekleştiren ineklerin, sağ doğum gerçekleştirenlere göre 305 günlük süt verimi ve sağılan gün sayısı sırasıyla 925.7 kg ve 26.5 gün daha azdır (P<0.01). Sonuç olarak, süt ve buzağı kayıpları başta olmak üzere önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olan güç ve ölü doğum, aynı zamanda hayvan refahı bakımından bazı sorunlar teşkil etmektedir. İyi bir sürü yönetimi ile bu etkiler azaltılabilir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2016Sustainability Organic Agriculture and Livestock Production with Respect to European Union in Eastern Anatolia and East Black Sea Regions
Altun, Hilal Ürüşan; Haşimoğlu, Sümer; Aksakal, Vecihi; Cengiz, Mahir Murat; Erdoğan, Yaşar; Bayram, Bahri; Dellal, Gürsel
The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatoliaare still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country's gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatoliabeingmainlysubsistencefarming. Yet,thesetraditionalruralstructures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular.Investment in human capital especiallyintheruralareasleadstomoreemploymentopportunitiesthrough entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential forsophisticated,state-of-the-artorganicagricultureandlivestockproducersand businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default.It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2016Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions
Bayram, Bahri; Aksakal, Vecihi; Turan, Ibrahim; Demir, Selim; Mazlum, Halit; Çosar, Ikram
The objective of study was conducted on to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. 30 newborn Holstein Friesian calves (15 rose under organic and 15 under conventional conditions) in two dairy cattle farms. Blood samples were taken from 30 newborn calves at birth (before taking colostrum) and on 14th day to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. Furthermore, blood and colostrum samples were also taken from the mothers included into the study. IgG and IgM concentrations in colostrum and blood serums were determined using commercial ELISA kits. IgG concentrations at birth (0.79±0.34, 1.64±0.95 mg/mL) and on the 14th day (46.5±21.5, 70.5±27.8 mg/mL) in calves raised under organic conditions were lower than those raised under conventional conditions (p<0.01). Calves raised under organic conditions also had lower IgM concentrations than calves raised under conventional conditions at birth (0.23±0.03 and 0.28±0.11 mg/mL, respectively) and on the 14th day (2.76±0.56 and 4,30±1.03 mg/mL, respectively) (p<0.05, p<0.01). IgG concentrations in the blood serum of cows raised under conventional conditions were higher than those raised under organic conditions (p<0.01), while no difference was found with respect to IgM concentrations (p>0.05). No difference was found in the IgG and IgM concentrations of colostrum obtained from cows raised under organic and conventional conditions. In both the husbandry systems, positive and significant (p<0.01) correlations were found between the Ig concentrations of the mothers and offsprings. Consequently, it can be suggested that higher Ig concentrations in cattle raised under conventional conditions might be due to poorer environmental conditions.
- MakaleAçık Erişim2015Investigate the effects of non-genetic factors on calving difficulty and stillbirth rate in holstein friesian cattle using the CHAID analysis; [Genetiksel Olmayan Faktörlerin Siyah Alaca Sığırlarda Güç ve Ölü Doğuma Etkilerinin CHAID Analizi İle İncelenmesi]
Bayram, Bahri; Topal, Mehmet; Aksakal, Vecihi; Önk, Kadir
A total number of 947 calving records from 613 Holstein Friesian cows raised at a private dairy farm in Kelkit, Turkey, from 2004 to 2006 were used to study the effect of non-genetic factors on calving difficulty and stillbirth rate using CHAID algorithm. The mean calf birth weight was 41.0±0.19 kg. The overall incidence of calving difficulty and stillbirths in the Holstein Friesian herd were 9.1% and 9.4%, respectively. Calf birth weight, birth type and calving season had the greatest impact on calving difficulty. The increase in calf birth weight was associated with a significant increase in calving difficulties (P<0.01). The calving difficulty risk in twins (18.9%) was higher than in singleton calves (5.0%). The main environmental variables affecting the stillbirth rate were parity number, calf birth weight, sex of calf, calving season and calving difficulty. Parity number was statistically the most relevant factor affecting the stillbirth rate, which was also higher in primiparous (18.7%) than in multiparous cows (5.4%). As the calf birth weight increased, a significant increase was also in the stillbirth rate (P<0.01). The stillbirth rate in winter (19.7%) was higher than in other seasons (3.6%) (P<0.01). Calving assistance was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (P<0.05). As a result, calf birth weight, birth type and calving season had the greatest impact variables on calving difficulty, however, parity, calf birth weight, sex, calving season and calving difficulty were the most effective variables on stillbirth in Holstein Friesian Cattle.
- MakaleYalnız künye2014The effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on milk yield, milk compositions and body condition score raised organically in dairy cows
Bayram, Bahri; Aksakal, Vecihi; Karaalp, Musa; Mazlum, Halit
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on milk yield, milk compositions and the body condition score raised organically in dairy cattle. For this aim, 120 lactating Holstein Friesian dairy cows were randomly divided into group control (n = 60) and treatment (n = 60) in a private organic dairy farming in the Kelkit District of the Gumushane Province in Turkey. The diet of group treatment each cow was supplementation with 6 g SC per day. The experimental was started after 30 days of calving and lasted 45 days after. The average daily milk yield production (p<0.01) was higher in the SC group (34.6±0.31 vs. 31.8±0.44kg day-1 in the treated and control group, respectively). The effect of SC on some milk compositions as non-fat solids (%), milk fat (%), protein (%) and lactose were statistically non-significant. Body condition score in the treated group (2.74±0.016) was higher than control group (2.58±0.017) (p<0.01). It was concluded that milk yield capacities in organic dairy cattle farming in case that the similar results are confirmed with additional studies can be substantially increased.
- MakaleYalnız künye2012Determination of feeding efficiency of calves: A stochastic frontier analysis application
Külekçı, Murat; Bayram, Bahri
In this study was aimed to determine the feed efficiencyof calves. The data used in the researchowned by 45 calves including Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian races were feed with milk andcommercial concentrate during weaning period. Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) was used tomeasure the efficiency In SFA, Cobb- Douglas Production function was used. Live weight ga in ofcalves was the output of model. . Two inputs (commercial concentrated feed and milk intaking tothem during weaning period)and six inefficiency variables ((race of calve, gender of calve, borningweight, weaning weight, intaking period of milk and milk quantity intaking) were used in SFA . Itwas founded that the parameters of weaning weight and intaking period of milk were statisticallysignificant. However, The estimated parameters of efficiency showed that weaning weightpositively affected to the efficiency, while intaking period of milk negatively affected.
- MakaleYalnız künye2010Linear and log-linear model approach on determining the factors affecting live weight gain of holstein and brown swiss calves
Külekçı, Murat; Aksoy, Adem; Akbulut, Omer; Bayram, Bahri
The objective of this study is to determine the factors that affecting live weight gain of calves by two different models, namely linear and log-linear models. It was concluded that two different models used to determine factors affecting live weigh gain produced similar results. Although, in both cases, both race of calves and live weight gain on forth week were not found to be statistically the significant, all other parameters were found to be statistically significant. In the both models, it was found that growth performance of female calves were lower than that of male calves. 1 kg concentrated food consumed per calve caused 0.76 kg live weight gain in linear model. It was determined that there was no difference between races. Determination coefficients of models were quite high. On the other hand, determination coefficient of log-linear model was higher by %0.02.
- MakaleYalnız künye2010Non-genetic factors affecting milk and reproductive traits of Swedish Red and White cattle raised organically in Turkey
Aksakal, Vecihi; Yanar, Mete; Bayram, Bahri
The data on breeding and performance records of Swedish Red and White (SRW) cows kept in a private organic dairy farm in Kelkit, Turkey, during the period from 2006 through 2009 were used to study the effect of some non-genetic factors such as calving year, calving season, parity, age of dam and sex of calf on the various milk and reproductive traits. The actual lactation milk yield, daily milk yield, peak daily milk, days to attain milk yield and lactation length averaged as 5887.2±94.9 kg, 19.9±0.3 kg, 31.5±0.3 kg, 79.4±2.7 days and 302.5±3.2 days, respectively. The actual lactation milk yield, days to attain peak milk yield and lactation length were significantly affected by calving year and calving season. The effect of the parity on the daily milk yield, peak daily milk yield and days to attain peak milk yield were significant (P<0.01). The least squares means for calving interval and gestation length were 380.2±4.3 days and 275.4±0.6 days, respectively. Age of dam and calving season significantly (P<0.01) affected the days open. Mean age at first calving of SRW cows raised organically was 26.4±0.2 months and was significantly affected by the calving years. Significant (P<0.01) and positive phenotypic correlations of the actual lactation milk yield with daily milk yield (r = 0.71), peak milk yield (r = 0.53), lactation length (r = 0.53), days open (r = 0.43), calving interval (r = 0.36) and days attain to peak milk yield (r = 0.14) (P<0.05) were determined. In conclusion, the significant effects of environmental variables must be taken into consideration when developing and comparing models to be used in adjusting data to provide the best estimates of genetic values and parameters in evaluation of SRW cattle reared organically in Turkey.
- MakaleYalnız künye2009Estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for the birth weight of calves of Holstein Friesian cattle reared organically
Aksakal, Vecihi; Bayram, Bahri
The aim of this study, was to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters for birth weight and to determine the survival rate of calves of Holstein Friesian cattle reared organically. Aborting rate, still born rate and the calving difficulty rate were 4.6, 3.9 and 9.1 %, respectively. The average birth weight was 42.76±0.229 kg in present study. This value was quite higher than the birth weight in Holstein Friesian calves that breed conventionally in Turkey's conditions. The effect of calving season (p<0.01) and farming system (p<0.05) on birth weight were significant. Male calves had 2.69 kg higher birth weight than females and this difference was found significant (p<0.01). The mean birth weight of single calves was 6.26 kg (17%) higher than that of twin calves. The effect of the years on birth weight was not significant, because caring, feeding and the other breeding methods were made according to the conditions of the regulations. As the birth parity was increased, the birth weight decreased (p<0.05). Heritability and repeatability estimates belong to birth weight were found as 0.232±0.110 and0.206±0.073, respectively.
- MakaleYalnız künye2008Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Çiftliğinde yetiştirilen siyah alaca sığırlarda akrabalı yetiştirme düzeyi ile bunun bazı üreme ve süt verim özellikleri üzerine etkileri
Bilgin, Ömer C.; Yanar, Mete; Tüzemen, Naci; Güler, Olcay; Aydin, Recep; Akbulut, Omer; Bayram, Bahri
Bu çalışmada, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Çiftliğinde 1989-2002 yılları arasında yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca sığırlarda akrabalı yetiştirme katsayıları hesaplanmış ve yıllar itibarıyla akrabalı yetiştirme düzeyindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Ayrıca akrabalı yetiştirme düzeyinin doğum ağırlığı ve ilkine buzağılama yaşı gibi üreme özellikleri ve süt verim özellikleri üzerine etkileri de araştırılmıştır. İncelenen dönemde, doğan Siyah Alaca sığırların ortalama akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısı % 1.35 ± 0.45 olarak saptanmıştır. Yıllara göre akrabalı yetiştirme düzeyi dalgalanmalar göstermiştir. 1995 hariç, 1989–1996 yılları arasında akrabalı yetiştirme söz konusu değildir. Son yıllarda ise, akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısında bir artış saptanmıştır. Akrabalı yetiştirme düzeyinin doğum ağırlığını önemli (P<0.01) seviyede etkilediği saptanmıştır. Akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısındaki her % 1’lik artışa karşılık, doğum ağırlığında 0.264 ± 0.006 kg’lık azalma olmuştur. Akrabalı yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca sığırların ilk laktasyon 305 gün süt (P<0.01), günlük süt (P<0.01) ve laktasyon yağ verimi (P<0.05), akrabalı yetiştirilmeyenlere göre önemli derecede düşük belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, ilkine buzağılama yaşı, % süt yağı oranı ve laktasyon süresi gibi diğer özellikler akrabalı yetiştirmeden etkilenmemiştir.
- MakaleYalnız künye2008Reproductive and milk production traits of Holstein Friesian cows in pre-organic and organic dairy husbandry in Turkey
Bayram, Bahri; Yanar, Mete; Akbulut, Ömer
The study was aimed to describe changes caused by conversion to organic dairy farming in Turkey, focusing on reproductive and milk production traits. The data used in this research were obtained from reproductive and milk records of Holstein Friesian cows reared in a private organic dairy farm. The results revealed that cows under organic management had shorter days open and calving interval values compared with cows reared under pre-organic system. Actual and 305 days milk yields of cattle in organic system were greater than these of cows in pre-organic system. Lactation duration was also significantly influenced by farming system and calving season, but days dry was not affected by none the non-genetic factors.
- MakaleYalnız künye2006Effects of feeding acidified milk replacer on the growth, health and behavioural characteristics of holstein Friesian calves
Yanar, Mete; Güler, Olcay; Bayram, Bahri; Metin, Jale
The objective of this study was to compare the performances of calves fed acidified milk replacer (AMR) or sweet (regular) milk replacer (SMR) at 8% of birth weight. Twenty- one calves (10 males, 11 females) were offered replacers reconstituted to 12% of dry matter over 5 weeks. In the group fed AMR, daily body weight gains of calves at the different stages of growth were comparable to those for calves fed SMR. In the preweaning period, calves offered AMR had similar dry matter intakes from starter, milk replacer and dry hay as well as total intake as those fed SMR. In the postweaning phase, total dry matter intakes of calves offered AMR and SMR were not statistically different. The overall feed efficiency ratios of AMR- fed calves were better (P < 0.05) than those of SMR- fed calves. Calf faecal consistency score (P < 0.05) and percent days with scours (P < 0.01) of calves offered AMR were significantly lower than those fed SMR for days 4 to 17. AMR-fed calves needed a longer time (P < 0.01) to consume the daily amount of replacer than SMR- fed calves. The calves fed AMR also took a significantly (P < 0.05) greater number of days to learn to drink milk replacer from an open pail without help than calves consuming SMR. In conclusion, it is suggested that the growth performance and feed efficiency characteristics of calves reared under the new feeding system with AMR were not adversely affected, but the incidence of scours of the young calves was dramatically reduced.