Fidan, Muhammed Said; Oz, Mehmet; Ucuncu, Osman; Baltaci, Cemalettin; Karatas, Seyda Merve

Gumushane region in Turkey is rich in plant diversity. The flowers and leaves of Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. plants that will form the basis of this research were collected from the places determined. In this study; the essential oils of flowers and leaves of P. elaeagnifolia plants were obtained by hydrodistillation method in a Clevenger type device. The chemical composition of volatile oils diluted with hexane were determined by analyzing with a GC-MS/FID instrument. The quantity of antioxidant activity of the obtained essential oils was determined by total phenolic content, free radical scavenging amounts, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant content, free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity according to methods. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils was determined against 23 different microorganisms by disc diffusion method. As a result; essential oil yields in percentage are 0.44% and 0.72% in the flowers and leaves of the P. elaeagnifolia. Chemical classes with the highest percentage of compounds in essential oils of plant parts: Hydrocarbons (79.77%) and aldehydes (33.31%) were detected in the flowers and leaves of the P. elaeagnifolia. In addition, the main components found in essential oils are tricosane (36.98%-15.89%) in the flowers and leaves of the P. elaeagnifolia. The determination of antioxidant activity obtained from samples collected from plant parts was determined total phenolic substance amounts in the range of 48.57-68.32 mg GAE/100 mL, free radical scavenging amounts between 9.52-40.95 mg AA/100 mL, flavonoid substance amounts in the range of 1.34-3.95 mg QE/100 mL, total antioxidant amounts in the range of 66.93-185.10 mg AA/100 mL, free radical scavenging capacity between 23.40-81.02 mg AA/100 mL and FRAP capacity in the range of 4.20-10.50 mg FeSO4/100 mL. According to the results obtained with total phenolic content, free radical scavenging amounts, total flavonoid content, total antioxidant content, free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity was determined the highest antioxidant properties in leaves of P. elaeagnifolia. According to the results of the antimicrobial activities analysis obtained from the collected samples of plant parts, it was determined that only the flowers of P. elaeagnifolia show antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms used.

Komut, Osman

One of the most important stakeholders in the sustainable management of non-wood forest products (NVVFP) is the forestry organization employees. In this study, the analysis of the perception, awareness and opinions of the forestry organization employees concerning the sustainable management of NWFPs was determined as the main aim. The study was conducted with a research pattern consisting of a questionnaire and semi-structured questions for employees at the level of employees, forest guards, office clerks and engineers within two different Regional Directorates of Forestry in Turkey. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H statistical analysis tests were utilized for determination of the differences of opinions based on the variables. In the research, statistically significant (p<0.05) differences of opinion were determined based on the sub-groups of variables of the regional directorate, activity, receiving training, occupation, educational background, and gender. Research results have proved that the number of NWFPs which are evaluated economically and are harvested in a controlled manner is very low. It has been determined that the forestry organization employees don't find the work on NWFP adequate and they are concerned about the sustainable management of NWFPs.

Cakir, Gunay

Forestry makes decisions based on one of the tactical planning applications for decades' years. Especially forested areas and rangeland provide very wide support to the world in terms of fresh air and food. In particular, World areas provide a wide range of support for living things in terms of naturalness and nutrition. Honey is not only a source of healing for humans but also the richness of the natural. Honey producing activities (beekeeping) was generally done in the open areas in and around the forest or rangeland. This study was carried out in Tercan Forest Planning Unit (FPU) in 2013 to determine the areas of beekeeping with the help of high-resolution aerial photographs. Placed hive areas for honey production had been identified in Tercan FPU. The distances of honey production areas and other areas to land use types were determined in GIS environment. Of these 95 beehive areas had found in Tercan Forest Planning Units. These hive areas were produced to buffer zone map that is respectively 0-500 m, 501-1000 m, 1001-1500 m and 1501-2000 m. Analysis to the distance of the hive areas with land use maps has been determined in GIS environment. The estimated amount of honey production has been tried to be rubbed over honey hive numbers. The location of honey casings is generally found in the land use classes, which are close to freshwater.

Komut, Osman

Forest industry enterprises that process round industrial wood are the biggest consumers of the forestry sector. In this study, micro-scale forest industry enterprises that process round industrial wood are investigated. Questionnaires based on face-to-face interviews were utilized as a data collection tool. The raw material storage areas of 48 enterprises, visited during the study, were subjected to direct observation and examination in terms of storage methods, conditions and damages in logs. The ratio of the enterprises participating in the total number of enterprises in the study area occurred as 64%. The relationships between the defined variables were analyzed with the Chi-square independence test. The analysis of variance was used to determine the relationship between independent variables. The results showed that raw material supply methods of enterprises differ, and they vary as the enterprise size grows. The annual average revenue was a variable that caused statically significant differentiation (p<0.05) in the raw material supply methods between enterprises. The results proved that the supply of raw materials with the stumpage sale method increased the risk of bark beetle damage in logs. Improper storage methods and conditions were identified as causes of significant blue discoloration damage in coniferous tree logs.

Okcu, Melih; Yolcu, Halil

This research was conducted at Gumushane University, in the field of application of Gumushane University Vocational School of Higher Education during 2014-2015. The research was carried out in 3 replications according to the exact blocks trial pattern of chance during the season of breeding between 2014 and 2015. in the research Nova, Arisoy, A-3127, Sa-88, Ataem-7, Bravo, Yesilsoy and Yemsoy varieties were used, and different three sowing dates (1 April,15 April, 30 April). According to the results, the highest values in terms of green grass and ADF values were given by Yesilsoy cultivar. Yesilsoy cultivar took the first place with 12123.3 kg / ha(-1) in terms of green grass yield. In terms of hay yield, Arisoy cultivar gave the highest value with 5003 kg / ha(-1). The highest values in ADF, NDF and Crude protein content were Bravo 37.51%, Ataem-7 37.48%, Bravo 46.72%, Yesilsoy 46.48%, Bravo 13.96%, Ataem-7 13%, 95 respectively gave the highest values. In terms of sowing time, sowing time of 1 April gave the highest results among the parameters examined. Therefore, while sowing time on April 1 was determined as the most suitable planting, Nova, Arisoy, Ataem-7, Yesilsoy and Yemsoy varieties were the prominent varieties in terms of green, dry grass and crude protein.

Sirat, Abdulveli; Bahar, Bilge

This study aimed to select stable cultivars in terms of desired agronomic or quality criteria from among 15 two rowed barley cultivars that may remain stable in varying year conditions during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016. Furthermore, relationships among these traits were investigated. Some agronomical and quality traits of barley were affected by years and cultivars. Yield, yield components and some quality parameters were affected by the cultivars. Also, days to ripening was affected by years, cultivars, and year x cultivar interaction. Crude protein content (CPC) was significantly positive correlated with ASH during both seasons. Starch ratio (SR) showed significantly negative correlations with ASH and CPC during both seasons. ADF and NDF had significant positive strong correlation with one another and ASH during both years while they showed significant negative correlations with SR. The results show that technological properties are not affected by the interaction of cultivar x year; therefore, these stable cultivars can be readily used in malt or feed technology if their technological features are considered. For example, cv. Unver contained low ratios of ash, CPC, oil, soluble fiber and high SR in the malt industry; cv. Hasat which includes the opposite technological properties of cv. Unver, was found be suitable for use in feed technology.

Karakoy, Tolga; Nadeem, Muhammad Azhar; Ton, Aybegun; Celisiz, Yeter; Anlarsal, Adem Emin; Hatipoglu, Rustu

Alfalfa is one of the most important crops mainly grown for forage and hay production in the world. Present study was aimed to investigate the green herbage and hay yield as well as some quality parameters such as acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), crude protein, dry matter contents, organic matter, crude oil and raw fiber of 9 different alfalfa cultivars. This study was conducted during two consecutive years (2015 and 2016) at two locations in Turkey (Sivas -Center and Sivas-Altinoluk). The mean values of ADF, NDF, DDM, crude protein (CP), green forage yield and dry forage yield were 43.73%, 52.69%, 50.70%,19.71%, 59163 kg ha- 1 and 13866 kg ha- 1 respectively. Dry forage yield reflected a positive and highly significant correlation with plant height, number of tillers and fresh forage yield. The varieties called Delta and Azzura performed very well for both locations during the whole period of study and also expressed a great level of winter resistance. Kayseri is a local cultivar in Turkey and it is revealed to be poor in terms of all the studied traits. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the cultivars, Delta and Azzura, could be successfully grown in the continental climate regions of Turkey, and they could be also used in the breeding program of alfalfa to develop alfalfa varieties with high winter resistance and high yield and quality of forage.

Kerse, Sevgi; Okcu, Zuhal

In this study, producting with different concentration of starch (%5 ve %8) and different dried methods (in drying oven 60 °C, 80 °C, microwave oven and conventional drying methods arbutus leather is analysed in terms of physical, chemical and sensory parameters. Fruit is more ascorbic acid, total phenolic, antioxidant activity than other leathers. Fruit leathers which contain %8 starch, values are high than leather produced in different concentratioas exclusive HMF value. Fruit leather which dried conventional methods has high value of total dry matter, water soluble dry matter, total sugar, invert sugar,sucrose, ascorbic acid and ABTS values. Fruit leather which dried in micro waveoven has highvalue of ash, total phenolic, DPPH and HMF value. Leathers, which is most appreciated in sensory evaluation, is pestil dried at 60 °C.The least appreciated was the microwave-dried leather.

Okcu, Melih; Topaloglu, Fatma Nil

Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) subjected to a range of studies relating to agronomy, environmental preferences, crop protection and plant-microbial interactions, is an important forage species in agriculture, that be prefered by farmers than other forage legumes. This fact has give importance to breeding of this plant for the development of diverse varieties and so for this purpose many wild forms are cultivated. The most important problem in sainfoin cultivation is poor germination problem in wild species. With the aim of solving this problem, we carried out to evaluate the response of wild sainfoin seeds to the application of different gibberellic acid (GA3) (a germination hormone) concentration in vitro conditions. Five levels of gibberellic acid (100, 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm) was used in the test. Seed coat was removed and the seeds were placed on Murashige&Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3) and kept under these conditions for 46 days. Seed germination percentage and germination associate parameters; speed of germination, mean germination time, mean daily germination, peak value and germination value, were calculated. The experiment was carried out using complete block design with three replications. According to the results obtained from different GA3 application medium, the highest germination percentage 48,89 recorded at in medium containing 250 ppm GA3 whereas in control has recorded 42,22 at the end of the 46th day. Other concentrations, 100, 500,1000 and 1500 ppm, achieved a reduction in seed germination compared to control, respectively 28,15, 15,56, 24,44, 34,81. Not only in germination percentage result, but also in other germination associate parameters, the addition of 250 ppm gibberellic acid to Murashige and Skoog medium increased the values compared to the control and ensured a rapid increase and peak between the 8th and 12th days in all parameters.

Gidik, Betul; Akar, Zeynep; Can, Zehra; Sefali, Abdurrahman; Erturk, Omer

Five different rosehip (Rosa L.) species including, Rosa canina, Rosa iberica Stev, Rosa villosa, Rosa beggeriana Schrenk and same kind of but different location Rosa spinosissima grown in Bayburt from Turkey are studied. The wild species of Rosa L. were collected from Rocks and Steps, Field and garden borders. Morphological parameters were measured as fruit and seed weights and fruit and seed size. Ten fruits were chosen randomly for the measurement and take the average of them to determine the weights and size. In our study was determined antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and phenolic compounds. As antioxidant activity; total phenolic total flavonoid, condense tannin contents, CUPRAC, FRAP, ABTS. Nineteen standard of phenolic compositions of fruits and seeds were determined. Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities of the extracts were found high levels in rose hip species fruit than seed. Catechin, rutin protocatequic acid and CAPE were principal for all rose hip species fruit but, was not deteceted CAPE Kop Mountain, Yukari Kop Village Rosa spinosissima species. This suggests that the difference in location affects the phenolic content. Pearson Correlation analyze has done with the morphological parameters, GPS data, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds by using the SPSS software programme version 25.0.