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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/19454
  The relationship between individual learning preferences and academic achievement: A VARK model perspective among physical education and sports teaching students

  Bayrakdaroğlu, Yeşim; Türker, Üstün; Ateş, Zeynep Hazal; Demir, Salih

  Understanding the relationship between learning styles and academic achievement among students in Physical Education and Sports Teaching programs is crucial for designing more effective and student-centered instructional approaches. Accordingly, the primary aim of this study was to examine pre-service teachers’ individual learning styles and their relationship with academic performance. The study sample consisted of 548 undergraduate students from different year levels. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the VARK Learning Style Inventory (Version 7.0). The collected data were coded and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 27.0). Descriptive statistics were used to determine participants’ demographic characteristics, dominant learning modalities, and learning model types. To examine the relationship between dominant learning styles and academic achievement, chi-square and Linear-by-Linear Association tests were employed. The findings revealed that students predominantly preferred kinesthetic and read/write-oriented learning styles, and a considerable proportion exhibited multimodal learning preferences. Although no direct significant relationship was found between dominant learning styles and academic achievement, the influence of learning models on performance was observed particularly among students with moderate academic achievement levels. In conclusion, while learning styles do not solely determine academic success among pre-service teachers in sports sciences, they appear to be an influential factor in shaping the quality and flexibility of the learning process. Therefore, it is recommended that teaching practices incorporate applied and multidimensional approaches that take students’ individual learning preferences into account.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/16151
  An ergogenic approach to enhancing performance in archery: the acute effects of caffeine

  Türker, Ustun; Ates, Zeynep Hazal; Görgülü, Mumine; Kiyici, Fatih; Bayrakdaroglu, Serdar

  Background and Study Aim Ergogenic aids are widely used to enhance exercise performance and training adaptations. Among these, caffeine is recognized for its stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and neuromuscular function. Despite their widespread use, the relative effectiveness of such aids in improving performance in precision-based target sports such as archery remains a matter of practical interest. This study aimed to examine the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on shooting performance in university-level archers. Material and Methods A total of 12 licensed university archers (mean age: 22.92 +/- 2.11 years) participated in this study. A single-group pretest-posttest experimental design was employed. Participants completed two laboratory sessions separated by 72 hours under standardized conditions. In each session, anthropometric and hearing assessments were conducted. This was followed by the ingestion of 200 mg of caffeine. After a 60-minute absorption period, archers performed shooting tests at 18 meters. The protocol included practice trials and 10 sets of scoring shots. Data were analyzed using paired-samples t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA. These methods accounted for within-subject variability across sets. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. Results Posttest scores were consistently higher than pretest scores across most sets. Statistically significant improvements were observed in Sets 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 10 (p < .05). Sets 1, 5, and 7 showed nonsignificant differences. Overall performance increased significantly from 6.61 +/- 1.20 to 8.33 +/- 0.39 (p < .001), with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.90; eta 2 = .50). Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of condition (p < .001). No significant set or interaction effects were found. This indicates that performance improvements were consistent across shooting sets. Conclusions Acute caffeine supplementation was associated with improved shooting performance in university-level archers. The findings suggest that caffeine may have potential as an ergogenic aid in precision-oriented sports requiring sustained attention and performance consistency. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to methodological limitations. These include the absence of a control condition and the small sample size. Further randomized placebo-controlled studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/13550
  Casein Supplementation Timing and Exercise Performance in Soccer Players: Pre-Sleep vs. Post-Exercise Intake—A Randomized Controlled Trial

  Bayrakdaroğlu, Serdar; Ateş, Zeynep Hazal; Ceylan, Halil İbrahim; Kul, Murat; Muntean, Raul Ioan; Dhahbi, Wissem

  Background: Nutrient timing strategies may influence recovery and performance in athletes; however, the effects of ingesting casein protein before sleep versus immediately after exercise remain unclear. This study compared the acute effects of pre-sleep and post-exercise ingestion of casein on high-intensity anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four highly trained male soccer players (mean age: 20.6 ± 1.8 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: post-exercise casein ingestion group (PECIG; n = 8), pre-sleep casein ingestion group (PSCIG; n = 8), and control group (CG; n = 8). Following a standardized high-intensity resistance training protocol, participants consumed 30 g of micellar casein dissolved in 300 mL of water either immediately after exercise or 30–60 min before bedtime. Performance was assessed using the Countermovement Jump (CMJ), the Illinois Agility Test (IAT), and the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST), which were conducted both before and 24 h after the training session. Results: Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant group-by-time effects for CMJ (F = 8.21, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.36) and RAST performance variables, including peak power (F = 6.94, p = 0.003, η2p = 0.32), mean power (F = 7.42, p = 0.002, η2p = 0.34), and fatigue index (F = 5.87, p = 0.008, η2p = 0.28). Post hoc analyses showed that PSCIG significantly improved CMJ (Δ = +1.45 cm; p < 0.001, d = 2.04) and RAST mean power (Δ = +125.14 W; p = 0.002, d = 1.55) compared with the control condition. PECIG significantly enhanced RAST peak power (Δ = +205.79 W; p = 0.001, d = 1.64), mean power (Δ = +128.43 W; p = 0.013, d = 1.24), and fatigue index (Δ = +4.12 W/s; p = 0.010, d = 1.29) relative to CG. No performance differences were observed between PSCIG and PECIG timing conditions (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: Both pre-sleep and post-exercise casein ingestion enhanced anaerobic performance in highly trained soccer players, with each timing method favoring different performance outcomes. However, neither strategy demonstrated superiority over the other, suggesting that casein timing may be flexibly applied according to athletes’ preferences and training contexts.

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