Altun, Tülın; Aydın, Aykut

In Turkey, significant changes have been made in the legislation of Individual\rPension System (IPS) in 2012 (matching contribution system has been introduced) and\r2016 (Automatic Enrollment System has been established). Thus, behavioral\rinstruments which can be defined as libertarian paternalistic, such as default rules and\rframing, have begun to be used more effectively in IPS. When the progress in IPS\rbetween the years 2003-2021 is examined, it has been determined that behavioral\rinstruments have a positive effect on the savings in the system, but these effects are\rsmall. It was concluded that the participants decided to continue or exit IPS with rational\rreasons. Participants who can benefit from full state subsidy in shorter time, have higher\rcontinuation rate and contribution amounts in the system. Participants exit the system\rwhen exits are optimal (such as after 36th months when they are entitled to benefit\rfrom the minimum state subsidy, and after the 5th year when entrance fees are no\rlonger charged). With rational reasons like the real return of IPS being lower compared\rto alternative investment instruments and its fund management fees being high, the\rhouseholds in Turkey either do not prefer saving on IPS or see the IPS as a short-term\rsaving instrument.

İpek, Egemen; Ipek, Ozlem

The market structure of the Pharmaceutical Industry, which has an extremelyimportant both socially and economically position, is carefully monitored by regulatoryauthorities. The consantration of pharmaceutical companies tends to adversely affectconsumer welfare as well as resource distribution in the economy. The competitivestructure of the markets is determined by the concentration indices. For these reasons,in this study the market concentration ratios of the pharmaceutical sector in Turkey arecalculated by using concentration measures such as Concentration Ratio; HerfindahlHirschman; Hall-Tideman; Rosenbluth; Comprehensive Industrial Concentration;Hannah-Kay; Hause and the Entropy measure with the annual sales revenue data of thecompanies in the sector for the 2009-2016 period.According to the results,pharmaceutical sector in Turkey has a low concentrated market structure. In addition,the Rosenbluth index presents the most consistent results for the Turkishpharmaceutical sector, which consists of hundreds of small companies having marketsshares of 7% at the highest.