<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><OAI-PMH xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/OAI-PMH.xsd"><responseDate>2026-10-24T17:16:51Z</responseDate><request verb="GetRecord" identifier="oai:gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net:gumushane/17749" metadataPrefix="oai_dc">https://gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/oai/request</request><GetRecord><record><header><identifier>oai:gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net:gumushane/17749</identifier><datestamp>2026-10-22T10:39:12Z</datestamp><setSpec>openaire</setSpec><setSpec>com_gumushane_10000</setSpec><setSpec>col_gumushane_10001</setSpec></header><metadata><oai_dc:dc xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"><dc:title>Spread of electricity in the ottoman empire</dc:title><dc:creator>Damlıbağ, Fatih</dc:creator><dc:subject>Tarih</dc:subject><dc:description>Usage of electricity was rapidly increased in Europa, during the last quarter of 19thcentury. In this period, the Ottoman Empire met some different usage types of electricity. Electricity took firstly attention of Ottoman Navy in the country. Proper lighting would increase very much the power of navy. Cinema became the second level for the concept of electricity in the Ottoman Empire. Minister of Telegraph and Mail evaluated cinema. He claimed that this invention had an important economic potential. Health and medical devices was another field for electricity. But Abdülhamit II declared some reservations in this issue. He ordered the determination of some rules in this field, for security reason. With the beginning of 20th century, electricity got more accessible. For the purpose of lighting, many people demanded the usage of electric machines for themselves. The last use area of electricity was serving it to people as public service. Entrepreneurs wanted to make ventures in city’s lighting and public transportation.</dc:description><dc:date>2020</dc:date><dc:type>Review Article</dc:type><dc:identifier>https://rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/r/gumushane/17749</dc:identifier><dc:identifier>1300-0756</dc:identifier><dc:language>tr</dc:language><dc:relation>Çağdaş Türkiye Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi</dc:relation><dc:rights>info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess</dc:rights><dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/review</dc:type><dc:identifier>https://gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/tr/items/gumushane/17749</dc:identifier></oai_dc:dc></metadata></record></GetRecord></OAI-PMH>