Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/19417
  Removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions by Brevibacillus agri-loaded clay: Kinetic, isotherm, and artificial neural network modeling

  Belduz, Ali Osman; Inan, Kadriye; Duran, Celal; Ozdes, Duygu; Ozeken, Sengul Tugba; Nalçaoğlu, Aleyna; Şeker, Serdal

  In this study, a novel and efficient adsorbent was developed by immobilizing inactivated Brevibacillus agri biomass onto an abundant natural clay via a simple synthesis route for Pb(II) removal from aqueous media. The adsorption behavior of inactivated Brevibacillus agri-loaded clay (BLC) was evaluated using batch experiments by investigating the effects of initial solution pH (2.0–6.0), BLC dosage (0.5–4.0 g/L), contact time (1–180 min), initial Pb(II) concentration (10–420 mg/L), temperature (25–80°C), and the presence of foreign ions. The optimum conditions were determined to be an initial solution pH of 5.0 and a contact time of 120 min. Isotherm models were applied to elucidate the interactions between Pb(II) ions and BLC, while kinetic studies were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance and underlying mechanisms. The maximum adsorption capacity of BLC was determined as 65.4 mg/g according to the Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that Pb(II) adsorption on BLC was exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous at 25ºC. Artificial neural network (ANN) studies provided highly accurate predictions by modeling and confirmed the reliability and applicability of the model for Pb(II) removal in industrial applications. This study presents an innovative and sustainable approach for heavy metal removal, offering an effective solution applicable to environmental remediation processes.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/19416
  Comparative evaluation of bioactive properties of Philadelphus coronarius leaf and flower extracts: Antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities

  Burnaz, Nesibe Arslan; Zemzemoglu, Tuba Eda Arpa

  This study comparatively evaluated the bioactive properties of Philadelphus coronarius leaf and flower extracts, focusing on phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, and enzyme inhibitory activities. Plant materials were collected, dried, powdered, and extracted using 80% ethanol via ultrasound-assisted extraction. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays) were determined, along with α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. The leaf extract exhibited significantly higher phenolic and flavonoid contents (4082.81 mg GAE/100 g DW and 3444.17 mg CE/100 g DW, respectively) compared to the flower extract (1864.06 mg GAE/100 g DW and 869.17 mg CE/100 g DW). Similarly, the antioxidant capacities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP values) of the leaf extract were found to be significantly higher than those of the flower extract. In enzyme inhibition studies, the leaf extract demonstrated stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.0211 mg/mL) than the flower extract (IC50: 0.0523 mg/mL). In contrast, acetylcholinesterase inhibition was similar for both extracts. Overall, the findings indicate that P. coronarius leaves possess a strong bioactive potential, particularly in terms of phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Therefore, the leaf part of this species may be considered a promising natural source of antioxidants and functional bioactive compounds.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/19413
  Effects of drying methods on physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of wild fruits native to the Gümüşhane flora of NE Türkiye

  Bulut, Volkan Numan; Baltaci, Cemalettin; Gundogdu, Ali; Barlak, Esra

  Wild fruits are valuable natural sources of bioactive compounds with significant nutritional and functional properties. This study comparatively evaluated the effects of freeze-drying (FD), oven drying (OD), and open-air drying (AD) on the physicochemical properties, total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C content, and antioxidant properties of five wild fruit species naturally growing in the Gümüşhane region of Türkiye: wild pear (Pyrus elaegrifolia Pall.), hawthorn (Crataegus orientalis), rosehip (Rosa canina L.), cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.), and barberry (Berberis vulgaris). Drying method markedly affected both physicochemical characteristics and bioactive compounds. Oven drying produced the lowest water activity values (0.10–0.34), indicating enhanced microbiological stability, whereas freeze-dried samples generally showed superior preservation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The highest TPC was observed in air-dried cornelian cherry (935.59 mg GAE/kg), while freeze- dried rosehip exhibited the highest TPC among freeze-dried samples (907.63 mg GAE/kg). Vitamin C was highly sensitive to thermal processing, and most oven-dried samples showed values below the detection limit (<0.30 mg/kg). In contrast, freeze-dried rosehip retained the highest vitamin C content (1594 mg/kg). Freeze-dried cornelian cherry exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (93.45%), whereas oven-dried rosehip showed the highest total antioxidant content (33.38 mg/g). The relatively high antioxidant values observed in some oven-dried samples may also be partially associated with the formation of Maillard reaction products exhibiting antioxidant properties under thermal processing conditions. Correlation and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) fruit-specific differences in antioxidant behavior and clustering patterns, indicating that the responses to drying treatments were more strongly influenced by fruit matrix composition than by drying method alone. The findings demonstrate that the effects of drying treatments are strongly fruit matrix-dependent and that no single drying method is universally optimal for preserving all quality attributes of wild fruits.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19792
  Sensory and physicochemical characteristics of mulberry leathers enriched with sesame, almond, sunflower seeds, coconut, and peanut

  Küçük, Murat; Baltaci, Cemalettin; İlyasoğlu, Huri; Karpuz, Omer; Yilmaz, Firat; Kılınç, Kagan; Güler, Burak; Topkaya, Gamze

  This study aimed to investigate the utilization of sesame, sunflower seed, almond, peanut, and coconut as condiments for the enrichment of mulberry leather, known locally as mulberry pestil. The investigation involved a comprehensive analysis encompassing proximate composition, mineral content, color, physicochemical, and sensory properties. The studied parameters of enriched samples were compared with those of the plain sample. Employing multivariate statistical techniques enabled the differentiation of the enriched leather samples. Consequently, the leather samples were categorized into three groups by the principal component analysis according to their physicochemical and chemical attributes. Strong positive correlations were observed among the studied parameters, as indicated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficients. The physicochemical and chemical properties of enriched samples exhibited substantial variability. The enriched products had abundant calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc levels. These findings revealed that incorporating these condiments enhanced the nutritional values of leather samples, especially in terms of minerals. 100 g of the enriched mulberry leathers had 68.0-70.7 g of carbohydrate, 4.6-5.7 g of protein, 3.6-5.9 g of fat, and 336-359 kcal of energy value. The enriched products might be proposed to provide nutrients and energy in emergencies, especially for adolescents and people affected by disasters.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19723
  Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and α-amylase enzyme inhibition properties of Rosa canina seed extracts prepared with different solvents using maceration and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods

  Baltaci, Cemalettin; Akmeşe, Osman; Aygül, İmdat; Kılınç, Kagan; Hafedh, Mohammed

  The efficient extraction of bioactive molecules from medicinal plants is strongly related to the solvents and methods used. This study evaluated the impact of solvent selection and extraction methods on the bioactive potential of Rosa canina seed extracts, focusing on antioxidant, antimicrobial, and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Four solvents —dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol-water (80:20), ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile— were paired with maceration and ultrasonic techniques to generate eight extracts (DMM, DMU, ESM, ESU, EAM, EAU, ACM, ACS). Antioxidant activity was assessed via total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays. Antimicrobial efficacy was tested against seven microorganisms (Gram+, Gram−, and yeast) using well diffusion and MIC methods, while α-amylase inhibition was quantified via IC50. The ethyl acetate ultrasonic extract (EAU) exhibited the highest TPC (63.86 mg GAE/g) and TFC (210.23 mg QE/g), along with superior antioxidant activity across all assays (P < 0.05). Ethyl acetate maceration (EAM) ranked second, underscoring ethyl acetate’s efficacy. Acetonitrile maceration (ACM) demonstrated the strongest α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 20.46 mg/mL). All extracts showed notable antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella pneumoniae, though efficacy varied for other strains. DMSO-based extracts (DMM/DMU) consistently underperformed. These findings highlight ethyl acetate (EAU/EAM) as optimal for antioxidant-rich extracts and ACM for enzyme inhibition, positioning Rosa canina seeds as a promising source of natural bioactive compounds for functional food and therapeutic applications.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19722
  Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions using drinking water treatment plant sludge (DWTS): Equilibrium and kinetic evaluation

  Duran, Celal; Ozdes, Duygu; Turfan, Fatma Asya; Kılıç, Neslihan; Yaltirik, Fatma

  The present research investigates the removal of Brilliant Green (BG) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) dyes by an adsorption system utilizing drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) as an adsorbent. It aims to contribute to sustainable treatment methods by evaluating waste sludge as a low-cost and environmentally friendly adsorbent. In the study, the significant parameters affecting the adsorption process were systematically investigated. During the experiments, the effects of factors such as initial pH of the solution, equilibrium time, adsorbent amount and initial dye concentration on the adsorption efficiency were evaluated. The obtained data were tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and it was determined that adsorption occurred on both homogeneous and heterogeneous surfaces. The maximum adsorption capacity of DWTS was calculated as 100.0 mg g-1 and 38.9 mg g-1 for BG and RBBR, respectively. Kinetic analyses were performed to understand the dynamics of the adsorption process. Pseudo-first order and Pseudo-second order kinetic models were evaluated and it was noticed that the pseudo-second order model explained the adsorption data better. As a result, DWTS has been proven to be an effective adsorbent in the removal of BG and RBBR. The findings indicated that DWTS has significant potential for evaluation in advanced treatment processes in terms of environmental sustainability.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19721
  Assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, carbonic anhydrase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Alchemilla vulgaris L. extracts

  Düzgün, Azer Özad; Akar, Zeynep; Kardil, Ugur

  This study was to investigate the biological properties (antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and antimicrobial activity) of water extract (WE), 50:50% water:ethanol extract (WEE) and ethanol extract (EE) of aerial parts of Alchemilla vulgaris L. which was traditionally used to alleviate and treat many diseases. The WEE extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC), with a value of 612 µg/mL GAE, while the EE extract demonstrated the highest total flavonoid content (TFC), with a value of 0.086 µg/mL GAE. Also, the data demonstrated that the WEE extract exhibited the highest radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities, exhibiting 0.0056, 0.0028 mg/mL SC50 and 267, 0.081 μM TEAC, as determined by the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and CUPRAC assays, respectively. The WEE extract was found to be an effective bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and α-glucosidase inhibitor with an IC50 values of 0.0628 and 0.0535 mg/mL, respectively. The EE extract showed activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria used in the study. EE extract has the highest activity against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and the lowest activity against Streptococcus pyogenes. Furthermore, the extracts significantly reduced the biofilm ability of Acinetobacter baumannii isolate, which has strong biofilm ability. EE and WE reduced the biofilm formation capacity of the strain to a weak level, while WEE extract reduced it to a moderate level. The results suggest that EE has a significant effect in combating antibiotic resistance, while WEE has high antioxidant activity and good inhibitory effect against BCA and α-glycosidase enzymes. In addition, the results revealed that solvent extracts with different solvent composition and polarity may have different effects on diverse bioactivity tests.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19720
  Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon quantum dots from field horsetail Equisetum Arvense L and fluorimetric detection of Pd2+ ions

  Başoğlu, Aysel

  The study presents a comprehensive phytochemical analysis of A. caucasicus, examining both the leaf and flower parts of this plant. The Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using field horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) as a green carbon source at 180 °C. The resulting CQDs were characterized by various techniques, including UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Under UV illumination at 365 nm, the CQDs displayed intense blue fluorescence. The effects of 32 different metal ions, including Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Ag⁺, NH₄⁺, Tl⁺, Ba²⁺, Be²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, Sr²⁺, Cr³⁺, Au³⁺, Y³⁺, Al³⁺, V³⁺, Bi³⁺, B³⁺, Sc³⁺, Sb³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Se⁴⁺, Mo⁶⁺, W⁶⁺, and Pd²⁺, on the fluorescence properties of the CQDs were systematically investigated using fluorescence spectrophotometry. Among them, Pd²⁺ ions caused significant fluorescence quenching. Based on this response, a sensitive and straightforward fluorometric sensing strategy was developed for detecting Pd²⁺ in tap water. The method showed a good linearity over the concentration range of 0.5 to 15.0 μM, with a detection limit of 50.2 nM and a quantification limit of 150.6 nM. The applicability of the method was further validated through spiking experiments, yielding satisfactory recoveries at various concentrations. The approach also demonstrated excellent reproducibility, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) consistently below 2.3%.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19497
  Phytogenic Silver and Copper Nanoparticles from Morus nigra L. Leaf as Multifunctional Agents: Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, and Anticancer Potency

  Çam Derin, Dilek; Baltaci, Cemalettin; Akmeşe, Osman; Taskin, Irmak Icen; Karpuz, Omer; Gültekin, Enes; Sever, Meryem Rüveyda

  The growing need for eco-friendly nanomaterials has directed attention toward plant-based green synthesis as a sustainable approach for biomedical applications. This study reports the biosynthesis of silver (YAgNPs) and copper nanoparticles (YCuNPs) using Morus nigra L. leaf extract and evaluates their multifunctional properties. The nanoparticles were produced under alkaline aqueous conditions, and their crystalline nature and nanoscale morphology were confirmed by standard structural and elemental analyses. Both YAgNPs and YCuNPs exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacities compared to the crude extract. YAgNPs showed the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (250.33 mg FeSO₄/g), while YCuNPs demonstrated superior DPPH radical scavenging activity (114.12 mg AAE/g). In antidiabetic assays, YAgNPs strongly inhibited α-amylase (IC₅₀ = 112.02 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 38.27 μg/mL), approaching the potency of acarbose. Antimicrobial analysis revealed distinct activity profiles: YAgNPs were highly effective in broth cultures with low MIC and MBC values (0.09–0.18 mg/mL against B. subtilis and E. coli), whereas YCuNPs achieved larger inhibition zones in diffusion assays. Checkerboard testing confirmed synergistic interactions between nanoparticles and antibiotics, with FICI values ≤0.5 against E. faecium, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, highlighting their ability to enhance antibiotic efficacy. YAgNPs exhibited notable cytotoxic effects against HeLa and HCT116 cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 9.84 and 6.83 μg/mL, respectively. In contrast, YCuNPs displayed weaker anticancer activity. Overall, these findings demonstrate that M. nigra derived nanoparticles combine antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities with synergistic antibiotic-enhancing effects, underscoring their potential as sustainable, multifunctional therapeutic agents.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/19496
  Sumak ekşisi üretiminde ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyonun kullanımı: Kalite parametreleri ve proses koşulları üzerindeki etkileri

  Baltaci, Cemalettin; Odabaş, Halil İbrahim; Tunç, Merve Tuğçe

  Bu çalışma ile ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyonun sumak şurubu üretimi üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla hem geleneksel evaporasyon hem de ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyon yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyon işleminde 20 V/cm (188 V) ve 25 V/cm (235 V) olmak üzere iki farklı voltaj gradyanı uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada, örneklerin fizikokimyasal parametreleri, HMF (5-hidroksimetilfurfural) miktarları, antioksidan özellikleri, reolojik karakteristikleri ve uygulanan metotların enerji tüketimi ile diğer proses parametreleri incelenmiştir. Ohmik ısıtma destekli ve geleneksel evaporasyon yöntemleriyle üretilen sumak şurupları arasında antioksidan özellikleri veya HMF miktarları açısından önemli bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Ancak enerji verimliliği açısından incelendiğinde, ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyon işlemi sırasında enerji tüketiminin (20 ve 25 V/cm için sırasıyla 121,93±5,98 ve 95,00±3,08 kj), geleneksel yönteme göre (1331,00±101,82 kj) yaklaşık on bir kat daha düşük olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar incelendiğinde, ohmik ısıtma destekli evaporasyon ile üretilen sumak ekşilerinin kalite özelliklerini korunurken, enerji tüketimini, CO₂ emisyonlarını ve proses parametrelerinin önemli ölçüde azaldığını göstermiştir.

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