Saylan, Kemal

European states especially Britain has changed policies on the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman-Russian War in 1877-78. Britain, France and Italy began to increase the imperialist and expansionist policies on the Ottoman Empire. Due to Germany did not observed the territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire and Russia turned its direction to east ward, Abdulhamid The 2nd was forced to develop new balances during this period. Without forgetting Russia’s main policy Abdulhamid The 2nd who observed the changes in Russian politics gave importance to develop the friendly relations with tzar. Russia forced to get close the Ottoman Empire that Japan’s emergence as a force in the east and efforts to improve its relations with the Ottoman Empire. Therefore, the Russian Tzar Aleksandr The 3rd sent his brothers Grand Duke and Grand Duke Serge Pole to visit the Ottoman Syria and Palestine in order to develop friendly relations with the Ottoman Empire.

Yilmaz, Ozgur

From the 1860’s, as a part of social history researches, urban history has become an important field of study. But when we take into consideration that social history studies are recently emerged discipline in Turkey, it can be said that urban history studies are also a newly developed field. In this context, it is seen that Ottoman urban history studies, which were conducted by both foreign and native researches, are varying according to period and especially to sources of studies. Urban history studies which were based on primarily tahrirs and sharia court registers in the classical period gained new sources in the 19th century. Apart from population and revenue (Temettu) census and official correspondences which were created by the new bureaucracy of the Tanzimat system, it is seen that important foreign sources especially for the major centres as travelogues and consular correspondences occurred for urban history studies on the Tanzimat Period. Based on the urban history researches on the Tanzimat Period, this study aims to make some general assessments on the sources of urban studies in this period.

Damlıbağ, Fatih

In contrary to capitalist Europe, Ottoman State had a very different socio-cultural background. This situation greatly affected to look of economic life, where establishment of aristocratic class purposefully prevented by the state. Ottoman State gave priority to society’s benefits; instead of some specific groups’ profit. But emerging of the Industrial Revolution caused many problems over societal structure. Under new circumstances, small scale producers began not to gain their livelihoods, because of increasing competition of bigger factories. Moreover existing mentality of Ottoman State hardened the adaptation of changing economic structure. In this point, the state wanted to protect artisan scale producers against increasing industrial competition. In addition new entrepreneurs were obliged some social responsibilities, to lessen the societal effects of changing economic life.

Nazir, Bayram

Mehmed Emin Pasha functioned as the London ambassador for about two years from 25 July 1848 on. During the 19 th century, London enjoyed a central role in European politics. The Pasha commenced work in a period of very critical developments in Europe. His reports to the Porte included these related to the revolutions of the year 1848 which are of particular significance. Mehmed Emin Pasha had been entrusted with the duty to convey the gratulation letter of the Sultan Abdulmecid to the King of the Netherlands who had ascended to the throne. The Pasha left London for this duty and arrived in the Netherlands after a month and was admitted by the King. The Pasha wrote a pamphlet covering his observations about the Netherlands where he stayed for 20 days. In this writing, the Pasha pointed to the achievements in agriculture and seafaring of a country that was virtually submersed in water. The Pasha told how the sea and the rivers flooded the land and the population built channels to protect themselves from the floods. Mehmed Emin Pasha gives brief but significant information on the Netherlands where he stayed only a short time.