Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/14199
  Honeybee Silk: A Promising Value-Added Biomaterial with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antihyaluronidase, and Microstructural Characteristics

  Yildiz, Oktay; Değirmenci, Atiye; Boyraci, Gulsum Merve; Aksoy, Canan

  Bee products with their huge potential are becoming more valuable beyond food industry. Honeybee silk is non-utilized biomaterial in any commercial applications and even burned during the processing of beeswax. Although studies concerning insects silks are commonly on spider and silkworm silks, honeybee silk remains unexplored. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) were used to identify chemical composition via elemental mapping of the native form of honeybee silk. Honeybee silk, in the form of thin layer inside the honeycomb cells, was processed through a series of steps to separate it from beeswax. Protein content was evaluated and revealed a composition of approximately 11.69%, indicating its strong biopolymeric origin. Amino acid analysis of honeybee silk performed by RP-HPLC revealed the presence of both polar and nonpolar amino acids, indicating a well-balanced amino acid profile. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-hyaluronidase properties of processed honeybee silk were presented. The methanolic extracts of honeybee silk were found to have higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays than the aqueous extracts. While no antimicrobial activity was found for aqueous extracts, methanolic honeybee silk extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilluscereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans. The hyaluronidase inhibition values (IC50) were found as 0.0094 and 0.0079 g/mL for aqueous and methanolic honeybee silk extracts, respectively. The aforementioned findings indicate that honeybee silk as a promosing value-added product is worthy of attention from pharmaceutical industries and future studies.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/13736
  Utilizing Pollutant Waste Cheese Whey into Low-cost Broth for Bacterial Growth and Protein Production

  Alkowlani, Amir Towfiq Hasan; Beldüz, Ali Osman; Çanakçi, Sabriye; Bektaş, Kadriye İnan; Ay, Fulya; Özyurt, Taner; Yıldız, Oktay

  Cheese whey (CW), an abundant and nutrient-rich byproduct of cheese production, accounts for approximately 85% of milk volume and is generated globally in quantities reaching 145–200 million tons annually. Despite its biochemical complexity and high organic load, CW remains underutilized in microbial biotechnology. Its pollutant potential is up to 100 times higher than domestic sewage due to extreme biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), high nutrient content, and acidity. Untreated discharge causes severe oxygen depletion, damages aquatic ecosystems, degrades soil, and contributes to climate change. This study evaluates CW as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to synthetic bacterial growth media. Ten bacterial strains were cultured for 17 h in different forms of CW fresh, aged (up to two years), and dried and compared with standard Luria Bertani (LB) medium. Bacterial growth was assessed using optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀), and protein yields were measured in µg/µL. CW supported growth ranged from OD₆₀₀ 2.36–4.46, comparable to 2.53–4.16 in LB, with protein yields between 0.19 and 0.43 µg/µL versus 0.18–0.44 µg/µL in LB. These findings demonstrate that CW can effectively support bacterial proliferation and protein production, offering a novel valorization route for a major agro-industrial pollutant while reducing environmental harm and fermentation costs.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2026/r/gumushane/12162
  Starch-Based Microcapsules of Grape Pomace Phenolics: Physicochemical Characterization and Stability in Static In Vitro Digestion

  Berktaş, Serap; İncegül, Yasemin; Çam, Mustafa

  To protect phenolics of grape pomace, microencapsulation process was carried out with HI-CAP 100, Capsul TA, maltodextrin and potato starch. Encapsulation efficiencies of microcapsules were determined between 69–97%. TPC, TFC, and TAC values of starch-based microcapsules were in the ranges of 36–74 mg GAE/g, 14–28 mg CE/g, and 0.37–0.84 mg C3GE/g, respectively. Maltodextrin, with a value of 74.04 mg GAE/g, was determined to be the best coating material to retain grape pomace phenolics. Similar results were also seen in TFC (28.40 mg CE/g) and ABTS (128.2 mg TE/g) values. While water solubility values were found between 73–92% in microcapsules, grape pomace had 21.81%. The effects of coating materials on the release and bioaccessibility value of grape pomace phenolics encapsulated with different starch types in vitro digestion of oral, gastric and small intestine were investigated. Potato starch-coated microcapsules displayed the least TPC loss in gastric digestion and higher phenolics release in small intestine digestion. The microcapsule with the highest bioaccessibility in oral, gastric, and small intestine phases was Capsul TA, with values of 121%, 205%, and 120%, respectively. Additionally, potato starch-based microencapsulation of phenolics may provide alternative benefits like the slow and balanced release of phenolics in the digestive tract. Microcapsules with maltodextrin, Capsul TA and HI-CAP as coating material had amorphous structures, while potato starch resulted in crystalline structure in the microcapsules. Grape pomace phenolic starch-based microcapsules can be evaluated in the food and pharmaceutical industry depending on the intended use.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/13971
  Bioethanol Production from Mulberry Molasses Waste with Ohmic-Assisted Hydrodistillation

  Tunç, Merve Tuğçe; Genç, Berna; Karataş, Şeyda Merve

  In this study, the fermentation process of bioethanol production conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. Mulberry molasses production waste was used as the only carbon source for yeast fermentation to produce bioethanol. Hydrodistillation (HD) and ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OAHD) methods were employed to concentrate the bioethanol. Fermentation time (48–168 h), waste matter rate (5–45%) and pH (5–7) were selected as independent variables. Alcohol concentration was treated as the response. Optimum fermentation conditions were determined as 96.894 h fermentation time, 45% waste ratio and pH 7. At these optimum conditions, alcohol concentration was determined as 3.77 ± 0.33%. While the distillate obtained in the HD method contained 22.50 ± 1.89% alcohol, it showed 27.72 ± 0.24% in the OAHD method. The energy consumption values for OAHD and HD was 2.92 ± 0.51 and 53.24 ± 1.74 Wh/mL bioethanol, respectively. Results of study showed that the OAHD could be a cost-effective and green method to distillation of bioethanol from mulberry molasses waste.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2019/r/gumushane/15220
  Production and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose from Citrus Peels

  Güzel, Melih; Akpınar, Özlem

  Cellulose is the most common polymer in the world, formed by β-1,4 linked glucopyranose units. In this study, citrus peels (lemon, mandarin, orange and grapefruit) were used for the production of bacterial cellulose (BC). The peels were hydrolyzed with dilute acid and hydrolysates were used for BC production. The production of BC was carried out at 28–32 °C for 21 days under static conditions with Komagataeibacter hansenii GA2016. BC yields were found to be between 2.06 and 3.92%. It was found that the FTIR spectra of the BCs produced in citrus peel hydrolysates were similar to BC produced in the commercially available nutrients. The result of this study showed that all the BCs produced from citrus peels were characterized to have high water holding capacity, thin fiber diameter, high the thermal stability and high crystallinity.

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