Damlıbağ, Fatih

Usage of electricity was rapidly increased in Europa, during the last quarter of 19thcentury. In this period, the Ottoman Empire met some different usage types of electricity. Electricity took firstly attention of Ottoman Navy in the country. Proper lighting would increase very much the power of navy. Cinema became the second level for the concept of electricity in the Ottoman Empire. Minister of Telegraph and Mail evaluated cinema. He claimed that this invention had an important economic potential. Health and medical devices was another field for electricity. But Abdülhamit II declared some reservations in this issue. He ordered the determination of some rules in this field, for security reason. With the beginning of 20th century, electricity got more accessible. For the purpose of lighting, many people demanded the usage of electric machines for themselves. The last use area of electricity was serving it to people as public service. Entrepreneurs wanted to make ventures in city’s lighting and public transportation.

Damlıbağ, Fatih

During the 1929 Economic Crisis, prices of agricultural products decreased muchmore than industrial products. Turkey, as an agricultural product exporter could not affordits importation under these new conditions. For the financial structure of Turkey, selfsufficiencywas seen as the most convenient solution. In this period, the Turkish governmentaimed at importing substitution in sugar production. But for achieving this, Turkey neededsome additional investments. For the capital needs of these investments, governmentprimarily evaluated foreign contribution. But Turkish banks provided necessary capital tosugar industry, with the leadership of İş Bankası. German and Czechoslovak contributionalso supplied machinery and technical assistance to Turkish sugar industry. Governmentdeeply investigated possible investment places, to reach the most appropriate conditions.At last, Turkey founded two new sugar factories with their own financial sources in 1933and 1934. Eskişehir Sugar Factory was the third factory in Turkey and Turhal Sugar Factorybecame fourth investment in this field. Government unified the whole sugar production ofTurkey in 1935, in order to reduce production costs. From this date, Turkey experienced rapidexpansion in both beet agriculture and sugar industry. In this article, the state centered sugarproduction investments were evaluated under the different financial conditions of the 1929Economic Crisis. For the time period, subject would be investigated up to the early 1940’s.

Damlıbağ, Fatih

Andraeas Sigismond Marggraf discovered sugar from beet, instead of historically important cane. Although commercial potential; beet sugar did not attract attention of entrepreneurs for fifty years, up until to Napoleonic Wars. But later, due to the war and commerce difficulties, beet sugar production was rapidly spread in Continental Europe. After France, Germany and Austria, beet sugar crossed Atlantic and reached USA. From the middle of 19th century up to 1930's, competition in between beet and cane sugar continuously lasted. In this fierce competition, sometimes beet and sometimes cane became successful. As to Turkey, newly establishing sugar industry was founded over sugar beet, because of climatic and geographic conditions. Turkish government enacted supporting laws to promote new entrepreneurs to sugar industry. With encouraging attitude of government, Mehmet Şakir Kesebir and his friends founded a company to build and manage Alpullu Sugar Factory in 1925. Factory was established with German technology. Thracian peasants were educated for cultivation of sugar beet to supply raw material needs. This new but profitable agriculture type was quickly become popular among Thracian villagers. On the other hand, factory management tried to attain a strong place in local market. After ten years operation, factory was nationalized by establishment of Turkish Sugar Industries Incorporation.

Damlıbağ, Fatih

Bu makale buz üretimi sektöründeki tek bir firmanın, piyasa ilişkilerini açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Bomonti Buz Şirketinin ve rakiplerinin talepleri karşısında, Osmanlı Devleti'nin piyasa düzenleyicisi olarak uygun bir rekabeti nasıl sağlayacağıyla ilgili çabalarından bahsedilecektir. Buz tarih boyunca piyasası olan bir ürün olmuştur. Fakat bu talebin esaslı bir şekilde karşılanması; ancak XIX. Yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra, suni buz üretiminin keşfiyle birlikte mümkün olmuştur. Buzun geniş bir piyasaya sahip olması, pek çok girişimcinin bu sektörde faaliyette bulunmak istemesine sebeptir. Bu süreçte Bomonti Buz Şirketi, piyasanın önemli aktörlerinden olmuştur. Bomonti kardeşler Salim Ağa'nın imtiyazını ellerine geçirmişlerdir. Faaliyetleri sırasında iki türlü rekabete maruz kalmışlardır. İlk rakip karcı esnafıdır. Bunlar eskiden beri, yağışı kıştan hazırlayıp yazın satmaktadırlar. Bu esnafın Bomonti Buz Şirketi hakkındaki iddiaları, Osmanlı Devleti tarafından kabul görmemiştir. Şirketin ikinci rakibiyse, kendisi gibi suni buz üretmek isteyen diğer girişimcilerdir. Fakat bu noktada şikâyetçi taraf, Bomonti Buz Şirketi olmuştur. Şirket üretim alanındaki tekelinin, ihlal edildiğini düşünmektedir. Fakat bu alandaki itirazları, devlet tarafından kısmen kabul edilmiştir. Devlet suni buz üretimini, ticari ölçekte yapanlara müdahalede bulunmuştur. Fakat imtiyaz mukavelenamesinde aksi bir madde bulunmasına rağmen, kendi ihtiyacı için makine kullananlara dokunmamıştır

Çelik, Recep

Milli Mücadele'nin kazanılmasının ardından hayatını tehlikede gören Sultan Vahideddin İngilizlere sığınmıştı. Sığınma talebini kabul eden İngilizler önce onu Malta'ya götürmüş ancak burada fazla kalamayan Vahideddin, Hicaz Kralı'nın da daveti üzerine Mekke'ye gitmişti. Bu arada İngilizler onun halife sıfatından faydalanmayı düşünmüşlerse de bu hususta ciddi teşebbüslerde bulunmamışlardır. Hicaz'ın havasına alışamayan son sultan bu kez vefatına kadar ikamet edeceği San Remo'ya gitmiştir. Bu seyahatlerde Vahideddin için yapılan yolculuk masrafları İngilizler için büyük bir sorun teşkil etmiştir. İngiliz kanun ve mevzuatlarının karışık olması söz konusu masrafları hangi birimin karşılayacağı konusunu adeta çıkmaza sokmuştu. En çok Müslüman nüfusa sahip bir devlet olduğu için İngilizlere sığınan Vahideddin'in yolculuk ve ağırlama masraflarını karşılamada Britanya İmparatorluğu zorluk çekmiştir. Hicaz'dan San Remo'ya geçiş sürecinde ise onunla bağlarını koparmıştır

Yilmaz, Ozgur

The immigrations that the Ottoman Empire was exposed to in the 19th century launched a new social mobility in Ottoman territories after the Crimean War (1853-1856). Especially the immigrations in 1864 starting with the great emigration of the Circassians after the Russian conquest faced the Ottoman Empire a huge and massive migration movements that could not be compared with the previous immigrations. In this immigration process, southern Black Sea ports, Trabzon and Samsun served as main entry ports for immigrants in the Ottoman territories. However, these immigrations led to serious issues to these port cities. The Ottoman government took some series measures to prevent both the immigrants and the indigenous people from the problems caused by the migration. This process, managed basically by the Refugee Commission, was an issue for international community in terms of the political and social consequences of the immigration. In this context, the Quarantine Council that had an international character closely followed this process. This study aims to investigate the mission of Dr. Barozzi sent by the Sublime Porte, as a member of the Quarantine Council, his measures and his activities in Trabzon and Samsun and the consequences of the migrations at these entry ports.