Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/10503
  Effects of psychological skills training on self-control, perceived physical self-defense capacity, and mental toughness in elite female wrestlers: a randomized controlled trial

  Tutal, Varol; Demir, Okan; Sahin, Oktay; Albayrak, Ahmet Yilmaz; Bayansalduz, Mehmet; Uzun, Recep Nur; Öz, Faik; Sahinler, Yunus; Ceylan, Levent; Yilmaz, Coskun

  Background Self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience are fundamental psychological determinants of performance and competitive endurance in combat sports. However, scientific evidence on structured, evidence-based psychological intervention programs for professional female wrestlers remains limited. This study examined the effects of a psychological skills training (PST)-based intervention on self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience in professional female wrestlers. Methods A randomized controlled pre-test-post-test design was employed. Thirty-six professional female wrestlers (aged 18-25) were randomly assigned to a PST group (n = 18) or a control group (CG; n = 18). The PST group completed an 8-week structured psychological intervention alongside regular training, while the CG continued routine training only. Self-control, self-defense self-efficacy, and mental resilience were assessed pre-and post-intervention using valid and reliable psychometric scales. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVA, with effect sizes calculated. Results Significant group & times; time interactions were observed across multiple outcomes. A highly significant interaction emerged for perceived physical self-defense capacity (SP; F(1,34) = 56.525, p < 0.001, eta p(2) = 0.624) and for DP scores (F (1,34) = 9.360, p = 0.004, eta p(2) = 0.216). Among self-control subscales, significant interactions were found for inhibition (F (1,34) = 8.172, p = 0.007, eta p(2) = 0.194) and, more strongly, for initiation (F (1,34) = 14.157, p < 0.001, eta p(2) = 0.294). For mental resilience, highly significant interactions were detected for confidence (F (1,34) = 59.976, p < 0.001, eta p(2) = 0.638), control (F (1,34) = 32.486, p < 0.001, eta p(2) = 0.489), and persistence (F (1,34) = 32.709, p < 0.001, eta p(2) = 0.490). Overall, the intervention demonstrated medium-to-high effect sizes across psychological performance indicators. Conclusion These findings suggest that PST may serve as a useful complementary approach for enhancing self-control, perceived physical self-defense capacity, and mental toughness in professional female wrestlers. However, results should not be interpreted as evidence of improved competitive wrestling performance, technical success, or objectively measured physical self-defense ability, as these outcomes were not directly assessed in this study.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/16456
  The mediating role of physical self-perception and the moderating effect of gender in the association between physical activity and psychological well-being among young recreational participants

  Ekizoglu, Ozlem; Tetik, Sibel; Zambak, Omer; Temur, Canan Sayin; Can, Yusuf; Isik, Utku; Koc, Mustafa Can

  Background/objective Psychological well-being disorders are increasingly prevalent among young people. While physical activity is known to benefit psychological well-being, the mechanisms-particularly the role of physical self-perception and gender in recreational context remain underexplored. Grounded in the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory, this study investigates the mediating role of physical self-perception in the relationship between recreational physical activity and psychological well-being and examines whether gender moderates this mediation among youth aged 15-24.Methods A descriptive-relational survey design was employed. The sample comprised 468 young adults (58.5% male, 41.5% female; M_age = 20.08) who regularly participated in recreational physical activities. Data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP), and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted using PROCESS macro-Models 4 and 7.Results The direct effect of physical activity on psychological well-being was not significant. However, physical self-perception fully mediated the relationship between physical activity and psychological well-being (indirect effect: beta = 0.219, 95% CI [0.151, 0.290]). Among the sub-dimensions of physical self-perception, body attractiveness had the strongest mediating effect. Moderation analysis revealed that gender did not significantly moderate the mediation pathways (a path: p = 0.156; b path: p = 0.954). The mediation mechanism operated with similar strength in both males and females.Conclusion Recreational physical activity improves psychological well-being entirely through the enhancement of physical self-perception, supporting the COR theory that physical activity acts as a resource investment. This mechanism is universal across genders in recreational settings. Interventions aiming to improve youth psychological well-being should not only promote physical activity but specifically focus on fostering positive physical self-perception and body image in inclusive, non-judgmental environments.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13740
  A comparative interventional study on the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and attachment-based therapy in improving emotion regulation among adolescents with digital game addiction

  Güngör, Sunay

  Background: Digital game addiction is a rapidly developing social and mental health concern that is closely related to emotion regulation difficulties. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), emotion-focused therapy (EFT), and attachment-based therapy (ABT) in improving emotion regulation among adolescents with digital game addiction. Methods: The present study was an interventional study employing a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The sample included 100 adolescents aged 13–18 years who were diagnosed with gaming disorder according to the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) criteria. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and were assigned to four groups of 25 individuals each, including three experimental groups and one wait-list control group. The 7-item Digital Game Addiction Scale (DGAS-7) and the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire among Adolescents (REQ-A) were used to gather data. ACT and EFT were administered in eight sessions, whereas ABT was delivered in 10 sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS. Results: It was found that the three therapeutic strategies produced a significant increase in functional emotion regulation scores (internal and external) and a significant decrease in dysfunctional emotion regulation scores compared to the control group (p < 0.001). However, the effect sizes for the ACT and EFT groups were very large compared to the ABT group. There was no significant difference between ACT and EFT; nevertheless, both interventions were significantly more effective compared to ABT at both the posttest and follow-up stages. Conclusion: ACT and EFT are more effective interventions for improving emotion regulation among adolescents with digital game addiction because of their emphasis on psychological flexibility and emotionally profound processing. Although ABT was found to be moderately effective, it can be used as an adjunctive therapy, particularly in cases involving relational problems.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13430
  Predicting suicide probability in young adults: contributions of vulnerable narcissism, grudge, and demographic variables

  Çelebi, Gülin Yazıcı

  Suicide is a significant public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study is to examine the potential effects of levels of vulnerable narcissism and grudge on the likelihood of suicide. In addition to these variables, the potential effects of some demographic variables (gender, marital status, age, socioeconomic status, education level, perceived religiosity, number of siblings) were also investigated. A convenience sampling method was used to determine the study group. The study group consisted of a total of 500 individuals; 368 (73.6%) were women and 132 (26.4%) were men. The mean age of women was 26.31 (SD = 9.60, min-max = 18–64), the mean age of men was 29.01 (SD = 10.76, min-max = 18–55), and the mean age of the entire sample was 26.84 (SD = 9.88, min-max = 18–64). The Suicide Probability Scale, Vulnerable Narcissism Scale, Grudge Scale, and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools in the study. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between variables in the analysis of the data. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the extent to which vulnerable narcissism, grudge, and sociodemographic characteristics are associated with suicide probability. The regression model showed that the independent variables significantly predicted the probability of suicide. According to the results obtained, the independent variables explained 38% of the variation in the probability of suicide {[R = 0.619, R2 = 0.383, F(8, 499)= 38.12, p < 0.0001]}, and vulnerable narcissism and grudge are positive predictors of the probability of suicide. Vulnerable narcissism (β = 0.34, p < 0.001) and grudge (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) are positive predictors of the probability of suicide. Age (β = −0.23, p < 0.001), education level (β = −0.08, p = 0.003), and SEL (β = −0.19, p < 0.001) are significant variables that negatively predict the probability of suicide. Based on the results, it can be said individuals with high levels of narcissism and grudge have a higher probability of suicide, and that some socio-demographic characteristics may influence these relationships. The findings are discussed in light of the literature.

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• Derleme MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/13412
  Artificial-intelligence–based developmental screening for pre-school children (ages 3–6): a scoping review of deployed tools, clinical validity, equity, and implementation in guidance-center settings

  Arslan, Adem; Gül, Fatih

  Background – Early identification of neurodevelopmental conditions during the pre-school years (ages 3–6) is critical for timely intervention, yet traditional questionnaire-based screeners suffer from low positive predictive value, late detection, and inequitable access. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) methods promise more objective, scalable identification, and two devices (Cognoa Canvas Dx, 2021; EarliPoint Evaluation, 2023) are already US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-authorized. Recent reviews summarize the technical literature, but few address how deployed tools perform on clinical validity, equity, and real-world implementation, particularly outside high-income, English-speaking settings. Methods – Following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we searched seven databases (1 January 2020–15 June 2026) and charted primary validation studies of AI/ML developmental-screening tools for children aged 72 months or younger. We mapped tools by modality, diagnostic performance, regulatory status, geographic origin, and, as a structured analytic axis, demographic subgroup (equity) reporting and deployment readiness. Results – Sixteen primary AI-tool studies met inclusion, spanning eight modality classes (eye-tracking, multimodal questionnaire-plus-video, computer-vision home/clinical video, tablet/smartphone digital phenotyping, voice/acoustic ML, electronic-health-record risk prediction, questionnaire-based ML, and wearable sensors) and eight countries (USA, South Korea, Australia, Switzerland, France, Israel, China, Vietnam). Reported sensitivities ranged from approximately 75 to 99.2% and specificities from 78.9 to 95.5%. Only one tool demonstrated stable performance across sex, race, and ethnicity; subgroup-stratified validation was otherwise near-absent. No CE-marked autism-specific screening device was identified. Conclusions – The evidence base has broadened in modality and geography but remains autism-concentrated and equity-blind, with a wide gap between analytic accuracy and primary-care deployment. We propose equity validation, deployment-readiness reporting, and an implementation pathway for low-resource guidance-center settings as priorities.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2026/r/gumushane/12175
  Weight self-stigma, weight bias internalization, and eating attitudes in relation to body appreciation

  Koçak, Tevfik; Kocyigit, Emine; Demirel Ozbek, Yagmur; Celik, İsa

  Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationships between weight self-stigma, weight bias internalization, eating attitudes, and body appreciation in young adults, and to ascertain the distinct impact of these variables on body appreciation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out including young adults aged 19 to 35 years, comprising 69.6% females and 30.4% males. Participants completed a questionnaire evaluating weight self-stigma, internalization of weight bias, eating attitudes, and body appreciation. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to assess the additional impacts of weight-related stigma and eating attitudes on body appreciation, while adjusting for demographic and anthropometric factors. Results: Weight self-stigma, particularly the internalization of weight bias, showed a significant negative association with body appreciation. Weight self-stigma and its subdimensions (self-devaluation and fear of enacted stigma) had substantial negative correlations with body appreciation. These correlations encompassed the subdimensions of body appreciation, specifically general body appreciation and body image investment. While eating attitudes did not show a significant correlation with body appreciation at the bivariate level, they became a significant predictor in the hierarchical regression model, suggesting a conditional (suppression) effect after accounting for weight-related stigma and BMI. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the important function of weight-related stigma in diminishing body appreciation among young adults and stress the necessity of examining eating attitudes in conjunction with stigma-related factors. Interventions designed to enhance positive body image should focus on both internalized weight stigma and maladaptive eating-related attitudes.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10596
  Exploring how cognitive-behavioral physical activity links ruminative thinking and mental wellbeing in sports high school adolescents

  Derelioglu, Mehmet; Vural, Mustafa; Çimen, Erkan; Saki, Unal; Yagiz Saracoglu, Yusuf; Karatas, Baykal; Saç, Ajlan; Yamaner, Emre; Halmatov, Medera; Yilmaz, Coskun

  Introduction: This study examined the associations among ruminative thinking style (RTS), subjective wellbeing (SWB), and cognitive-behavioral physical activity (CBPA) in a sample of 1,326 adolescents (aged 14-18) from sports high schools. Method: Using validated self-report measures, data were analyzed through bootstrapped mediation models. Results: RTS was negatively associated with SWB (beta = -0.1792, p < 0.001), while CBPA showed a partial mediating effect in this relationship (indirect beta = 0.0779, p < 0.001). Discussion: These results suggest that cognitive-behavioral orientations toward physical activity may buffer the negative impact of rumination on wellbeing. Consistent with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) principles, CBPA could provide adolescents with self-regulatory strategies that support mental health. However, the cross-sectional and self-report design, as well as the focus on sports high school students, limit causal inference and generalizability. Future longitudinal and cross-cultural studies are needed to confirm these findings. Overall, the study provides preliminary evidence that CBPA-informed approaches may hold promise for promoting adolescents' mental wellbeing.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10608
  Judo exercises increase emotional expression, self-control, and psychological resilience

  Köroglu, Mihrac; Yilmaz, Coskun; Tan, Cetin; Çelikel, Baha Engin; Budak, Cemalettin; Kavuran, Korhan; Susuz, Yunus Emre; Barut, Yasar; Ceylan, Tulay; Soyer, Fikret

  Background: The extant research on judo sports has principally concentrated on the physiological effects of training. Conversely, there has been limited attention paid to studies on psychological resilience, self-control, and emotional expression levels. The present study examined the effects of Judo exercises on psychological resilience, self-control, and emotional expression levels in healthy male subjects. Methods: The present study comprised 50 healthy, sedentary male subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one group participated in judo training (JT) and the other group served as the control group (CON). The sample sizes for the JT and CON groups were both 25. The JT group underwent judo training, while the CON group maintained their usual lifestyle. The Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, the Multidimensional Brief Self-Control Scale, and the Berkeley Emotion Expression Scale were administered prior to and following the 6-week training period. Results: The study demonstrated that a 6-week judo training regimen exerted a significant effect on the psychological resilience score (e.s. = 1.047, p < 0.001), while no such effect was observed in the Control group (e.s. = 0.0091, p = 0.751). In the context of self-control levels, an effect was observed on the Initiation sub-dimension (e.s. = 1, 739, p < 0.001), yet no effect was found on the Inhibition dimension (e.s. = 0.052, p = 0.892). In the control group, a significant decrease was identified in the Initiation sub-dimension (e.s. = 0, 785, p = 0.001) and Inhibition sub-dimension (e.s. = 1, 861, p < 0.001). The findings indicate that impulse power (e.s. = 0.395) and concealment (e.s. = 0.428) exerted a negligible influence on the emotional expression sub-dimensions. Conversely, psychological resilience (e.s. = 0.886) demonstrated a substantial impact. Conclusions: The judo exercises demonstrated a favorable impact on psychological resilience, self-control, and emotional expression levels in healthy male subjects. The findings of this study may offer significant insights into the impact of judo exercises on psychological resilience, self-control, and emotion expression levels. These findings could serve as a guide for the development of future interventions and program design in the domain of sport psychology.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10508
  Taekwondo exercises for women improve quality of life, physical self-defence skills, and psychological resilience

  Yikilmaz, Ahmet; Yilmaz, Coskun; Çiçekli, Atif; Eryilmaz, Onder; Budak, Cemalettin; Uyar, Musa; Ceylan, Tulay; Güler, Ozkan; Sahin, Fatma Nese

  Background: The extant research on Taekwondo has focused primarily on the physiological effects of training, with limited interest in psychological resilience, self-defence and quality of life levels. The present study examined the effects of Taekwondo exercises on psychological resilience, self-defence and quality of life levels in healthy female subjects. Methods: The present study comprised 30 healthy, sedentary female subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one group participated in Taekwondo training (TG), while the other group served as the control group (CG). The sample sizes for both the TG and CG groups were 15. The TT group underwent conventional Taekwondo instruction, while the CG group maintained their habitual routine and refrained from sporting pursuits. The Brief Psychological Resilience Scale, the Physical Self-Defence Scale for Women, and the SF-12 Quality of Life Scale were administered before and after the six-week training period. Results: The 6-week Taekwondo training programme led to significant improvements in both physical health (PH) (p = 0.049) and mental health (MH) (p < 0.01) scores in female participants. It did not produce a significant change in psychological resilience (PR) scores (p > 0.05). It produced significant improvements in self-defence against simple physical attacks (SP) (p = 0.004) and self-defence against dangerous physical attacks (DP) (p = 0.041) scores. Conclusion: The positive effects of Taekwondo training on psychological resilience, physical self-defence and quality of life levels have been demonstrated in healthy female subjects. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of Taekwondo exercises on psychological resilience, physical self-defence and quality of life levels. The findings of this study can guide future intervention and programme design in the context of sports psychology.

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• MakaleAçık Erişim2025/r/gumushane/10455
  Muay Thai exercises improve quality of life, love of life and self-control

  Sahin, Oktay; Yilmaz, Coskun; Sezer, Sureyya Yonca; Sahin, Fatma Nese; Ceylan, Levent; Çelikel, Baha Engin; Tan, Cetin; Uçar, Mine Akkus; Kirikoglu, Nagihan

  Background The existing research on Muay Thai sports has focused predominantly on the physiological effects of training, with limited attention devoted to the study of quality of life, love of life and self-control. The present study examined the effects of Muay Thai exercises on quality of life, love of life and self-control scores in healthy male subjects. Methods The present study comprised 50 healthy sedentary male subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: one group engaged in Muay Thai training (MTT), while the other group served as a control group (CON). The sample sizes for the MTT and CON groups were both 25. The MTT group participated in basic Muay Thai training, while the CON group continued their normal life regime. The SF-12 quality of life scale, love of life scale and multidimensional self-control scale were administered before and after the six-week training period. Results The study concluded that the six-week Muay Thai training program had a significant effect on quality of life levels, with 13.23% (p = 0.003) and 21.93% (p < 0.001) of participants demonstrating improvements in physical and mental scores, respectively. In terms of self-control levels, the program was found to have a significant effect on initiation and inhibition scores, with increases of 23.78% (p = 0.001) and 24.69% (p < 0.001), respectively. It was concluded that had a significant effect on the sub-dimensions of the Love of Life scale with increases of Positive Attitude Toward Life (PAWL) 18.63% (p < 0.001), Happy Results of the Love of Life (HRLL) 20.11% (p < 0.001) and Meaningfulness of Life (ML) 15.62% (p < 0.001), respectively. However, no significant differences were detected in any of the scales within the control group. Conclusion Muay Thai exercises had a positive effect on quality of life, love of life and self-control levels in healthy male subjects. By providing valuable insights into how Muay Thai exercise affects quality of life, love of life, and self-control, this research can guide future intervention and program design in the context of sport psychology.

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