Beken, Hikmet Gulcin; Dobreva, J; Alaverdov, E; Yildirim-ahin, E

Launched in Brazil as of 2003, Bolsa Familia is an example of conditional cash transfer programs. Under Bolsa Familia, extending support to the poorest groups is targeted by fighting against poverty and alleviating inequality. Besides, preventing poverty from being transmitted across generations and supporting the human capital in terms of education and healthcare are also targeted. Bolsa Familia constitutes the social protection system of the country along with integration of both social insurance and social support programs. Bolsa Familia was transformed into a more comprehensive program by gathering previous programs implemented in the country under a single roof, and it allowed the government to reduce administrative costs. In this study, the focus will be placed on the effect of Bolsa Familia on the fight in the country against poverty and inequality by a theoretical analysis.

Karademir, Aysenur; Dobreva, J; Alaverdov, E; Yildirim-ahin, E

The expression of for the benefit of society or, ibadullahin terfihi ahvalleri which appeared in the court registers was a brief but nevertheless powerful summary of Ottoman economic and social perceptions. The Ottomans genuinely believed in this principle and, their whole social and economic life revolved around it. In this way, while they maintained the balance between rich and poor in social life, they benefited from Islamic pious foundations, waqfs, as a tool for delivering social projects. From education to health, the waqf institution provided all the services for the public, obviously supported by the Ottoman sultans. They built hospitals, soup-kitchens, universities and many other buildings, hayrat, under the management of waqfs, and they encouraged their families and government officials to do the same. Although the hayrat was the visual representation of the institution, waqf meant much more than just a building in the Ottoman economic and social understanding. In this chapter, I dig a bit deeper and, analyse some little-known aspects of Ottoman waqfs, specifically the waqfs of the state officials, referred to in the literature as sultanic and vizirate waqfs. The purpose of this study is to set out details from works which have analysed original archival sources and, to present a wide perspective on Ottoman waqf practice.