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• MakaleAçık Erişim2024/r/gumushane/19828
  Assessment of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Dam Reservoirs: the Case of Tuzluca Dam

  Akgün, Çağrı; Nas, Salim Serkan

  It is a known fact that large dam projects built to serve important purposes such as electricity generation, irrigation drinking water supply, and flood control cause greenhouse gases emissions due to the areas they flood. In this study, the greenhouse gases emission impacts of the Tuzluca Dam and Hydroelectric Power Plant (HPP) project, planned to be constructed in the Iğdır province of Turkey, were evaluated. Analyses conducted using the G-res tool, developed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the International Hydropower Association (IHA), estimated that the Tuzluca Dam and HPP project will emit 2,228 tCO2e of greenhouse gases annually once the dam begins to hold water. In accordance with the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is predicted that when emissions occurring before the dam and during its construction are included, the net greenhouse gases emissions of the project will be -902 gCO2e per square meter annually. The results obtained from this study were found to be consistent with similar studies in the literature.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2023/r/gumushane/11469
  2D and 3D Numerical Simulation of Dam-Break Flooding: A Case Study of the Tuzluca Dam, Turkey

  Akgun, Cagri; Nas, Salim Serkan; Uslu, Akin

  Unlike river floods, floods caused by dam breaks occur much more abruptly and at higher water velocities. The failure of a dam due to any reason can pose a significant threat to settlements in the downstream area due to the high volume of water in its reservoir. In this case study, 2D and 3D numerical failure simulations of Tuzluca Dam, to be built in the Igdir province of Turkey, was performed using the Flow3D Hydro software. The Shallow Water and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations were used to simulate flood propagation. In the numerical models, RNG k-ε was chosen as the turbulence model. In the analyses carried out under different scenarios, it was observed that in both methods (2D and 3D), significant flood depths would occur in two downstream village settlements. Within the scope of the study, the mortality rates in different dam-break scenarios of the Tuzluca Dam were also investigated. It has been observed that the dam failure time and breach geometry have a significant impact on the flood propagation and the loss of life in settlements. Additionally, a dam-break experiment in literature dam-break experiment was numerically solved using the Flow3D Hydro software to validate the numerical model, and a satisfactory harmony was observed between the experimental results and the numerical models. Although the 3D analysis provided a more accurate representation of the experimental results, it took approximately 20 times longer to complete the dam failure simulation in the case study compared to the 2D model. As a result, it has been determined that for comprehensive studies such as those of dam failures, 2D analyses may be more practical, while for smaller-scale scenarios or situations requiring greater precision, 3D modelling is appropriate.

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• BildiriAçık Erişim2017/r/gumushane/14980
  Fluoride levels in the Eastern Black Sea Basin streams, Turkey

  Bayram, A.; Satilmiş, U.; Nas, S.S.; Kemer, B.

  The aim of this study is to monitor the fluoride ion (F-), as well as chloride ion (Cl-), variation in the Eastern Black Sea Basin streams, and to evaluate drinking water quality of these streams, with reference to national and international directives and guidelines. The water samples (240) were semimonthly collected from three surface water resources, namely from the Degirmendere and Galyan streams in Trabzon Province, the biggest city on the Southeastern Black Sea Coast with a total population of 768 417, and the Harşit Stream in Gümüşhane and Giresun provinces. The monitoring results have revealed that the average F-concentration had varied between 0.154 and 0.200 mg/l in the Degirmendere Stream and between 0.156 and 0.163 mg/l in the Galyan Stream, respectively. However, the treated stream waters had lower F-concentrations, varying between 0.010 and 0.080 mg/l, than the untreated stream waters. In the Harşit Stream, the average F-concentrations were at relatively higher values, which ranged from 0.211 to 0.296 mg/l, in the uppermost stations, however showed a steadily decreasing trend throughout the lowermost stations and fell from 0.230 to 0.141 mg/l due to the hydropower dam reservoirs, namely Torul, Kürtün, and Akköy, operated in the watershed. The average Cl-concentrations have varied between 2.00 and 6.48 mg/l. On the one hand, the waters from the Degirmendere, Galyan, and Harşit streams are classified as high quality, considering the upper threshold values of 1.5 mg F-/l and 250 mg Cl-/l. On the other hand, these streams can be regarded as the fluoride-poor water resources.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2014/r/gumushane/16084
  Assessing the Impacts of Seasonal Variations on Predicting Leachate Generation in Gumushane Open Dump Using Water Balance Method

  Nas, Salim Serkan; Nas, Evin

  Leachate quality varies depending on many factors such as the depth and the content of solid waste, seasonal variations in solid waste, and the duration of storage of solid waste; design and operation of storage space; geological and hydrogeological characteristics of storage area; and environmental interaction of leachate, which affect each other. One of the two major sources of leachate is the moisture content of the waste stored and the other is the mass of water entering the storage area from outside. A major part of the mass of water entering the storage area from outside is the infiltration of rain water through the storage area. The purpose of this study is to assess the seasonal variation in leachate of Gumushane (Central) open dump area using the 'water balance method' for the determination of the factors affecting the seasonal variation in leachate of landfill, which particularly holds a higher risk of contaminating the environment. In addition, some of the measures to be taken in solid waste storage areas in order to minimize the mass of leachate are presented.

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• BildiriYalnız künye2011/r/gumushane/15472
  Environmental problems from the open dump in Gümüşhane Province and investigation of biological recycling for the organic solid wastes

  Nas, S. Serkan; Bayram, Adem

  This paper presents a general overview of current municipal waste management in Gümüşhane Province. Both the drawbacks of present disposal method are discussed and solution proposals are submitted. The solid waste samples, one sample in every week and total fifty two samples in a year, were taken from the municipal solid waste open dumping area during a year, 2004 March-2005 February. Compostable organic parts of the samples, separated from the mixed municipal solid waste, were analyzed in order to determine the suitability of composting for the disposal of municipal solid wastes in Gümüshane. The moisture content, C/N ratio and pH for all samples were determined and evaluated. The values with high moisture content being 78% (74% in spring, 83% in summer, and 78% in autumn and 77% in winter), relatively low C/N ratio being 21.6/1 (22.2/1 in spring, 16.2/1 in summer, 23.7/1 in autumn and 27.5/1 in winter), and low pH being 4.73 (5.50 in spring, 4.25 in summer, 4.45 in autumn and 4.72 in winter) disclose that composting of the organic wastes aren't suitable.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2009/r/gumushane/15799
  Water quality modeling and dissolved oxygen balance in streams: A point source Streeter-Phelps application in the case of the Harsit stream

  Nas, S. Serkan; Nas, Evin

  The Harsit Stream flowing into the Black Sea is an important watershed in the northeastern part of Turkey. The monthly averages of dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, pH, total suspended solids, total phosphorus and total nitrogen were obtained for the water samples taken from the Tekke, Akcakale and Haciemin sites of the Harsit Stream. Water quality parameters were analyzed and evaluated according to the WHO standards and the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation. Initially, the variations in the dissolved oxygen profile were determined from dissolved oxygen, temperature and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand measurements by using the point source Streeter-Phelps equation. Critical dissolved oxygen deficit values were calculated for the monthly average from January-December 2005, which are below the limit value (4 mg L-1) excluding April (7.26 mg L-1) and May (5.98 mg L-1) in the Harsit Stream, resulting in it having second class water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, pH and biochemical oxygen demand. It is also seen that the minimum dissolved oxygen limit value (8 mg L-1), which is a desired quantity for drinking water, is under the limit value for all months in the case of the water mixture. In particular, during the summer months, the consumption speed of oxygen is greater than the production speed of oxygen with increasing temperature and decreasing discharge, and negative values (anoxia) of dissolved oxygen sag are seen. These situations call for significant precautions and treatment criteria.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2008/r/gumushane/14162
  Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Gümüşhane, Turkey

  Nas, S. Serkan; Bayram, Adem

  This paper presents a general overview of the current municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Gümüşhane Province, Turkey. In order to characterize the solid waste stream in the Municipality of Gümüşhane, a long-term study was conducted over a 52-week period between the spring of 2004 and the winter of 2005. In this study, percentage of components and specific weight of the MSW, the composting parameters (moisture content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and pH), organic matter content, calorific value and the heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co) of the compostable wastes sorted from the mixed MSW were determined and evaluated. In Gümüşhane, a mean of 70 tons of MSW are generated each day or 1 kg/day/capita. Approximately 4500 kg of the MSW were collected and sorted in a year, and the mean specific weight of these is 308 kg/m3. Approximately 30% of the MSW generated is compostable wastes and the yearly mean moisture content, organic matter content, C/N ratio and pH of these are 78%, 92.1%, 21.6/1 and 4.73, respectively, and approximately 24% of the MSW consists of recyclable materials. The recommended system deals with maximizing recycling and minimizing landfilling of the MSW, and consists of separation at source, collection, sorting, recycling, composting and sanitary landfilling. Heavy metal concentrations of the compostable wastes from the open dump were determined to decrease in the following order: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cr > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > Co.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2008/r/gumushane/14153
  Effects of some water quality parameters on the dissolved oxygen balance of streams

  Nas, S.S.; Bayram, A.; Nas, E.; Bulut, V.N.

  The Galyan Stream basin supports the water of Atasu Dam, which will provide domestic water for Trabzon province in Turkey. The Galyan Stream empties into Deǧirmendere Stream and their water into the Black Sea that these streams are important watersheds in northeastern Turkey. Water samples were periodically taken from Temelli site (Galyan Stream), Deǧirmen site (Kuştul Stream) and Çiftdere site (Galyan Stream). In this study, at first, variations of dissolved oxygen profile are determined from dissolved oxygen, temperature and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand measurements by using Point Resources Streeter-Phelps equation. Water samples are taken from the Galyan and Kuştul Streams. Water quality parameters were analyzed for both streams and evaluated according to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation (TWPCR). Critical dissolved oxygen deficiency values, which were calculated for monthly average (2004 April-2005 January) and annual averages (2000-2004), are seen to be over the limit value in the Galyan Stream having first class water quality in terms of dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature and biochemical oxygen demand. In the following it is disclosed that treatment isn't required. That study shows that minimum dissolved oxygen limit value (8 mgL-1), which is desired in domestic waters, is under the limit value in July, August and September months in case of a mixture.

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• MakaleYalnız künye2007/r/gumushane/14887
  Heavy metals in compostable wastes: A case study in Gümüş hane, Turkey

  Nas, S. Serkan; Bayram, Adem; Bulut, V. Numan; Gündoǧdu, Ali

  This paper presents a general overview of the current municipal solid waste management in Gümüşhane Province, Turkey. In the study conducted between March 2004 and February 2005, the composting parameters (moisture content, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and pH), organic matter content and the heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co) of the green wastes sorted from the mixed municipal solid waste were determined and evaluated. The analytes were determined with a relative standard deviation lower than 6% in all samples. The organic fraction of biological origin made up about 30% of the total amount of the municipal solid waste. Moisture content was 78%, organic matter content was 92.1%, C/N ratio was 21.6/1 and pH was 4.73. Heavy metal concentrations of the green wastes mixed with domestic wastes were found to be higher than the separately collected green wastes. Heavy metal concentrations of the green wastes from the open dump were determined to decrease in the following order: Fe>Mn>Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Ni> Cd>Co.

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