2026-10-23T13:46:57Zhttps://gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/oai/request

oai:gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net:gumushane/121902026-10-22T11:35:16Zopenairedrivercom_gumushane_10000col_gumushane_10001com_gumushane_10010col_gumushane_10172

Process Intensification Sonocatalytic Degradation of Malachite Green Wastewater over Hydrothermally Engineered M-ZLT@Co3O4 Nanocatalyst: Structure–Activity Relationships, Radical-Mediated Mechanism and Degradation PathwaysKıranşan, Muratclay modificationdegradation pathwaysM-ZLT@Co₃O₄ nanocatalystMG degradationsonocatalytic performancetextile wastewater treatmentThis study reports the sonocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG) in media using synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles and a CTAB-modified zeolite supported Co3O4 hybrid nanocatalyst (M-ZLT@Co3O4). The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, TEM, XRF, N2 adsorption–desorption, BET, and BJH analyses, verifying crystalline Co3O4 formation, successful immobilization on the modified zeolite support, porous architecture, morphology and elemental distribution. Under optimized conditions of 1 g L−1 catalyst dosage, 20 mg L−1 MG concentration, natural pH, and 300 W L−1 ultrasonic power, M-ZLT@Co3O4 achieved 99.31% ± 0.45% degradation within 120 min. Decreasing the MG concentration to 5 mg L−1 increased the efficiency to 99.96% ± 0.64%, confirming high activity at low pollutant loading. The degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, with kapp values of 0.0042–0.0595 min−1 depending on catalyst dosage, 0.0046–0.0667 min−1 for initial MG concentration, and 0.0117–0.0620 min−1 under pH conditions. Water matrix inhibition followed distilled water (99.31%) > tap water (96.08%) > river water (88.84%) > lake water (86.90%), whereas higher ultrasonic power increased degradation from 91.98% at 200 W L−1 to 99.90% at 500 W L−1. Dye degradation followed MG (99.31%) > CR (95.78%) > BY2 (92.15%) > MV (90.24%) > AO7 (85.62%) > RB19 (82.49%). Comparative tests demonstrated performance for US/M-ZLT@Co3O4 (99.31%) compared with US/Co3O4 nanoparticles (78.48%), US/ZLT (72.86%), and US/MG alone (35.71%). The best activity was obtained at 0.8–2 g L−1 catalyst dosage and 5–20 mg L−1 MG concentration, while reusability tests showed a decrease from 99.31% to 78.82% after six cycles, indicating promising stability.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)2026Articlehttps://rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/r/gumushane/12190https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules311832121420-3049enMoleculesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://gumushane-rdlopen.rawdatalibrary.net/tr/items/gumushane/12190